ISPC8

1. www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
THE INTERNATIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT
INSTITUTE AND THE CGIAR RESEARCH
PROGRAMS
8th Meeting of the CGIAR Independent Science Partnership Council
9-11 September 2013
IWMI Headquarters, Pelawatte, Sri Lanka

2. www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
Vision
Water for a food-secure world
Mission
To improve the management of land and water resources for food,
livelihoods and the environment.

3. www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
• Small-Scale Irrigation/Agricultural Water
Management in sub-Saharan Africa
• Revitalizing Public Canal Irrigation
• Combating Irrigation Induced Salinity
• Water Management Solutions in the Eastern
Gangetic Plains
• Reducing Risk and Intensifying Production in
Rainfed Systems
• Business Opportunities for Resource Recovery
and Reuse
• Safe Wastewater and Excreta Use
• Managing Variability
• Water Resources Allocation and Sharing
• Water, Energy, Food and Environment Tradeoffs
• Water Data, Accounting and Agro-ecosystem
Health
Main Program Areas

4. www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
• Small-Scale Irrigation/Agricultural Water
Management in sub-Saharan Africa
• Revitalizing Public Canal Irrigation
• Combating Irrigation Induced Salinity
• Water Management Solutions in the Eastern
Gangetic Plains
• Reducing Risk and Intensifying Production in
Rainfed Systems
• Business Opportunities for Resource Recovery
and Reuse
• Safe Wastewater and Excreta Use
• Managing Variability
• Water Resources Allocation and Sharing
• Water, Energy, Food and Environment Tradeoffs
• Water Data, Accounting and Agro-ecosystem
Health
Main Program Areas

5. www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
RESEARCH
CHANGE&
OUTCOMES
Research for Development
POLICIES
INVESTMENTS
PRACTICES
BIOPHYSICAL
SOCIAL
ECONOMICS
BUSINESS
RESEARCH OUTPUTS
INTERMEDIATE
DEVELOPMENT OUTCOMES

6. Outcome-Oriented Research
This demands:
• Priorities and requirements of users
• Joint conceptualisation by research
and non-research partners
• Customize research findings for the
audiences
• Validation of emerging results
• Teams with complementary expertise and
leadership (research + communications +
business + policy)
• External intermediaries (senior level
advisors, development practitioners) play a
significant role in facilitating outcomes
• Utilize synergies and allow flexibility

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Water for a food-secure world
Notable and Emerging Outcomes
• Mainstreaming the crisis in water and food through the Comprehensive
Assessment, the Challenge Program on Water and Food, and other programs
• Agricultural Water Management Solutions to scaling up and sustaining small-
scale irrigation technologies and practices in Africa and South Asia.
• Adoption of policies and guidelines to manage water for adaptation to
climate change (ie. Nepal and Sri Lanka).
• Implementation of a practical solution at-scale to the agriculture induced
groundwater governance crisis in Gujarat, India.
• Increasing Indian Government investments in reforming underperforming
large scale public irrigation.
• Adoption of policies, guidelines and practices for the safe use of wastewater
in agriculture.
• Development of environmental flow requirements for rivers in South Asia.

8. www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
Towards Outcomes from Safe Wastewater Use
in Agriculture
2010: Co-authored the World Bank policy on
wastewater
2011: Member of the UN-Water Task Force on
wastewater SDG targets
2012: MoU with WHO to institutionalize
collaboration on safe wastewater use
2012: Co-authored the international chapter
of USEPA-USAID Wastewater Use
Guidelines
2012: Two IWMI researchers joined the WHO
Global Expert Group on water quality
2012: FAO Farmer Field School manual based
on IWMI research
2013: Regional wastewater reuse workshops
involving 160 participants from 73 countries
(together with UNU, UNEP, FAO and WHO)
2013: Partnering with FAO within WLE to
update the AQUASTAT Wastewater
database
2013: Joining UNEP’s Global Wastewater
Initiative and UNEP’s initiative to write the
First World Water Quality Assessment.

