1. Digital Human Modeling
and Simulation in Product &
Workstation Design
Kanika Gupta
M.Des 10 -12’
10420525

2. Contents
1. Basics of CAD
2. Virtual Reality
3. Simulation
4. DHM Basics
5.Development of DHM
6. Construction of DHM
7. DHM softwares in market
8. Basic functionality of DHM & simulation
software in ergonomic evaluation
9. DHM in scientific research fields
10. Benefits and limitations of DHMs

3. CAD
Computer Aided Design (CAD) is a form
of design in which people work with
computers to create ideas, models,
and prototypes.
CAD was originally developed to assist
people with technical drawing and
drafting, but it has expanded to include
numerous other potential uses.
http://www.free-vectorart.com/3d-cad-drawing/ [Accessed 24 March 2012].

4. Virtual Reality
Virtual : Not real
Virtual Reality : 3D computer aided
graphics environment where real
human being can interact intutively
with that environment and feel
immersed into it.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CAVE_Crayoland.jpg [Accessed 24 March 2012].

5. Simulation
Simulation is the imitation of the
operation of a real-world process or
system over time.
The act of simulating something first
requires that a model be developed;
this model represents the key
characteristics or behaviors of the
selected physical or abstract system
or process
http://www.virtasim.com/Products [Accessed 24 March 2012].http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation [Accessed 24 March 2012].

6. Digtal Human Modeling - Definition
Digital Human Modeling is the
process of developing digital human
models using anthropometric and
biomechanical database, for
ergonomic evaluation of product and
workstation in virtual environment, using
2D or 3D CAD softwares.
Method:
1. Make human model.
2. Make workstation.
3. Fit human model into workstation.
http://solidsmack.com/resources/3d-human-models-solidworks-rhino-iges-setp/[Accessed 24 March 2012].

7. Development of DHM
1. Started with only stick figures.
2. Robot like appearance (Geometric
primitives - sphere, rectangle).
3. More complex representation of
body segments with finer details.
4. Surface Modeling - applying
smoothing algorithms.
5. Now, realistic skin deformation and
contracting muscles.
http://www.richardbanks.com/trends/2011/10/14/motion-capture-mapping-shapes-to-body-movement/ [Accessed 24 March 2012].
http://support.quest3d.com/index.php?title=Chapter_2.11:_Character_animation [Accessed 24 March 2012].
http://www.turbosquid.com/3d-models/3d-model-cad-male-standing/508006 [Accessed 24 March 2012].

8. Construction of DHM
1. Stick figure
2. Skeletal Model
3. Wireframe Model
4. Shaded Model
5. Presentation Model
http://www.turbosquid.com/3d-models [Accessed 24 March 2012].

9. DHM Softwares in Market (Popular)
JACK
RAMSIS
DELMIA
SANTOS
http://kb.eurovr-association.org/index.php/Virtual_humans [Accessed 25 March 2012].

10. Other DHM Softwares in Market
ADAPS
ANYBODY & ANTHROPODS
APOLIN
BUFORD
CAR
COMBIMAN & CREW CHIEF
CYBERMAN
ENVISION/ERGO
EGRODATA

11. Types of DHM Softwares
1. Physical : It includes anatomical shape
or reaction/performance under different
conditions. Eg:- Reach, interference,
Collision Detection.
Softwares : JACK, RAMSIS
2. Cognitive : It includes human behavioral
aspect, artificial intelligence, interactivity
of synthetic agents.
Softwares : REBA, CASHE

12. Basic Functionality of DHM softwares
Creating a virtual human.
http://www.3dscience.com/3D_Models/Human_Anatomy/index.php [Accessed 25 March 2012].

13. Basic Functionality of DHM softwares
Building a virtual environment.
http://www.ankitpatel.co.nz/DMDN412/ [Accessed 28 March 2012].

14. Basic Functionality of DHM softwares
Giving appropriate posture to the models
and interface them with the product or
workstation model.
http://www.ptc.com/product/creo/manikin-extension [Accessed 28 March 2012].

15. Basic Functionality of DHM softwares
Vision Analysis
1. View Cone
2. Analysis of blind spot
3. Reflection zone
4. Eye view window
5. Obscuration zone
http://www.ptc.com/product/creo/manikin-extension [Accessed 28 March 2012].
http://blog.lpainc.com/lpa-blog/?Tag=Higher%20Education%20Facilities [Accessed 28 March 2012].

16. Basic Functionality of DHM softwares
View Cone
To provide good visibility while minimizing
fatigue due to poor neck and head
posture, regular viewing tasks should
be within a 30-degree cone around the
normal line of sight (Grandjean, 1988).
The normal line of sight is 10-15 degrees
below the horizontal plane.
http://www.volpe.dot.gov/coi/hfrsa/docs/lococab/lococh4.html [Accessed 28 March 2012].
http://www.ankrumassociates.com/articles/setting.htm [Accessed 28 March 2012].

17. Basic Functionality of DHM softwares
Reach Analysis
1. Horizontal Reach zone
2. Vertical Reach zone
http://www.ptc.com/product/creo/manikin-extension [Accessed 28 March 2012].

18. Basic Functionality of DHM softwares
Clearance/interference
Head Clearance
Legroom
Lateral Clearance
http://www.ptc.com/product/creo/manikin-extension [Accessed 28 March 2012].

19. Basic Functionality of DHM softwares
Seating Accomodation
Seat height
Seat depth
Seat width
Position of headrest
http://questingbeastquest.blogspot.in/2007_08_01_archive.html[Accessed 28 March 2012].

