The document discusses energy and cellular respiration in organisms. It explains that organisms obtain energy by breaking down biomolecules through either photosynthesis (autotrophs) or consuming organic matter (heterotrophs). Aerobic respiration fully breaks down glucose to release the most energy as ATP, occurring in three stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in mitochondria, and the electron transport chain. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and is less efficient, producing lactic acid or ethanol instead of fully oxidizing glucose.

1. ENERGY

4. Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions

5. Example of complimentary exergonic and endergonic reactions

6. Example of complimentary exergonic and endergonic reactions

7. ENZYMES

16. Increasing substrate concentration

17. Photosynthesis

20. Chloroplasts

25. A simplified version of the process

27. Inputs Outputs Water H 2 O ATP Electron e - NADPH NADP + ADP + P Oxygen (“waste”)

29. Inputs Outputs ATP ADP + P NADPH NADP + 3C -> Glucose

30. Carbon reduction in C 3 Plants Calvin Cycle Called C 3 plants as the end product is a 3-carbon compound (PGAL), that goes on to form glucose. Photosynthesis occurs in the mesophyll cells,

33. C 3 PLANTS C 4 PLANTS

34. Putting Photosynthesis together 2 x PGAL = fructose fructose = glucose fructose + glucose = sucrose glucose x ∞ = starch

38. Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration

48. What happens during starvation? - Autophagia (feeding of self )