IX Foundation of Information Technology: Convergence of Technology - Evolution of today's Computer.

1. Basics of Information Technology Convergence Technologies Computer, Communication and content technologies.

2. Development of Computers

4. The Abacus

5. Long, Long Ago Abacus - 3000 BC beads on rods to count and calculate still widely used in Asia! Used for Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division

6. The Napier Bones or Slide Rule

8. For Multiplication, Division and Square Roots

9. Based on Napier’s rules for logarithms

11. Pascal’s Adding Machine Invented By

12. The "Pascaline",

13. Pascal’s Adding Machine Developed by Blaise Pascal Originally called a "numerical wheel calculator" Developed on 1642 Having 8 movable Dials Wheels numbered from 0 to 9 Adds sums upto 8 digit long Draw Back: Limitation of Addition

14. Leibnitz Machine Invented By

15. Leibnitz Machine

16. Leibnitz Machine He is a German Mathematician and Philosopher It’s a improved version of Pascaline It will do Addition Subtraction, Multiplication and Division Used SHIFT mechanism

17. Jacquard Loom - 1801 Invented By Joseph Jacquard

18. 19th Century Jacquard Loom - 1801 first stored program - metal cards first computer manufacturing still in use today in weaving!

19. Difference Engine Invented By Charles Babbage

20. Difference Engine built in early 1800’s Special purpose calculator Naval navigation charts Babbage’s first computer

21. Analytical Engine Babbage’s Second Computer

22. Babbage’s second computer analytical engine, 1834 Analytical engine general-purpose used binary system punched cards as input branch on result of previous instruction AdaLovelace (first programmer) machined parts not accurate enough never quite completed

23. Punched Card Invented By Herman Hollerith (US)

24. Punched card

25. Electro Mechanical Calculating Device

26. MARK I (1937 – 1944) Invented By Howard H. Aiken

28. MARK I (1937 – 1944) In 1944, the Mark I was "switched" on. Aiken's colossal machine spanned 51 feet in length and 8 feet in height. 500 meters of wiring were required to connect each component. Referred as Electronic Relay Computer

29. Electronic Computers

30. ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer)

31. ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer Invented By ATANASOFF BERRY

32. ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer)

33. ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer) First Fully Electronic Computer Used Electronic Vacuum Tubes It is a special purpose computer Developed at the time of second world war

34. Z3 Computer

35. Z3 Computer Invented By KonardZuse

36. Z3 Computer

37. Z3 Computer Developed by KonardZuse German Engineer To design Air Planes and missiles

38. First Generation Computers (1946 – 1958)

39. ElectricalNumerical IntegratorAnd Computer (ENIAC)

40. ENIAC Invented By John Presper W. Mauchly

41. ENIAC

42. ENIAC An early computer Developed at UPenn Size: 30’ x 50’ room 18,000 vacuum tubes 1500 relays 70, 000 Resistors 5 Million Soldered joints Consumed 160 kilowatts 1000 times faster than Mark I weighed 30 tons Designers John Mauchly J. Presper Eckert

43. EDSAC

44. Electronicdelay storageAutomatic Computer (EdsAC)

45. EDSAC Invented By Prof. M. Wilkes

46. EdsAC

47. EdsAC Program was fed in to Paper Tape Slightly Faster than ENIAC First Stored program electronic computer It was not Binary

48. EDVAC

49. ElectronicdiscretevariableAutomatic Computer (EdVAC)

50. EDVAC Invented By Von Neuman

51. EdVAC

52. EdVAC Had memory to hold both a Stored Program & Data Key Element – Control Processing Unit All Functions ------ Coordinated through Single source

53. UNIVAC

54. UNIVersalAutomatic Computer - I (UNIVAC I)

55. UNIVAC Invented By Remington Rand

56. UNIVAC

57. UNIVAC First Commercially available computers Owned by US Census Bureau & the General Electrics

58. Grace Hopper Programmed UNIVAC Recipient of Computer Science’s first “Man of the Year Award”

59. First Generation – Sum Up Used Vacuum tubes and Magnetic drum for storage Instructions only for Specific task Each computer had different binary coded program (Machine language)

60. Magnetic Drum

61. Second Generation 1965-1963

63. Replaced vacuum tubes with Transistors

64. Replaced Machine language (Binary Codes) with Assembly Language

66. Ex Second Generation ComputersUNIVAC III, 400 and 800 Series, B 5000, CDC 1604

67. First Transistor Uses Silicon developed in 1948 won a Nobel prize on-off switch Second Generation Computers used Transistors, starting in 1956

68. Third Generation – 1964-1971 1964-1971 Integrated Circuit Operating System Getting smaller, cheaper

69. Integrated Circuits

72. The First Microprocessor – 1971 Intel 4004 Microprocessor The 4004 had 2,250 transistors four-bit chunks (four 1’s or 0’s) 108Khz Called “Microchip”

73. 4th Generation – 1971-present MICROCHIPS! Getting smaller and smaller, but we are still using microchip technology

74. What is a Microchip? Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSIC) Transistors, resistors, and capacitors 4004 had 2,250 transistors Pentium IV has 42 MILLION transistors Each transistor 0.13 microns (10-6 meters)

75. Birth of Personal Computers - 1975 256 byte memory (not Kilobytes or Megabytes) 2 MHz Intel 8080 chips Just a box with flashing lights cost $395 kit, $495 assembled.

76. Generations of Electronic Computers

77. Evolution of Electronics Microchip (VLSIC) Integrated Circuit Transistor Vacuum Tube

78. IBM PC - 1981 IBM-Intel-Microsoft joint venture First wide-selling personal computer used in business 8088 Microchip - 29,000 transistors 4.77 Mhz processing speed 256 K RAM (Random Access Memory) standard One or two floppy disk drives

79. Apple Computers Founded 1977 Apple II released 1977 widely used in schools Macintosh (left) released in 1984, Motorola 68000 Microchip processor first commercial computer with graphical user interface (GUI) and pointing device (mouse)

80. Computers Progress

81. 1990s: Pentiums and Power Macs Early 1990s began penetration of computers into every niche: every desk, most homes, etc. Faster, less expensive computers paved way for this Windows 95 was first decent GUI for “PCs” Macs became more PC compatible - easy file transfers Prices have plummeted $2000 for entry level to $500 $6000 for top of line to $1500

82. 21st Century Computing Great increases in speed, storage, and memory Increased networking, speed in Internet Widespread use of CD-RW PDAs Cell Phone/PDA WIRELESS!!!

83. Evolution of Dr. U’s Computer

84. -By E. Indhumathi MCA., M.Phil Dept. of computer science Chettinad VidyaMandir KArur