1. The document discusses how economies transition between sectors of agriculture, industry, and services as they develop. Poorer nations rely on agriculture and resources, middle income nations have industry, and wealthier nations are service-based. 2. It describes how nations progress by undergoing agricultural and industrial revolutions to change how agriculture and industry function. This involves adopting new technologies and practices like mechanization, crop rotation, and selective breeding. 3. The agricultural revolution saw a shift from many small subsistence farms to fewer large commercial farms using new equipment and techniques to dramatically increase food production. This allowed more people to leave farming and work in other sectors.

1. Changes in
Agriculture and Industry

2. Job Sectors
• Types of jobs in society can be classified
into three main sectors:
Agriculture/Resource
ex. Farming, mining, forestry, fishing
Industry
ex. Factories, workshops, construction
Service
ex. Retail, teaching, banking, nursing

3. Economies of Nations
• Nations tend to have one of these three
sectors as the major type.
Poor Nations - agricultural & resource
(subsistence farming, mines, forestry)
ex. Haiti
Middle Nations - industrial
(with some agricultural & resource)
ex. Mexico
Rich Nations - service dominated
(with some agricultural & resource
and industry) ex. USA

4. Economies of Nations
• The strongest nations have a mix of all
three, with most of the jobs being service.
• In those countries service jobs pay better
than industrial jobs, which pay better than
resource jobs (for the most part).
Sector
Agriculture &
Resource
Industry
Service

5. Progression of Nations
• Nations desire to progress.
• To do this they need to undergo
agricultural and industrial revolutions. In
other words, to dramatically change the
way that agriculture and industry are done
in their countries.
Agriculture
& Resource
Industry Service

7. The Agricultural Revolution
From:
• Lots of farmers
• Most people farm
• Poorly used land
• Hand tools
• Not much food
To:
• Very few farmers
• Many work in factories
• Better used land
• Machines
• Plenty of food

8. Farming in the Middle Ages
• Manual labour (basic tools)
• Shared labour
• Common land / Open fields
• Three field system
• Gleaning by the poor

9. 1. Bigger Farms
a. Enclosures
b. Land Reclamation
2. Better Equipment
a. Machines
3. Better Techniques
a. Crop Rotation
b. Selective Breeding

10. 1. BIGGER FARMS
a. ENCLOSURES
• Enclosing land
meant put
hedges, fences,
or stone walls
around farms to
claim the land
and keep people
and animals out.

11. 1a. ENCLOSURES
• Small, individually
owned farms
were bought or
taken away from
poorer farmers
and turned into
large enclosed
farms owned by a
richer farmer.

12. AFTER
•Each landowner
received a single piece
of property
•No common lands
Before
•Each person got some
good and some bad
land.
•There was common
land.
1a. ENCLOSURES

13. Small Farmers
Were Forced off Their Land
• Had to pay for :
Fences/Walls to surround their farms
A team of oxen
• Could no longer glean or gather wood
• Often had to sell plots to large
landowners:
Forced to Rent or
Work for someone else

14. Map of
Land
Enclosed by
Parliament

15. Example: the Highland Clearances
in Scotland
• Sometimes land
was just taken
from people
because they
could not prove
ownership.
• This increased
the number of
people looking
for work.

16. Enclosures Benefited
Large Land Owners
• They had the political strength to pass the
enclosure law
• They owned large unified farms under this
system which meant:
Farming was more efficient
Didn’t need consent of the village to
experiment with new crop methods
Could obtain cheap labour

17. 1b. LAND RECLAMATION
• In addition to enclosures, farms also
increased in size because of land
reclamation:
– Marshlands were drained
– Forests were cleared
– Poor soil was enriched and used more

18. 2. BETTER EQUIPMENT:
MACHINES OF THE
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
• Labour on farms had always been done by
hand. This was harder to do now with
bigger farms.
• Farmers with large farms were earning
more money, and now they were more
interested in investing in machines

19. • Invented by Jethro Tull
• Planted seed in neat
rows
• Improved germination
by making furrows,
dropping seed into
them, and covering
them
• Reduced amount of
seed used in planting

20. Examples of Additional Machines
Horse-drawn cultivator – Jethro Tull

21. Examples of Additional Machines
Cast-iron plow (1797)
– American Charles Newbold

22. Examples of Additional Machines
Reaper – Englishman Joseph Boyce (1799) and
American Cyrus McCormick (1834)

23. 3. BETTER TECHNIQUES:
a. CROP ROTATION
• People
learned that
crops could be
rotated to
improve the
nitrogen in the
soil instead of
just leaving
land fallow.
Wheat
Clover
Barley
Turnips

24. CROP ROTATION

25. CROP ROTATION
• Use of Clover and Turnips fixed nitrogen in
the soil while also providing food for animals
• Yields of Wheat and Barley proved to be
better than Rye, especially with the
improved nitrogen levels in the soil

26. 3. BETTER TECHNIQUES:
b. SELECTIVE BREEDING
• Farmers began the selective
breeding of animals such as
sheep and cattle
• Produced better animals
with better offspring
• Produced more milk, meat,
and wool

27. Summary:
Agricultural Revolutions Need
Bigger Farms
• Enclosures
• Land Reclamation
Better Equipment
• Machines
Better Techniques
• Crop Rotation
• Selective Breeding

28. THE SPREAD OF THE
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
• The Agricultural Revolution began in
Britain, in the early 1700s.
• It soon spread to other countries. In
Northern Europe, it took place in the mid-
1700s.
• In America, the A.R. took place in the
second half of the 1700s.

29. 1. Agricultural production increased.
2. Cost of food dropped.
3. Increased production of food helped
create a rapid growth of population.
4. Large farms, using machines and scientific
methods, began to dominate agriculture.
Farming became big business.
Of the Agricultural Revolution

30. 5. The number of small farms began to
decline.
6. The number of farmers decreased sharply.
7. Many farmers moved to the cities.
8. The population of cities increased rapidly.
Of the Agricultural Revolution