9. www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
Governing Groundwater in Gujarat
• Jyotigram program in Gujarat,
where separate electrical supply
lines have been developed for
agricultural pumps. Allows for
managing demand and
withdrawals of water.
• Being explored by other States as
an option.
• Of interest to States and
countries still to develop
groundwater resources

10. www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
Groundwater: The Silent Revolution in Agriculture
Each dot = 5,000 wells
~ 15 million electric pumps mostly in
north-west, west and southern India
~11 million diesel pumps mostly in
eastern India
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010cubickm/year
US W.Europe Spain
Mexico China India
Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Lanka
Vietnam Ghana South Africa
Tunisia
Over exploited in the west and south
India, and underdeveloped in the east.

11. www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
Agricultural Water Management/Small-
Scale Irrigation in Africa
• Nearly 300 million of the poor in SSA are in rural areas
where livelihoods depend on crops, livestock and fisheries.
• Land and water management is one of four pillars for
priority investment of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture
Development Program (CAADP).
• The pillar aims to triple the area (~20 million hectares)
under sustainable land management and reliable water
control systems.
• Many countries, including Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi,
Mozambique, Nigeria and Tanzania, have prioritized
investments in irrigation.
• Expansion and sustaining irrigation requires good science
and innovation, ie. business models.
• As with South Asia in the past, small-holder, informal
irrigation is expanding within rain-fed landscapes.

12. www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
Agricultural Water Management - Across the Rainfed to
Irrigated Continuum

13. Back on the agenda in Ghana, Tanzania, Zambia,
Ethiopia, Burkina Faso and elsewhere
Unlocking the potential for
smallholder agriculture to improve
the lives of smallholder farmers in 5
countries in sub-Saharan Africa and 2
states in India
Small-scale Irrigation in Africa
(Giordano et al, 2012)

14. Scaling Up: Access to Water & Markets
Backward Linkages
(Inputs)
Resource/Livelihood
situation
Forward Linkages
(Agricultural Products/Markets)
Externality
Management
PROFITABILITY
OF AWM
SOLUTIONS
POLICIES/
INSTITUTIONS
ACCESS
IMPROVED
LIVELIHOODS
Rapid Participatory Opportunity and
Constraint Analysis (RPOCA)
Methodology which provides insights into:
• Where to invest?
• Who could benefit?
• What types of interventions work best?
• How to intervene?
• Actors: What support is needed and from
whom?

15. Smallholder Agricultural Water Management: A vibrant and
growing sector in Sub Saharan Africa
Outputs
Agricultural Water Management in Ghana
Source: estimates based on farmer surveys under this project
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
No. of farmers Irrigated area (ha.)
Public irrigation schemes Small reservoirs
Motorized pumps Buckets, watering cans

16. Smallholder Agricultural Water Management: Potential to Impact
Millions
Outputs
SSA: motor pumps
• 122 million potential rural beneficiaries
• Net revenues up to US$7.5 billion/yr.
Tanzania: motor pumps could benefit 2-3
million people.
Medium
Low
High

17. Agricultural Water Management Solutions -
Emerging Outcomes
Policies: National and sub-National polices changed to enhance the enabling
environment. Ghana, Ethiopia, and Zambia
Investments and Budgets: Increased funding to agricultural water management
solutions: Tanzania, USAID, IFAD, SIDA, etc.
• Feed the Future Small Scale Irrigation Laboratory 2013-2018 – USAID
• IFAD investments in Africa
• Grand Challenge – Securing Water for Food: $25 million – SIDA & USAID
Continuing program:
On-going activities in 13 countries in SSA
Partners include:
• Water Land Ecosystems, Humid Tropics, Dryland Systems and AAS;
• AVRDC, Bioversity, CIAT, CIP, ICRAF, IFPRI, ILRI;
• CIDA, DFID, EU, IFAD, JIRCAS, MAFF, SDC, USAID, WATERNET; and
• CADAP, CRS, FARA, WUR

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Water for a food-secure world
Managing Variability
TOO LITTLE… TOO MUCH…

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Water for a food-secure world
Variability increases with climate change
Source: Dartmouth Flood
Observatory
Variability increases water scarcity
Variability determines flood risk and damages
Water Resources Variability

