Presented by Virginia Kimani at the Regional Experts Workshop on Development, Regulation and Use of Bio-pesticides in East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 22–23 May 2014

1. Bio-pesticides development, use and
regulation in Kenya
Regional Experts Workshop on Development, Regulation and Use of
Bio-pesticides in East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 22–23 May 2014
Virginia Kimani

2. Outline
 Introduction
 Definitions
 Policy
 Legislation
 Standards
 Use/Registrations
 Recommendations
 Acknowledgements

3. Introduction
 Bio-pesticides with significant potential in
improving the pest and disease control
management strategies worldwide and in
Kenya.
 World Trade estimates
◦ 3 percent, or $1.3 billion, of the $44 billion global
crop-protection business,
◦ Growing by 10% per year
◦ Estimates for the Macrobial market 2003 about
$190 m
◦ Multinationals currently entering the market with
purchases of bio-pesticide small companies

4. Definitions
In the European Union
 for example, bio pesticides- have been
defined as "a form of pesticide based on
micro-organisms or natural products".
This definition does not include natural
enemies such as predators and parasitoids
also called macrobials.

5. Definitions
In the United States,
 the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) includes naturally occurring
substances that control pests (biochemical
pesticides), microorganisms that control
pests (microbial pesticides), and plant-
incorporated protectants or PIPs" basically
GMOS.
 This definition does not include
macrobials.

6. Definitions
Kenya
1. Bio-chemicals, which are derived from
plants (plant extracts)
2. Semio-chemicals
3. Microbials and
4. Macrobials or natural enemies.

7. Policy on bio-pesticides
 No specific policy but related are:
◦ The Developing National Agrochemicals Policy
◦ at initial stages(stakeholders workshop- today)
◦ Also referred to a the Pest Control Products
Policy
◦ a draft bill on Fertilizers and Soil Conditioners
◦ A draft amendment bill to the Fertilizers and
Animal Foodstuffs Act

8. Legislation
 Agriculture Act (CAP 318)
 Chairmanship of the Kenya Standing Technical
Committee for the Imports and Exports of Live
organisms
 The KEPHIS Act, Cap 512 2013 and Plant Protection
Act
 Secretariat of the Kenya Standing Committee for the
Imports and Exports of Live organisms
 A biological import permit issued alongside other permits
 Pest Control Products Act
 Registration Regulations
 Procedures, application forms, summary forms
and Dossier
 Other Regulations supporting trade

9.  An application to the Managing Director KEPHIS
stating the intention to introduce
 KSTCIE advises the importer of the requirements
◦ Application Form
◦ Supply Dossier copies (4)
 Dossier is sent to the reviewers (internal and
external)
 Comments given to the applicant and addressed
 Sub-committee meets with Applicant present
 Approval or rejection
Procedures for introduction of micro
and macrobials

10. MEMBERS OF THE KENYA STANDING TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
FOR IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF LIVE ORGANISMS (some are
members of the sub-committee)
• Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MALF)
• Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS)
• Pest Control Products Board (PCPB)
• Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI)
• Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS)
• Department of Veterinary Services(DVS)
• Ministry of Health(MoH)
• Real IPM Company
• Koppert Biological Systems Ltd
• Osho Chemical Industries Ltd
• MEA Ltd
• Kenya Wildlife Service(KWS)
• National Museums of Kenya(NMK)
• National Environment Management Authority(NEMA)
• University of Nairobi(UON)
• International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology(ICIPE)

11. Kenya Standing
Technical
Committee for
Imports and
Exports [KSTCIE]
Sub Committee Dossier
Review
Committee Dossier
(Report) Review
Accepted Rejected
Procedure for introduction and risk
assessment for Microbials and Macrobials

12. PCPB
Bio-chemicals
and Semio-
chemicals
Efficacy Approval
Permit
Dossier
Review
Sample Imports
Rejection
Sample Delivery
Indigenous
Efficacy
Trials
Registration
Review of Reports
KEPHIS
Accepted micro
and macrobial
R
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i
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t
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a
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I
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v
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13. Standards for bio-pesticides
No standards per se
 Composition of bio-pesticides as submitted
to PCPB
 East African Organic Standard- “Kilimohai”
 stipulates what products may be used in the
production process.

