1. Active and Passive
Isis Brenes
UAM

2.  His dad wants to kill him
 He hopes to have moved his dad’s heart with
his pledge, though.
Simple Infinitive: to+ verb
Perfect Infinitive: to + have+ verb

3.  He loves smoking a good cigar.
 He stated having smoked a cigar was
relaxing.
Simple Gerund:
verb that takes a gerund+ verb (ing)
Perfect Gerund: verb that takes a
gerund + having+ verb in past participle

4. 1- He hopes to have moved his dad’s heart with
his pledge, though.
Main verb: hopes Action To have moved
Which happened first? To have moved
2- He stated having smoked a cigar was
relaxing.
Having smoked

5.  Unanimously agreeing, they plunged into the
dark.
 Having agreed on a plan, the group left to
fight the unknown.
Introductory clauses are dependent clauses
that provide background information or "set
the stage" for the main part of the sentence,
the independent clause.

6.  His dad wants to kill him.
 He didn’t want to be killed. To + be + verb in pp
 We stopped negotiating the deal with them.
 The deal stopped being negotiated.
being + verb in pp

7.  He was relieved to have been included in the list.
To +have + been + verb in past participle
 He thinks having been taken into account was nice.
Hav(ing)+ been + verb in past participle

8.  I want to have a dog. (passive)
 I called my sister. (introductory phrase)
 Her boss has called her to the meeting
(perfect infinitive passive)
(perfect gerund passive)