1. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
O PTIMAL SYNTHESIS OF STEAM AND POWER
PLANTS
Rahul Anantharaman
Department of Energy & Process Engineering
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
PhD Trial Lecture
Trondheim, 06.12.2011

2. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
O UTLINE
1 I NTRODUCTION
The topic
Boundary conditions and components
Process Synthesis Methods
2 T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS
Early work
Targeting methodologies
3 O PTIMIZATION METHODS
Background
Early work
Recent Trends in synthesis
4 C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO
CCS
Bio-energy
5 S UMMARY

3. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
O UTLINE
1 I NTRODUCTION
The topic
Boundary conditions and components
Process Synthesis Methods
2 T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS
Early work
Targeting methodologies
3 O PTIMIZATION METHODS
Background
Early work
Recent Trends in synthesis
4 C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO
CCS
Bio-energy
5 S UMMARY

4. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
T HE TOPIC
AND MY INTEPRETATION
Optimal Synthesis of Steam and Power Plants

5. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
T HE TOPIC
AND MY INTEPRETATION
Optimal Synthesis of Steam and Power Plants

6. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
T HE TOPIC
AND MY INTEPRETATION
Optimal Synthesis of Steam and Power Plants

7. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
T HE TOPIC
AND MY INTEPRETATION
Optimal Synthesis of Steam and Power Plants

8. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
T HE TOPIC
AND MY INTEPRETATION
Optimal Synthesis of Steam and Power Plants

9. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
O UTLINE
1 I NTRODUCTION
The topic
Boundary conditions and components
Process Synthesis Methods
2 T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS
Early work
Targeting methodologies
3 O PTIMIZATION METHODS
Background
Early work
Recent Trends in synthesis
4 C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO
CCS
Bio-energy
5 S UMMARY

10. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
C OMBINED H EAT AND P OWER (CHP) PLANT

11. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
C OMBINED H EAT AND P OWER (CHP) PLANT

12. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
P RIME MOVER
T YPICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Gas Micro- Reciprocating Steam Fuel
turbine turbine engine turbine cell
NG, biogas NG, biogas NG, biogas H2 , NG,
Fuel propane, propane, propane, all propane,
oil oil diesel methanol
Use for thermal Heat, HW, Heat, HW, HW, LP steam LP-HP steam HW, LP* steam
output LP-HP steam LP steam
Power to Heat 0.5-2 0.4-0.7 0.5-1 0.1-0.3 1-2
ratio
Typical 0.5-250 0.03-0.25 0.01-5 0.5-250 0.005-2
capacity (MWe)

13. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
C OMBINED H EAT AND P OWER (CHP) PLANT

14. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
C OMBINED H EAT AND P OWER (CHP) PLANT

15. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
C OMBINED H EAT AND P OWER (CHP) PLANT

16. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
OTHER COMPONENTS IN THE CHP SYSTEM
Boilers for steam generation
Waste heat boilers for steam generation
Generators for conversion of power to electricity
Electric motors as mechanical drivers (in addition to gas and
steam turbines)

17. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
O UTLINE
1 I NTRODUCTION
The topic
Boundary conditions and components
Process Synthesis Methods
2 T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS
Early work
Targeting methodologies
3 O PTIMIZATION METHODS
Background
Early work
Recent Trends in synthesis
4 C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO
CCS
Bio-energy
5 S UMMARY

18. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
P ROCESS S YNTHESIS
Process synthesis is the systematic generation of alternative
process flowsheets and selection of a design whose configuration
and parameters optimize a given objective function.

19. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS
A NOTE
The two products from a CHP or utility system power and
heat.
First law analysis where heat and work are equivalent is not
sufficient.
Second law analysis required for consistent evaluation and
consideration of both products in a systematic way.
E XERGY BASED APPROACH TO THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS .

20. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
O UTLINE
1 I NTRODUCTION
The topic
Boundary conditions and components
Process Synthesis Methods
2 T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS
Early work
Targeting methodologies
3 O PTIMIZATION METHODS
Background
Early work
Recent Trends in synthesis
4 C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO
CCS
Bio-energy
5 S UMMARY

21. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
T HERMODYNAMICS - BASED H EURISTIC METHODS
N ISHIO AND J OHNSON (1979), N ISHIO ET. AL . (1980)
Introduced a number of thermodynamic-based heuristics for
reducing the loss of available energy in steam cycles.
Developed Heuristics for preliminary selection of energy
conservation and power generation technologies.
Two-step approach that differentiated between steam
dominant and power dominant cases.
Linear Program for allocation of drivers.
C HOU AND S HIH (1987)
Similar approach to Nishio et. al. (1982).
Included gas turbine and combined gas-steam cycles.
Five step procedure for designing the system starts with
screening based on P/H ratio.

22. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
T HERMODYNAMICS - BASED H EURISTIC METHODS
N ISHIO AND J OHNSON (1979), N ISHIO ET. AL . (1980)
Introduced a number of thermodynamic-based heuristics for
reducing the loss of available energy in steam cycles.
Developed Heuristics for preliminary selection of energy
conservation and power generation technologies.
Two-step approach that differentiated between steam
dominant and power dominant cases.
Linear Program for allocation of drivers.
C HOU AND S HIH (1987)
Similar approach to Nishio et. al. (1982).
Included gas turbine and combined gas-steam cycles.
Five step procedure for designing the system starts with
screening based on P/H ratio.

23. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
O UTLINE
1 I NTRODUCTION
The topic
Boundary conditions and components
Process Synthesis Methods
2 T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS
Early work
Targeting methodologies
3 O PTIMIZATION METHODS
Background
Early work
Recent Trends in synthesis
4 C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO
CCS
Bio-energy
5 S UMMARY

24. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
TARGETS FOR COGENERATION
E XTENSION OF P INCH A NALYSIS
D HOLE AND L INNHOFF (1993) AND L INNHOFF AND D HOLE
(1993)
Extended Pinch Analysis for total site wide targets for fuel,
co-generation and emissions.
Site Source-Sink Profiles (SSSP) for site level targeting.
First systematic thermodynamic method for targeting
co-generation.
Only boilers and steam turbine systems are included.
No detail design method proposed.
Methodology extended in Raissi (1994) and developed the
TH-shaftwork targeting model.
The methodology extended by Bandyopadhyay et al. (2010)
to generate Site level Grand Composite Curves (SGCC) to
include indirect heat transfer.

25. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
TARGETS FOR COGENERATION
E XTENSION OF P INCH A NALYSIS
D HOLE AND L INNHOFF (1993) AND L INNHOFF AND D HOLE
(1993)
Extended Pinch Analysis for total site wide targets for fuel,
co-generation and emissions.
Site Source-Sink Profiles (SSSP) for site level targeting.
First systematic thermodynamic method for targeting
co-generation.
Only boilers and steam turbine systems are included.
No detail design method proposed.
Methodology extended in Raissi (1994) and developed the
TH-shaftwork targeting model.
The methodology extended by Bandyopadhyay et al. (2010)
to generate Site level Grand Composite Curves (SGCC) to
include indirect heat transfer.

26. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
TARGETS FOR COGENERATION
E XTENSION OF P INCH A NALYSIS
D HOLE AND L INNHOFF (1993) AND L INNHOFF AND D HOLE
(1993)
Extended Pinch Analysis for total site wide targets for fuel,
co-generation and emissions.
Site Source-Sink Profiles (SSSP) for site level targeting.
First systematic thermodynamic method for targeting
co-generation.
Only boilers and steam turbine systems are included.
No detail design method proposed.
Methodology extended in Raissi (1994) and developed the
TH-shaftwork targeting model.
The methodology extended by Bandyopadhyay et al. (2010)
to generate Site level Grand Composite Curves (SGCC) to
include indirect heat transfer.

27. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
TARGETS FOR COGENERATION
E XTENSION OF P INCH A NALYSIS
D HOLE AND L INNHOFF (1993) AND L INNHOFF AND D HOLE
(1993)
Extended Pinch Analysis for total site wide targets for fuel,
co-generation and emissions.
Site Source-Sink Profiles (SSSP) for site level targeting.
First systematic thermodynamic method for targeting
co-generation.
Only boilers and steam turbine systems are included.
No detail design method proposed.
Methodology extended in Raissi (1994) and developed the
TH-shaftwork targeting model.
The methodology extended by Bandyopadhyay et al. (2010)
to generate Site level Grand Composite Curves (SGCC) to
include indirect heat transfer.

28. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
TARGETS FOR COGENERATION
E XTENSION OF P INCH A NALYSIS
D HOLE AND L INNHOFF (1993) AND L INNHOFF AND D HOLE
(1993)
Extended Pinch Analysis for total site wide targets for fuel,
co-generation and emissions.
Site Source-Sink Profiles (SSSP) for site level targeting.
First systematic thermodynamic method for targeting
co-generation.
Only boilers and steam turbine systems are included.
No detail design method proposed.
Methodology extended in Raissi (1994) and developed the
TH-shaftwork targeting model.
The methodology extended by Bandyopadhyay et al. (2010)
to generate Site level Grand Composite Curves (SGCC) to
include indirect heat transfer.

29. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
TARGETS FOR COGENERATION
E XTENSION OF P INCH A NALYSIS
D HOLE AND L INNHOFF (1993) AND L INNHOFF AND D HOLE
(1993)
Extended Pinch Analysis for total site wide targets for fuel,
co-generation and emissions.
Site Source-Sink Profiles (SSSP) for site level targeting.
First systematic thermodynamic method for targeting
co-generation.
Only boilers and steam turbine systems are included.
No detail design method proposed.
Methodology extended in Raissi (1994) and developed the
TH-shaftwork targeting model.
The methodology extended by Bandyopadhyay et al. (2010)
to generate Site level Grand Composite Curves (SGCC) to
include indirect heat transfer.

30. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
TARGETS FOR COGENERATION
E XTENSION OF P INCH A NALYSIS
D HOLE AND L INNHOFF (1993) AND L INNHOFF AND D HOLE
(1993)
Extended Pinch Analysis for total site wide targets for fuel,
co-generation and emissions.
Site Source-Sink Profiles (SSSP) for site level targeting.
First systematic thermodynamic method for targeting
co-generation.
Only boilers and steam turbine systems are included.
No detail design method proposed.
Methodology extended in Raissi (1994) and developed the
TH-shaftwork targeting model.
The methodology extended by Bandyopadhyay et al. (2010)
to generate Site level Grand Composite Curves (SGCC) to
include indirect heat transfer.

31. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
TARGETS FOR COGENERATION
D HOLE AND L INNHOFF (1993)

32. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
TARGETS FOR COGENERATION
D HOLE AND L INNHOFF (1993)

33. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
TARGETS FOR COGENERATION
D HOLE AND L INNHOFF (1993)

34. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
TARGETS FOR COGENERATION
D HOLE AND L INNHOFF (1993)

35. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
TARGETS FOR COGENERATION
E XTRACTABLE POWER SURPLUS COMPOSITE CURVE
E L -H ALWAGI ET AL . (2009)
Targets for cogeneration given a set of combustible wastes
and byproducts, heating cooling demands, non-heating steam
demands.
Using standard mass and heat integration procedures to
identify process steam requirement and generation potential.
New concept of extractable energy
˙
e = ηH
Extractable power surplus composite curve targets for
cogeneration potential.
Only boilers and steam turbine systems are included.
No detail design method proposed.

36. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
TARGETS FOR COGENERATION
E XTRACTABLE POWER SURPLUS COMPOSITE CURVE
E L -H ALWAGI ET AL . (2009)
Targets for cogeneration given a set of combustible wastes
and byproducts, heating cooling demands, non-heating steam
demands.
Using standard mass and heat integration procedures to
identify process steam requirement and generation potential.
New concept of extractable energy
˙
e = ηH
Extractable power surplus composite curve targets for
cogeneration potential.
Only boilers and steam turbine systems are included.
No detail design method proposed.

37. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
TARGETS FOR COGENERATION
E XTRACTABLE POWER SURPLUS COMPOSITE CURVE
E L -H ALWAGI ET AL . (2009)
Targets for cogeneration given a set of combustible wastes
and byproducts, heating cooling demands, non-heating steam
demands.
Using standard mass and heat integration procedures to
identify process steam requirement and generation potential.
New concept of extractable energy
˙
e = ηH
Extractable power surplus composite curve targets for
cogeneration potential.
Only boilers and steam turbine systems are included.
No detail design method proposed.

38. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
TARGETS FOR COGENERATION
E XTRACTABLE POWER SURPLUS COMPOSITE CURVE
E L -H ALWAGI ET AL . (2009)
Targets for cogeneration given a set of combustible wastes
and byproducts, heating cooling demands, non-heating steam
demands.
Using standard mass and heat integration procedures to
identify process steam requirement and generation potential.
New concept of extractable energy
˙
e = ηH
Extractable power surplus composite curve targets for
cogeneration potential.
Only boilers and steam turbine systems are included.
No detail design method proposed.

39. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
TARGETS FOR COGENERATION
E XTRACTABLE POWER SURPLUS COMPOSITE CURVE
E L -H ALWAGI ET AL . (2009)
Targets for cogeneration given a set of combustible wastes
and byproducts, heating cooling demands, non-heating steam
demands.
Using standard mass and heat integration procedures to
identify process steam requirement and generation potential.
New concept of extractable energy
˙
e = ηH
Extractable power surplus composite curve targets for
cogeneration potential.
Only boilers and steam turbine systems are included.
No detail design method proposed.

40. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
TARGETS FOR COGENERATION
E XTRACTABLE POWER SURPLUS COMPOSITE CURVE
E L -H ALWAGI ET AL . (2009)
Targets for cogeneration given a set of combustible wastes
and byproducts, heating cooling demands, non-heating steam
demands.
Using standard mass and heat integration procedures to
identify process steam requirement and generation potential.
New concept of extractable energy
˙
e = ηH
Extractable power surplus composite curve targets for
cogeneration potential.
Only boilers and steam turbine systems are included.
No detail design method proposed.

41. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
TARGETS FOR COGENERATION
E L -H ALWAGI ET AL . (2009)

42. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
TARGETS FOR COGENERATION
E L -H ALWAGI ET AL . (2009)

43. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
TARGETS FOR COGENERATION
E L -H ALWAGI ET AL . (2009)

44. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
TARGETS FOR COGENERATION
E L -H ALWAGI ET AL . (2009)

45. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
O UTLINE
1 I NTRODUCTION
The topic
Boundary conditions and components
Process Synthesis Methods
2 T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS
Early work
Targeting methodologies
3 O PTIMIZATION METHODS
Background
Early work
Recent Trends in synthesis
4 C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO
CCS
Bio-energy
5 S UMMARY

46. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
O PTIMIZATION DESIGN SPACE
El-Sayed Y.M. (2003)

47. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
O PTIMIZATION DESIGN SPACE
El-Sayed Y.M. (2003)

48. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
O PTIMIZATION DESIGN SPACE
El-Sayed Y.M. (2003)

49. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
O PTIMIZATION DESIGN SPACE
El-Sayed Y.M. (2003)

50. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
A PPROACHES TO OPTIMIZATION OF CHP SYSTEMS
Two broad approaches to the use of optimization in the design of
CHP or utility systems
1 Process Systems Engineering
Superstrucrure based approach
Evolution of structural changes
2 Thermodynamic/Thermoeconomic
Parametric optimization
Suitable for optimizing a base case rather than synthesizing a
new design

51. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
A PPROACHES TO OPTIMIZATION OF CHP SYSTEMS
Two broad approaches to the use of optimization in the design of
CHP or utility systems
1 Process Systems Engineering
Superstrucrure based approach
Evolution of structural changes
2 Thermodynamic/Thermoeconomic
Parametric optimization
Suitable for optimizing a base case rather than synthesizing a
new design

52. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
O PTIMIZATION FRAMEWORK
G ENERIC SUPERSTRUCTURE

53. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
O PTIMIZATION FRAMEWORK
G ENERIC SUPERSTRUCTURE

54. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
O PTIMIZATION FRAMEWORK
G ENERIC SUPERSTRUCTURE

55. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
O PTIMIZATION FRAMEWORK
Given a set of steam and power demands:
configure the CHP or utility plant;
assign values of the operating pressures and temperatures of
the steam;
set the type and capacities of boilers, and all stream flowrates;
and assign drivers to
optimize the objective.

56. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
O PTIMIZATION FRAMEWORK
Given a set of steam and power demands:
configure the CHP or utility plant;
assign values of the operating pressures and temperatures of
the steam;
set the type and capacities of boilers, and all stream flowrates;
and assign drivers to
optimize the objective.

57. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
O PTIMIZATION FRAMEWORK
Given a set of steam and power demands:
configure the CHP or utility plant;
assign values of the operating pressures and temperatures of
the steam;
set the type and capacities of boilers, and all stream flowrates;
and assign drivers to
optimize the objective.

58. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
O PTIMIZATION FRAMEWORK
Given a set of steam and power demands:
configure the CHP or utility plant;
assign values of the operating pressures and temperatures of
the steam;
set the type and capacities of boilers, and all stream flowrates;
and assign drivers to
optimize the objective.

59. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
O PTIMIZATION FRAMEWORK
Given a set of steam and power demands:
configure the CHP or utility plant;
assign values of the operating pressures and temperatures of
the steam;
set the type and capacities of boilers, and all stream flowrates;
and assign drivers to
optimize the objective.

60. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
O UTLINE
1 I NTRODUCTION
The topic
Boundary conditions and components
Process Synthesis Methods
2 T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS
Early work
Targeting methodologies
3 O PTIMIZATION METHODS
Background
Early work
Recent Trends in synthesis
4 C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO
CCS
Bio-energy
5 S UMMARY

61. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
M ATH PROGRAMMING APPROACHES
PAPOULIAS AND G ROSSMANN (1983)
Incorporates an extensive superstructure and model includes
driver allocation.
Linearized the inherent MINLP problem.
Linear equation derived for each unit when operating
parameters have fixed values.
Binary variables identify the existence of each operating
condition for each unit.
Non-linear cost linearized using a fixed charge approximation
or piece-wise linear function.
The optimization criterion used was minimization of annual
cost.
Proved the strength of mathematical programming methods to
synthesize utility systems compared to heuristic methods.

62. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
M ATH PROGRAMMING APPROACHES
PAPOULIAS AND G ROSSMANN (1983)

63. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
M ATH PROGRAMMING APPROACHES
P ETROULAS AND R EKLAITIS (1983)
Decomposed the problem into
1 Steam header selection and
2 Driver selection
The overall objective was to minimize a linear combination of
objective costs.
No gas turbines and capital costs were considered.

64. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
M ATH PROGRAMMING APPROACHES
C OLMENARES AND S EIDER (1989)
Developed an NLP model for synthesis of utility system
Superstructure consists of cascade of Rankine cycles at
different temperature levels.
The overall objective was to minimize cost of the utility system.
No gas turbines and electric motors were included in the
superstructure.

65. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
M ETAHEURISTIC APPROACHES
M AIA ET AL . (1995)
Simulated annealing approach for synthesis of utility system
Superstructure is similar to Papoulias and Grossmann (1983).
First attempt to include discrete equipement sizes in
synthesis.
Limitation of only one mechanical demand per drive.
Costs and efficiency are obtained through continuous
correlations.

66. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
O UTLINE
1 I NTRODUCTION
The topic
Boundary conditions and components
Process Synthesis Methods
2 T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS
Early work
Targeting methodologies
3 O PTIMIZATION METHODS
Background
Early work
Recent Trends in synthesis
4 C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO
CCS
Bio-energy
5 S UMMARY

67. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
R ECENT TRENDS IN OPTIMAL SYNTHESIS OF UTILITY
SYSTEMS
MINLP MODELS
Bruno et al. (1998) extended the MILP model of Papoulias
and Grossmann (1983) to develop an MINLP formulation.
D ETAIL PROCESS UNIT MODELS
Varbanov et al. (2004) developed detailed hardware models
that were linearized and solved as a succession of MILPs.

68. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
R ECENT TRENDS IN OPTIMAL SYNTHESIS OF UTILITY
SYSTEMS
MINLP MODELS
Bruno et al. (1998) extended the MILP model of Papoulias
and Grossmann (1983) to develop an MINLP formulation.
D ETAIL PROCESS UNIT MODELS
Varbanov et al. (2004) developed detailed hardware models
that were linearized and solved as a succession of MILPs.

69. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
R ECENT TRENDS
M ULTIPERIOD MODELS
Iyer and Grossmann (1998) extended the Papoulias and Grossmann (1983)
model to include mutiperiod operation.
Maia and Qassim (1997) extended the work by Maia et al.(1995) to include
multiperiod operation.
Oliviera and Matos (2003) included environmental aspects when extending
the work by Iyer and Grossmann (1998) and Maia and Qassim (1997).
Frangopoulos and Dimopoulos (2004) used thermoeconomic optimization
of multiperiod co-generation systems with a limited superstructure.
Aguilar et al. (2005) proposed a MILP formulation of multi-period utility
systems.
Chen and Lin (2011) develop a steam distribution network for integration
with chemical processes by adapting the transhipment model for flexible
operation.

70. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
R ECENT TRENDS
I NCORPORATING OTHER CONSIDERATIONS SUCH AS
AVAILABILITY ETC .
Frangopoulos and Dimopoulos (2004) used thermoeconomic
optimization of multiperiod co-generation systems and include
availability costs in calculating the NPV.
Aguilar et al. (2005) do not explicity include availability but
including the degree of equipment redundancy during
optimization phase.
Del Nogal et al. (2010) present an rich superstructure and
MILP formulation to synthesize utility systems including
availability considerations.

71. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
O UTLINE
1 I NTRODUCTION
The topic
Boundary conditions and components
Process Synthesis Methods
2 T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS
Early work
Targeting methodologies
3 O PTIMIZATION METHODS
Background
Early work
Recent Trends in synthesis
4 C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO
CCS
Bio-energy
5 S UMMARY

72. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
P OWER AND STEAM PLANTS IN A CARBON
CONSTRAINED SCENARIO
C ARBON C APTURE AND S TORAGE
Fossil fuel based utility plants would require CCS.
Inclusion of CCS would mean addition of a chemical process
facility in the utility system.
Tight integration required between the different components to
reduce efficiency penalty.

73. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO
C ARBON C APTURE AND S TORAGE
M ARTELLI ET AL . (2011) AND M ARTELLI ET AL . (2012)
Two step optimization procedure for optimal design of heat
recovery steam generator including external heat addition and
extraction.

74. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO
C ARBON C APTURE AND S TORAGE
L IU ET AL . (2009, 2010)
A MINLP framework for the synthesis of optimum poly-generation
plants using coal as fuel.

75. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO
C ARBON C APTURE AND S TORAGE
A NANTHARAMAN AND B ERSTAD (2011)
A MILP framework for generation of optimal integration schemes
for post-combustion CO2 capture unit with NGCC power plant.

76. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO
C ARBON C APTURE AND S TORAGE
A NANTHARAMAN AND B ERSTAD (2011)
A MILP framework for generation of optimal integration schemes
for post-combustion CO2 capture unit with NGCC power plant.

77. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO
C ARBON C APTURE AND S TORAGE
J OHNSEN , E. (2011)
A MINLP framework for generation of optimal synthesis of an
air-blown Integrated Reforming Combined Cycle power plant using
meta-models.

78. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO
C ARBON C APTURE AND S TORAGE
J OHNSEN , E. (2011)
A MINLP framework for generation of optimal synthesis of an
air-blown Integrated Reforming Combined Cycle power plant using
meta-models.

79. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
O UTLINE
1 I NTRODUCTION
The topic
Boundary conditions and components
Process Synthesis Methods
2 T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS
Early work
Targeting methodologies
3 O PTIMIZATION METHODS
Background
Early work
Recent Trends in synthesis
4 C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO
CCS
Bio-energy
5 S UMMARY

80. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
P OWER AND STEAM PLANTS IN A CARBON
CONSTRAINED SCENARIO
B IO - ENERGY
CHP plants fired with biomass, MSW etc.
The superstructure involved for biomass based CHP will be
extensive:
Selection of biomass
Preparation of fuel
Fuel/energy conversion system
Integration with gas turbine systems
No significant development in the systematic approach to the
design of biomass based CHP systems.

81. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
S UMMARY
Synthesis of combined heat and power plants or utility plants is a mature
area of research.
Thermodynamic based targeting methods for co-generation have been
developed.
No thermodynamic based systematic synthesis methodology in the
literature.
Mathematical programming methods where an exhaustive superstructure is
used to synthesize utility networks dominate literature.
Most of these models are formulated as MILPs.
Recent developments include multiperiod optimization models and
incorporating availability consideration in the design phase.
In a carbon constrained scenario, novel methods to synthsize power and
steam systems with CCS need to be developed further.
Systematic methods for the optimal synthesis of biomass based CHP
needs development.

82. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
S UMMARY
Synthesis of combined heat and power plants or utility plants is a mature
area of research.
Thermodynamic based targeting methods for co-generation have been
developed.
No thermodynamic based systematic synthesis methodology in the
literature.
Mathematical programming methods where an exhaustive superstructure is
used to synthesize utility networks dominate literature.
Most of these models are formulated as MILPs.
Recent developments include multiperiod optimization models and
incorporating availability consideration in the design phase.
In a carbon constrained scenario, novel methods to synthsize power and
steam systems with CCS need to be developed further.
Systematic methods for the optimal synthesis of biomass based CHP
needs development.

83. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
S UMMARY
Synthesis of combined heat and power plants or utility plants is a mature
area of research.
Thermodynamic based targeting methods for co-generation have been
developed.
No thermodynamic based systematic synthesis methodology in the
literature.
Mathematical programming methods where an exhaustive superstructure is
used to synthesize utility networks dominate literature.
Most of these models are formulated as MILPs.
Recent developments include multiperiod optimization models and
incorporating availability consideration in the design phase.
In a carbon constrained scenario, novel methods to synthsize power and
steam systems with CCS need to be developed further.
Systematic methods for the optimal synthesis of biomass based CHP
needs development.

84. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
S UMMARY
Synthesis of combined heat and power plants or utility plants is a mature
area of research.
Thermodynamic based targeting methods for co-generation have been
developed.
No thermodynamic based systematic synthesis methodology in the
literature.
Mathematical programming methods where an exhaustive superstructure is
used to synthesize utility networks dominate literature.
Most of these models are formulated as MILPs.
Recent developments include multiperiod optimization models and
incorporating availability consideration in the design phase.
In a carbon constrained scenario, novel methods to synthsize power and
steam systems with CCS need to be developed further.
Systematic methods for the optimal synthesis of biomass based CHP
needs development.

85. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
S UMMARY
Synthesis of combined heat and power plants or utility plants is a mature
area of research.
Thermodynamic based targeting methods for co-generation have been
developed.
No thermodynamic based systematic synthesis methodology in the
literature.
Mathematical programming methods where an exhaustive superstructure is
used to synthesize utility networks dominate literature.
Most of these models are formulated as MILPs.
Recent developments include multiperiod optimization models and
incorporating availability consideration in the design phase.
In a carbon constrained scenario, novel methods to synthsize power and
steam systems with CCS need to be developed further.
Systematic methods for the optimal synthesis of biomass based CHP
needs development.

86. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
S UMMARY
Synthesis of combined heat and power plants or utility plants is a mature
area of research.
Thermodynamic based targeting methods for co-generation have been
developed.
No thermodynamic based systematic synthesis methodology in the
literature.
Mathematical programming methods where an exhaustive superstructure is
used to synthesize utility networks dominate literature.
Most of these models are formulated as MILPs.
Recent developments include multiperiod optimization models and
incorporating availability consideration in the design phase.
In a carbon constrained scenario, novel methods to synthsize power and
steam systems with CCS need to be developed further.
Systematic methods for the optimal synthesis of biomass based CHP
needs development.

87. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
S UMMARY
Synthesis of combined heat and power plants or utility plants is a mature
area of research.
Thermodynamic based targeting methods for co-generation have been
developed.
No thermodynamic based systematic synthesis methodology in the
literature.
Mathematical programming methods where an exhaustive superstructure is
used to synthesize utility networks dominate literature.
Most of these models are formulated as MILPs.
Recent developments include multiperiod optimization models and
incorporating availability consideration in the design phase.
In a carbon constrained scenario, novel methods to synthsize power and
steam systems with CCS need to be developed further.
Systematic methods for the optimal synthesis of biomass based CHP
needs development.

88. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
S UMMARY
Synthesis of combined heat and power plants or utility plants is a mature
area of research.
Thermodynamic based targeting methods for co-generation have been
developed.
No thermodynamic based systematic synthesis methodology in the
literature.
Mathematical programming methods where an exhaustive superstructure is
used to synthesize utility networks dominate literature.
Most of these models are formulated as MILPs.
Recent developments include multiperiod optimization models and
incorporating availability consideration in the design phase.
In a carbon constrained scenario, novel methods to synthsize power and
steam systems with CCS need to be developed further.
Systematic methods for the optimal synthesis of biomass based CHP
needs development.

89. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
R EFERENCES I
O Aguilar, S Perry, J Kim, and R Smith.
Design and Optimization of Flexible Utility Systems Subject to Variable ConditionsPart 1: Modelling Framework.
Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 85(8):1136–1148, 2007.
J Bruno, F Fernandez, F Castells, and I.E. Grossmann.
A Rigorous MINLP Model for the Optimal Synthesis and Operation of Utility Plants.
Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 76(3):246–258, March 1998.
C.T. Chang and J.R. Hwang.
A multiobjective programming approach to waste minimization in the utility systems of chemical processes.
Chemical Engineering Science, 51(16):3951–3965, August 1996.
C.L. Chen and C.Y. Lin.
A flexible structural and operational design of steam systems.
Applied Thermal Engineering, 31(13):2084–2093, September 2011.
C.C. Chou and Y.S. Shih.
A thermodynamic approach to the design and synthesis of plant utility systems.
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 26(6):1100–1108, June 1987.
T.R. Colmenares and W.D. Seider.
Synthesis of utility systems integrated with chemical processes.
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 28(1):84–93, January 1989.
F.L. Del Nogal, J.K. Kim, S. Perry, and R. Smith.
Synthesis of mechanical driver and power generation configurations, Part 1: Optimization framework.
AIChE Journal, pages NA–NA, 2010.

90. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
R EFERENCES II
V.R. Dhole and B. Linnhoff.
Total site targets for fuel, co-generation, emissions, and cooling.
Computers & Chemical Engineering, 17:S101–S109, 1993.
M. El-Halwagi, D. Harell, and H. Dennis Spriggs.
Targeting cogeneration and waste utilization through process integration.
Applied Energy, 86(6):880–887, June 2009.
C.A. Frangopoulos and G.G. Dimopoulos.
Effect of reliability considerations on the optimal synthesis, design and operation of a cogeneration system.
Energy, 29(3):309–329, March 2004.
R.R. Iyer and I.E. Grossmann.
Optimal multiperiod operational planning for utility systems.
Computers & Chemical Engineering, 21(8):787–800, 1997.
J. Klemeš, V.R. Dhole, K. Raissi, S.J. Perry, and L. Puigjaner.
Targeting and design methodology for reduction of fuel, power and CO2 on total sites.
Applied Thermal Engineering, 17(8-10):993–1003, August 1997.
B. Linnhoff and V.R. Dhole.
Targeting for CO2 emissions for Total Sites.
Chemical Engineering & Technology, 16(4):252–259, August 1993.
P. Liu, M.C. Georgiadis, and E.N. Pistikopoulos.
Advances in Energy Systems Engineering.
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, page 100917092426020, September 2010.

91. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
R EFERENCES III
P. Liu, E. Pistikopoulos, and Z. Li.
A mixed-integer optimization approach for polygeneration energy systems design.
Computers & Chemical Engineering, 33(3):759–768, March 2009.
F. Marechal and B. Kalitventzeff.
Process integration : Selection optimal utility system .
Computers & Chemical Engineering, 22(Suppl):S149–156, 1998.
S.P Mavromatis and A.C Kokossis.
Hardware composites: A new conceptual tool for the analysis and optimisation of steam turbine networks in
chemical process industries.
Chemical Engineering Science, 53(7):1405–1434, March 1998.
L.O. Maia, L. Vidal de Carvalho, and R.Y. Qassim.
Synthesis of utility systems by simulated annealing.
Computers & Chemical Engineering, 19(4):481–488, April 1995.
M. Nishio, J. Itoh, K. Shiroko, and T. Umeda.
A Thermodynamic Approach to Steam-Power System Design.
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development, 19(2):306–312, April 1980.
M. Nishio and A.I. Johnson.
Stratergy for energy system expansion.
Chemical Engineering Progress, 73:75, 1979.
S. Papoulias and I.E. Grossmann.
A structural optimization approach in process synthesisâI Utility systems.
Computers & Chemical Engineering, 7(6):695–706, 1983.

92. I NTRODUCTION T HERMODYNAMIC METHODS O PTIMIZATION METHODS C ARBON CONSTRAINED SCENARIO S UMMARY
R EFERENCES IV
T. Petroulas and G. V. Reklaitis.
Computer-aided synthesis and design of plant utility systems.
AIChE Journal, 30(1):69–78, January 1984.
V Papandreou and Z Shang.
A multi-criteria optimisation approach for the design of sustainable utility systems.
Computers & Chemical Engineering, 32(7):1589–1602, July 2008.
Z. Shang and A. Kokossis.
A systematic approach to the synthesis and design of flexible site utility systems.
Chemical Engineering Science, 60(16):4431–4451, August 2005.
P. Varbanov, S. Doyle, and R. Smith.
Modelling and Optimization of Utility Systems.
Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 82(5):561–578, May 2004.
P. Varbanov, S. Perry, J. Klemeš, and R. Smith.
Synthesis of industrial utility systems: cost-effective de-carbonisation.
Applied Thermal Engineering, 25(7):985–1001, May 2005.