20. www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
• Detailed characterization and mapping of flood and drought risks and
hot spots globally and in regions – under current and future climates
• Appraisal of diverse water storage “portfolios” of natural and built
storage “infrastructure”, and ecosystem services they provide.
Mainstreaming those into river basin development
• Focus on underground solutions for conjunctive management of
floods and droughts in a river basin
Research Directions for Managing Variability

21. Flooded area (2000 – 2011)
Annual maps of maximum inundation
Characterizing Floods
• Exploring partnerships with re-
insurance companies
(Giriraj et al, 2012)
© Photobucket

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Water for a food-secure world
Water Storage Continuum

23. www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
• Recharge rates sufficient if canal
water is pretreated through
wetlands
• Falling GW level trends can be
reversed and year-round
rice/sugar production maintained
`
Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) to Stabilize
Groundwater in Central Plains of Thailand

24. CURRENT ACTIVITIES:
• Assessing regional prospects (Eastern Ganga
initially)
• Developing conceptual hydrological modelling of
pilot design
• Selection of pilot catchments (Ganga & Chao
Phraya basins)
• Determine costs and benefits of options
• Identifying institutional arrangements for sharing
benefits and costs between farmers and flood
agencies
Currently
Wet Season
UTFI
Wet Season
UTFI
Dry Season
Basin Scale Conjunctive Use to Mitigate Floods,
Improve Livelihoods and Increase Food Security.
• Develop strong proof of concept in technical,
economic & institutional terms
• Evaluate opportunities for up-scaling & out-
scaling
Flood risk in
the EGB
Potential Solution: “Under Ground Taming of
Floods”.

25. Resource, Recovery & Reuse –
Business Perspectives for Scaling Up
How to move
technologies and
practices to scale?

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Water for a food-secure world
Example of Resource Recovery & Reuse
With urban areas increasingly consuming
our resources, how best can they be
recovered?

27. www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
• Technical knowledge is largely available but
remains on the shelf, particularly in low-income
countries.
• Hardly any project goes to scale, recovers its
costs, or even survives its subsidized pilot stage.
• RRR brings a paradigm shift into the sanitation-
agriculture interface by studying and testing
Business Models with due consideration of
safety aspects and cultural perceptions.
Reuse is not new …

28. www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
• Applying a business perspective to the recovery of nutrients,
water and energy.
• Analyzing existing successes across low-income countries
for their set-up, history and business models.
• Testing most promising business models for replication and
economic feasibility at largest possible scale.
• Presenting results in business plans and city investment
programs for RRR.
• Addressing health concerns through the parallel
development of Sanitation Safety Plans per business
model.
Solutions

29. www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
Feasibility studies for Business and
Investment plans
1. Demand for value proposition per market
segment (from perceptions to WTP)
2. Supply and quality of raw materials
3. Locally available technical options
4. Regulatory and policy environment
5. Possible health/environmental risk mitigation
measures and socio-economic benefits
6. Investment opportunities and partners

30. www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
Current status:
• Existing Database of 150+ business cases across
Asia, Africa and Latin America
• Selection of 60 cases for in-depth analysis
• Development of 20 business models
• Testing their feasibility in 10 cities
Writing business plans for investors

31. Selected strategic partners:

32. • The RRR research portfolio targets private sector
engagement, PPP, investors and business schools.
• A team of economists, business developers, engineers
and environmental scientists works closely together.
• Analyzing business models, plans and returns on
investment are building blocks of the research program.
• This young program has received significant feedback
with donors ready to invest in the business plans.
• There are many avenues to apply the same analytical
and business approach to other research portfolios.
Take Home Messages

33. IWMI’s is involved in five CGIAR research
programs, and works with others

34. www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
Drylands
Humid Tropics
AAS
WLE
CCAFS
Windows Funding

35. www.iwmi.org
Water for a food-secure world
Drylands
Humid Tropics
AAS
WLE
CCAFS
Windows Funding

36. 4. Variability
management
3. Addressing
degradation
1. Harnessing
productivity
2. Business
models