14. Exports of live organisms
If an indigenous organism is produced in
Kenya and is intended for export,
notification should be sent to The
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD),
which was instigated on December 29,
1993, and to which Kenya is a signatory.
 Use of KEPHIS export procedures to export

15. Use of bio-pesticides
 Extent of use indicated by the registered
bio-pesticides
 List available at pcpb.or.ke
 Estimates hard to compile
◦ Imports figures- PCPB
◦ Indigenous materials for sale – private sales
◦ Indigenous materials for owner use – internal
data

16. Registered microbials
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14

17. Registered macrobials
Name of biological control
agent
Origin
Amblyseious cucumeris(predatory
mite) (2)
Indigenous and imported
Amblyseius californicus
(predatory mite) (2)
Indigenous and imported
Aphidius transcaspinus (parasitic
wasp) (1)
Indigenous
Diglyphus isaea (parasitic wasp)
(1)
Indigenous
Encarsia formosa (parasitic wasp)
(1)
Indigenous
Eretmocerus eremicus (parasitic
wasp)(1)
Imported
Phytoseilus persimilis (Predatory
mite) (5)
Indigenous and imported

19. Registered bio-chemicals
Allyl Sulphides 8.5g/L from Garlic juice (1)
Azadirachtin alone (6)
Azadirachtin 0.03% w/w (32% neem oil) (1)
Biological Cotton seed oil 31% + Garlic extract 23%
Biological Cotton seed 40% + Olive oil 20% + Garlic extract
10%
Coconut oil 58.5ml/L Neem Oil – 31.5ml/L Sorbic acid –
15.0ml/L Soybean oil – 32.5ml/L (1)
Eugenol 3g/L(1)
Methyl Eugenol 98.9% (1)
Neem oil Clarified Hydrophobic extract of, 70% (1)
Organic Vegetable Oil 95% w/v (1)
Pyrethrin + Garlic extract (1)
Pyrethrins and mixtures (24)
Pyrethrins 25 % for formulation purposes (1)
Pyrethrins 50% for formulation purposes (1)

20. Use-some estimated imports 2012
ACTIVE
INGREDIENT
VOLUME
(KG/LIT
RES)
TONN
ES
USE
Paecilomyces
lilacinus
12,000 12 Control of root knot, cyst and burrowing
nematodes in Roses; and for the control of
root knot nematodes in tomatoes and
French beans.
Bacillus
thuringiensis
8,896 8.896 Control of various pests in vegetable crops
Verticillium
Lecanii
2,100 2.1 Control of Aphids on Roses and French
beans, aphids and whiteflies on Tomatoes.

21. Trends in use
 Macrobials going up
◦ Estimates for flowers farms about 600ha (out
of total about 3,700ha)mostly against mites
 Microbials going down due to synthetic
pyrethroids quick knockdown
 Bt gone down very significantly
 Trichoderma slightly going up due to lack of
fungicides for soil application especially for
Fusarium
 Biochemicals going up due to legislation
on MRLs- neem, prethrum, misc extracts

22. Non-regulatory stakeholders in the sector
Name Role and focus Activities on bio-
pesticides
Registrants , agents Introduction, trading,
commercialisation
Training ,promotions
Kenya Organic Agricultural
Network- KOAN
General organic farming
concerns
Certification of
suppliers
International Centre for
Insect Physiology and
Ecology- ICIPE
Research and development
of various bio-pesticides
Nominated
Membership in
KSTCIE and research
and development
Kenya Institute of Organic
Farming-KIOF
Promoting organic farming Promotion of use non-
synthetic chemicals
Enkasa College Promoting organic farming
and IPM
Training on IPM and
organic production
methods

23. Recommendations
 Policy needed as well as strategy
 Legislation focus
◦ Scrutiny of the process, are both stages necessary
for macrobials?
◦ Fast tracking especially of indigenous materials
 Incentives and promotions of bio-pesticides
by government
 Capacity building
◦ School curriculum
◦ Post school curriculum
 Intentional promotion of indigenous materials
especially biologicals, plant extracts

24. Acknowledgements
 Regulators- KEPHIS, PCPB, other
Members of the KSTCIE
 Private sector- Real IPM, Koppert, Sineria,
an agro-input supplier
 Researchers- JKUAT, KARI
 Bio-Innovate and partners such as
NACOSTI
 Other stakeholders e.g KOAN

25. Pesticides and Agricultural Resource
Centre
Training Research Consultancy
Hurlingham Plaza, Argwings Kodhek Road
Tel: 254 722 706 528458;
254722 782880 Nairobi
Email: parcpest09@gmail.com
Website: www. parcpest.com
www.parcpest.co.ke
Thank you