20. Basic Functionality of DHM softwares
Seating Accomodation for workstations
SRP (Seat Reference Point) - For Bikes
SgRP (Seating Reference Point) - SRP of 95th
percentile
NSRP (Neutral Seat Reference Point) - SRP of
50th percentile
AHP (Accelerator Heel Point) - For Car design
DEP (Design Eye Point) - For Cockpit design
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010448510002198[Accessed 28 March 2012].

21. Basic Functionality of DHM softwares
Other functions of DHM softwares include:
- Comfort/discomfort analysis
- Fatigue analysis
- Posture analysis
- Lower Back analysis
- Metabolic energy expenditure
- Predetermined time standards
- Static strength prediction

22. DHM in Scientific Research Fields
3D Visualisation for Homeland Defence
Training and Simulation
- Human Modelling and Simulation
3D visualisation
- Hazardous Material Safety Training
- Emergency and Incident Response
Training
- Real-time simulated environment
- Chemical and Biological Dispersion
- Shared Real-Time Virtual Environment
- Maritime Security Training
- Intelligent Systems Research
- Multi Wall Stereoscopic VR Systems
- Crisis Management
- Weapons of Mass Destruction
http://www.presagis.com/resources/customer_profiles/rockwell_collins_3Dmodels/[Accessed 26 March 2012].http://www.armedforces-int.com/article/3d-visualisation-homeland-defence-training-simulation.html [Accessed 24 March 2012].

23. DHM in Scientific Research Fields
Automobile Industry
As a driving force for DHM development,
the automotive industry has
traditionally used human models in
the manufacturing sector (production
ergonomics, e.g. assembly) and the
engineering sector (product ergonomics,
e.g. safety, packaging).
These models are optimised for a seated
posture, interface to a vehicle seat
through standardised methods and
provide linkages to vehicle controls.
http://www.designnews.com/document.asp?doc_id=230508 [Accessed 26 March 2012].http://www.inderscience.com/browse/callpaper.php?callID=1746 [Accessed 24 March 2012].

24. DHM in Scientific Research Fields
Textile
DHM is used to set up the dimensions
of human bodies, the color of the skin
and hair, shapes thereof, etc., to create
original 3D models. By fixing patterns
in three dimensions on the model,
considering the characteristics of the
material and synthesizing the materials
on it, real finished images, including the
silhouette of the product, etc. can be
examined by rotating the image 360
degrees.
http://www.apparelsearch.com/news/articles/Technology/2009/January/1.14.09_Browzwear_Unveils_V-Stitcher_4.4.htm [Accessed 26 March 2012].http://www.shimaseiki.co.jp/ire/company/vocabulary.html [Accessed 24 March 2012].

25. DHM in Scientific Research Fields
Sports
DHM forms a very useful tool for sports
performance analysis.
http://www.trinity3d.com/3D-Human-Still-Models-Sport-Collection-MeSpS0002.html [Accessed 26 March 2012].https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:gdEudR3BPDIJ:isel [Accessed 24 March 2012]. ab.cvc.uab.es/descargas/viewpdf.php-
%3Fid%3DRRG05e+&hl=en&gl=in&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESieowvuMcxlR5Y53emef6DwzqOKyh_mTduaa35FLo6tzKNYJQmMrjRln-
r54h8JszO9c8AmqWIaUpBpTgAVw442Rrh6LDgKLltrwpWMVfAk1SK2E1nt8AvtMXIGYRSZ-X49g15ET&sig=AHIEtbRN16Tqh2qlAt
gE-8eDphw3g39fiA

26. DHM in Scientific Research Fields
Human Anatomy
DHM helps in understanding the
complex structure of human body in an
easy and descriptive manner.
http://www.3dscience.com/3D_Models/Human_Anatomy/index.php [Accessed 26 March 2012].

27. Advantages of DHM softwares
- Provides strong anthropometric evaluation to the product.
- Evaluation of product with huge anthropometric variations.
- Repeated trial possible.
- Hazardous environment can be analysed, where actual
human being reaches by difficulty.
- Inaccessible workplace can be evaluated (eg; Space, Sun)
- Low cost of ergonomic evaluation.
- Low time investment.
- Loopholes and errors can be identified before making costly
physical prototypes.
- Design for any percentile population.
- Improved quality and increased productivity.
https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:_lsmga6DRd0J:mechse.illinois.edu/research/xudong/Preprint/ChapterPre-
print.pdf+&hl=en&gl=in&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiQI6L4vkhtg3F8EmyJoO4ENJspZsFDR08jhJY_k3AgkJVGfVOYwNQv-
jASYEQ5wNA0pyITu6fC7-5fqRfZp0pJepSejsFa9HxNbhGcmSUyiSWGD4paqSXMx25GxFPREN-OWVsrE&sig=AHIEtbQS7e9x
YpiahdxcwwFQgfTn8u4f5A [Accessed 28 March 2012]

28. Limitations of DHM softwares
- Virtual study, no subjective evaluation.
- Effect of physical factors like temperature, vibration etc. on
human performance in the workplace can’t be studied.
- All analysis are based upon different algorithm which are
derived from statistical model.
- Contextual knowledge is important for successful ergonomic
evaluation (Duke et al. 2002, 2003)
- Positioning manikin with appropriate posture is difficult and
time consuming.
- Accuracy not only differ between real human subject and
manikin but also manikins generated by different softwares.
- A frequently faced problem is the prolonged duration for file
conversion and on the building of virtual environment,.
- Incapability of analyzing multiple manikin activities at a time
such as in case of assembly process.

29. Thank You
Kanika Gupta
M.Des 10 -12’
10420525