1. UUU
Phenylalanine UUC
Glutamic acid Glycine Leucine
UUA UCU
UUG UCC
AG U C A Serine UCA
Aspartic acid C
A GU G
UC
UCG
Alanine G U
U
C A Tyrosine
UAU
A
G
UAC
C
G U
A
C C Stop
G
U
C A
A
G
U G U G
Valine
U Cysteine
A C
C A Stop
U G Tryptophan
G U
Arginine A G U C
A C C A Leucine
C
G
Serine U
G A C
U
A
A
CU
Lysine A Proline
C
U G
Asparagine G
G A
C
UG G
A
C
U
Threonine ACUGACU Histidine
Glutamine
Arginine
Isolucine
Methionine
What is the amino acid sequence for the codons: GCA UAC CCC GUA?
Animated by Jeff Christopherson
alanine tyrosine proline valine

2. Phenylalanine Leucine Serine Tyrosine Stop Cysteine Stop Tryptophan
Leucine Proline Histidine Glutamine Arginine
Isoleucine Methionine Threonine Asparagine Lysine Serine Arginine
Valine Alanine Aspartic Acid Glutamic Acid Glycine

3. Phenylalanine Leucine Serine Tyrosine Stop Cysteine Stop Tryptophan
UUU UUA UCU UAU UAA UGU UGA UGG
UUC UUG UCC UAC UAG UGC
UCA UGA
UCG
Leucine Proline Histidine Glutamine Arginine
CUU CCU CAU CAA CGU
CUC CCC CAC CAG CGC
CUA CCA CGA
CUG CCG CGG
Isoleucine Methionine Threonine Asparagine Lysine Serine Arginine
AUU AUG ACU AAU AAA AGU AGG
AUC ACC AAC AAG AGC AGA
AUA ACA
ACG
Valine Alanine Aspartic Acid Glutamic Acid Glycine
GUU GCU GAU GAA GGU
GUC GCC GAC GAG GGC
GUA GCA GGA
GUG GCG GGG

4. C AG U C A
A GU G
UC
G U
U
C A
A
G
C
G U
A
C C
G
U
C A
A
G
U G U G
U
A C
C A
U G
G U
A G U C
C
U
G A A C C C
U
G
A
A
A
CU
C A
U G
G
G A
C
UG G
A
C
U
ACUGACU

5. RNA and Protein Synthesis
A. The Structure of RNA
B. Types of RNA
C. Transcription
D. RNA Editing
E. The Genetic Code
F. Translation
G. The Roles of RNA and DNA
H. Genes and Proteins

6. Concept Map
RNA
can be
Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA
also called which functions to also called which functions to also called which functions to
Bring
Combine
mRNA Carry instructions rRNA tRNA amino acids to
with proteins
ribosome
from to to make up
DNA Ribosome Ribosomes

7. Transcription
Adenine (DNA and RNA)
Cystosine (DNA and RNA)
Guanine(DNA and RNA)
Thymine (DNA only)
Uracil (RNA only)
RNA
polymerase
DNA
RNA

8. The Genetic Code

9. Translation
Nucleus
Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA is transcribed in the nucleus.
Lysine mRNA
Phenylalanine tRNA
Transfer RNA
Methionine
The mRNA then enters the cytoplasm and
attaches to a ribosome. Translation begins at
AUG, the start codon. Each transfer RNA has
an anticodon whose bases are complementary
to a codon on the mRNA strand. The ribosome
positions the start codon to attract its
anticodon, which is part of the tRNA that binds
methionine. The ribosome also binds the next
Ribosome codon and its anticodon.
mRNA Start codon

10. Translation (continued)
The Polypeptide “Assembly Line”
Growing polypeptide chain
The ribosome joins the two amino acids—
methionine and phenylalanine—and breaks
the bond between methionine and its tRNA.
The tRNA floats away, allowing the ribosome
Ribosome
to bind to another tRNA. The ribosome moves
tRNA
along the mRNA, binding new tRNA molecules
and amino acids.
Lysine tRNA
mRNA
Completing the Polypeptide
The process continues until the ribosome reaches
one of the three stop codons. The result is a
mRNA Translation direction growing polypeptide chain.
Ribosome

11. Interest Grabber
• Determining the Sequence of a Gene
• DNA contains the code of instructions for
cells. Sometimes, an error occurs when
the code is copied. Such errors are called
mutations.

12. Interest Grabber continued
1. Copy the following information about Protein X: Methionine—Phenylalanine
—Tryptophan—Asparagine—Isoleucine—STOP.
2. Use Figure 12–17 on page 303 in your textbook to determine one possible
sequence of RNA to code for this information. Write this code below the
description of Protein X. Below this, write the DNA code that would produce
this RNA sequence.
3. Now, cause a mutation in the gene sequence that you just determined by
deleting the fourth base in the DNA sequence. Write this new sequence.
4. Write the new RNA sequence that would be produced. Below that, write the
amino acid sequence that would result from this mutation in your gene. Call
this Protein Y.
5. Did this single deletion cause much change in your protein? Explain your
answer.