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Methanator Water Wash Procedures To avoid nickel carbonyl formation, it is preferable to heat the catalyst above 400oF in nitrogen or some other CO free gas. If this is impractical and the catalyst must be heated with process gas, low pressure, high rate heating should be employed. The gas must be vented at a height and ideally flared. Care should be taken to ensure all methanator and local drains are shut.
Methanator Water Wash Procedures
Methanator Water Wash Procedures
Gerard B. Hawkins
Methanation catalysts are almost always manufactured and transported in the oxidized form, and therefore they must be reduced in the reactor to give nickel metal in order to make them active. The reduction is usually carried out in process gas and occurs by the two reactions:
Methanation Catalyst Start Up Procedures
Methanation Catalyst Start Up Procedures
Gerard B. Hawkins
Methanation Catalyst VULCAN Series VSG-N101/102 SHUTDOWN CATALYST DISCHARGE NICKEL CARBONYL HAZARD REDUCTION PROCEDURE
Discharge and Reduction Procedures for Methanation Catalyst
Discharge and Reduction Procedures for Methanation Catalyst
Gerard B. Hawkins
Introduction and Theoretical Aspects Catalyst Reduction and Start-up Normal Operation and Troubleshooting Shutdown and Catalyst Discharge Nickel Carbonyl Hazard
Theory and Operation of Methanation Catalyst
Theory and Operation of Methanation Catalyst
Gerard B. Hawkins
Water Gas Shift, Hydrogen Purification, Low Temperature Shift, High Temperature Shift [Flowsheets]
Water Gas Shift & Hydrogen Purification Section Flowsheet
Water Gas Shift & Hydrogen Purification Section Flowsheet
Gerard B. Hawkins
Introduction and Theoretical Aspects Catalyst Reduction and Start-up Normal Operation and Troubleshooting Shutdown and Catalyst Discharge Nickel Carbonyl Hazard Modern Methanation Catalyst Requirements
Ammonia Plant - Methanation Operations
Ammonia Plant - Methanation Operations
Gerard B. Hawkins
Introduction Start-up procedures Warm-up Catalyst reduction Feed introduction Case study
Reduction and Start-Up of Steam Reforming Catalyst
Reduction and Start-Up of Steam Reforming Catalyst
Gerard B. Hawkins
Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2 Causes of Relief Situations This Volume 2 is a guide to the qualitative identification of common causes of overpressure in process equipment. It cannot be exhaustive; the process engineer and relief systems team should look for any credible situation in addition to those given in this Part which could lead to a need for pressure relief (a relief situation).
Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2
Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2
Gerard B. Hawkins
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Methanator Water Wash Procedures To avoid nickel carbonyl formation, it is preferable to heat the catalyst above 400oF in nitrogen or some other CO free gas. If this is impractical and the catalyst must be heated with process gas, low pressure, high rate heating should be employed. The gas must be vented at a height and ideally flared. Care should be taken to ensure all methanator and local drains are shut.
Methanator Water Wash Procedures
Methanator Water Wash Procedures
Gerard B. Hawkins
Methanation catalysts are almost always manufactured and transported in the oxidized form, and therefore they must be reduced in the reactor to give nickel metal in order to make them active. The reduction is usually carried out in process gas and occurs by the two reactions:
Methanation Catalyst Start Up Procedures
Methanation Catalyst Start Up Procedures
Gerard B. Hawkins
Methanation Catalyst VULCAN Series VSG-N101/102 SHUTDOWN CATALYST DISCHARGE NICKEL CARBONYL HAZARD REDUCTION PROCEDURE
Discharge and Reduction Procedures for Methanation Catalyst
Discharge and Reduction Procedures for Methanation Catalyst
Gerard B. Hawkins
Introduction and Theoretical Aspects Catalyst Reduction and Start-up Normal Operation and Troubleshooting Shutdown and Catalyst Discharge Nickel Carbonyl Hazard
Theory and Operation of Methanation Catalyst
Theory and Operation of Methanation Catalyst
Gerard B. Hawkins
Water Gas Shift, Hydrogen Purification, Low Temperature Shift, High Temperature Shift [Flowsheets]
Water Gas Shift & Hydrogen Purification Section Flowsheet
Water Gas Shift & Hydrogen Purification Section Flowsheet
Gerard B. Hawkins
Introduction and Theoretical Aspects Catalyst Reduction and Start-up Normal Operation and Troubleshooting Shutdown and Catalyst Discharge Nickel Carbonyl Hazard Modern Methanation Catalyst Requirements
Ammonia Plant - Methanation Operations
Ammonia Plant - Methanation Operations
Gerard B. Hawkins
Introduction Start-up procedures Warm-up Catalyst reduction Feed introduction Case study
Reduction and Start-Up of Steam Reforming Catalyst
Reduction and Start-Up of Steam Reforming Catalyst
Gerard B. Hawkins
Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2 Causes of Relief Situations This Volume 2 is a guide to the qualitative identification of common causes of overpressure in process equipment. It cannot be exhaustive; the process engineer and relief systems team should look for any credible situation in addition to those given in this Part which could lead to a need for pressure relief (a relief situation).
Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2
Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2
Gerard B. Hawkins
Pressure Relief Systems BACKGROUND TO RELIEF SYSTEM DESIGN Vol.1 of 6 The Guide has been written to advise those involved in the design and engineering of pressure relief systems. It takes the user from the initial identification of potential causes of overpressure or under pressure through the process design of relief systems to the detailed mechanical design. "Hazard Studies" and quantitative hazards analysis are not described; these are seen as complementary activities. Typical users of the Guide will use some Parts in detail and others in overview.
Pressure Relief Systems
Pressure Relief Systems
Gerard B. Hawkins
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases This Process Safety Guide has been written with the aim of assisting process engineers, hazard analysts and environmental advisers in carrying out gas dispersion calculations. The Guide aims to provide assistance by: • Improving awareness of the range of dispersion models available within GBHE, and providing guidance in choosing the most appropriate model for a particular application. • Providing guidance to ensure that source terms and other model inputs are correctly specified, and the models are used within their range of applicability. • Providing guidance to deal with particular topics in gas dispersion such as dense gas dispersion, complex terrain, and modeling the chemistry of oxides of nitrogen. • Providing general background on air quality and dispersion modeling issues such as meteorology and air quality standards. • Providing example calculations for real practical problems. SCOPE The gas dispersion guide contains the following Parts: 1 Fundamentals of meteorology. 2 Overview of air quality standards. 3 Comparison between different air quality models. 4 Designing a stack. 5 Dense gas dispersion. 6 Calculation of source terms. 7 Building wake effects. 8 Overview of the chemistry of the oxides of nitrogen. 9 Overview of the ADMS complex terrain module. 10 Overview of the ADMS deposition module. 11 ADMS examples. 12 Modeling odorous releases. 13 Bibliography of useful gas dispersion books and reports. 14 Glossary of gas dispersion modeling terms. Appendix A : Modeling Wind Generation of Particulates. APPENDIX B TABLE OF PROPERTY VALUES FOR SPECIFIC CHEMICALS
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
Gerard B. Hawkins
101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer - Best Practices Guide
101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer - Best Practices Guide
101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer - Best Practices Guide
Gerard B. Hawkins
El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamiento de los mecanismos
El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...
El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...
Gerard B. Hawkins
Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming Contents 1 Introduction 2 Underpinning Theory 2.1 Conceptualization 2.2 Reforming Reactions 2.3 Carbon Formation Chemistry 2.3.1 Natural Gas 2.3.2 Carbon Formation for Naphtha Feeds 2.3.3 Carbon Gasification 2.4 Heat Transfer 3 Causes 3.1 Effects of Carbon Formation 3.2 Types of Carbon 4 What are the Effects of Carbon Formation? 4.1 Why does Carbon Formation Get Worse? 4.1.1 So what is the Next Step? 4.2 Consequences of Carbon Formation 4.3 Why does Carbon Form where it does? 4.3.1 Effect on Process Gas Temperature 4.4 Why does Carbon Formation Propagate Down the Tube? 4.4.1 Effect on Radiation on the Fluegas Side 4.5 Why does Carbon Formation propagate Up the Tube? 5 How do we Prevent Carbon Formation 5.1 The Role of Potash 5.2 Inclusion of Pre-reformer 5.3 Primary Reformer Catalyst Parameters 5.3.1 Activity 5.3.2 Heat Transfer 5.3.3 Increased Steam to Carbon Ratio 6 Steam Out 6.1 Why does increasing the Steam to Carbon Ratio Not Work? 6.2 Why does reducing the Feed Rate not help? 6.3 Fundamental Principles of Steam Outs TABLES 1 Heat Transfer Coefficients in a Typical Reformer 2 Typical Catalyst Loading Options FIGURES 1 Hot Bands 2 Conceptual Pellet 3 Naphtha Carbon Formation 4 Heat Transfer within an Reformer 5 Types of Carbon Formation 6 Effect of Carbon on Nickel Crystallites 7 Absorption of Heat 8 Comparison of "Base Case" v Carbon Forming Tube 9 Carbon Formation Vicious Circle 10 Temperature Profiles 11 Carbon Pinch Point 12 Carbon Formation 13 Effect on Process Gas Temperature 14 How does Carbon Propagate into an Unaffected Zone? 15 Movement of the Carbon Forming Region 16 Effect of Hot Bands on Radiative Heat Transfer 17 Effect of Potash on Carbon Formation 18 Application of a Pre-reformer 19 Effect of Activity on Carbon Formation
Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming
Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming
Gerard B. Hawkins
Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis Plant Note Book Series: P...
Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis Plant Note Book Series: P...
Gerard B. Hawkins
STEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTS Plant Note Book Series: PNBS-0603 CONTENTS 0 SCOPE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 PROCEDURE 3 SUMMARY
STEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTS
STEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTS
Gerard B. Hawkins
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption: Case Study: #06023300 Plant Note Book Series: PNBS-0602 CONTENTS 0 SCOPE 1 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FEED CONSUMPTION 2 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FUEL CONSUMPTION 3 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION FOR PILOT BURNERS OF FLARES 4 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER FROM DEMIN. UNIT 5 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER TO PACKAGE BOILERS 6 CALCULATION OF MP STEAM EXPORT 7 CALCULATION OF LP STEAM IMPORT 8 DETERMINATION OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION 9 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT ISBL 10 ADJUSTMENT OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION FOR TEST RUN CONDITIONS 11 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN MP STEAM CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES 12 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES 13 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT OSBL 14 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:
Gerard B. Hawkins
Calculation of Caloric Value and other Characteristic Data of Fuel Gas Plant Note Book Series: PNBS-0601
Calculation of Caloric Value and other Characteristic Data of Fuel Gas
Calculation of Caloric Value and other Characteristic Data of Fuel Gas
Gerard B. Hawkins
Ammonia Plant Technology Pre-Commissioning Best Practices GBHE-APT-0102 PICKLING & PASSIVATION CONTENTS 1 PURPOSE OF THE WORK 2 CHEMICAL CONCEPT 3 TECHNICAL CONCEPT 4 WASTES & SAFETY CONCEPT 5 TARGET RESULTS 6 THE GENERAL CLEANING SEQUENCE MANAGEMENT 6.6.1 Pre-cleaning or “Physical Cleaning 6.6.2 Pre-rinsing 6.6.3 Chemical Cleaning 6.6.4 Critical Factors in Cleaning Success 6.6.5 Rinsing 6.6.6 Inspection and Re-Cleaning, if Necessary 7 Systems to be treated by Pickling/Passivation
Pickling & Passivation
Pickling & Passivation
Gerard B. Hawkins
Ammonia Plant Technology Pre-Commissioning Best Practices Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure CONTENTS 1 Scope 2 Aim/purpose 3 Responsibilities 4 Procedure 4.1 Main cleaning methods 4.1.1 Mechanical cleaning 4.1.2 Cleaning with air 4.1.3 Cleaning with steam (for steam networks only) 4.1.4 Cleaning with water 4.2 Choice of the cleaning method 4.3 Cleaning preparation 4.4 Protection of the devices included in the network 4.5 Protection of devices in the vicinity of the network 4.6 Water flushing procedure 4.6.1 Specific problems of water flushing 4.6.2 Preparation for water flushing 4.6.3 Performing a water flush 4.6.4 Cleanliness criteria 4.7 Air blowing procedure 4.7.1 Specific problems of air blowing 4.7.2 Preparation for air blowing 4.7.3 Performing air blowing 4.7.4 Cleanliness checks 4.8 Steam blowing procedure 4.8.1 Specific problems of steam blowing 4.8.2 Preparation for steam blowing 4.8.3 Performing steam blowing 4.8.4 Cleanliness checks 4.9 Chemical cleaning procedure 4.9.1 Specific problems of cleaning with a chemical solution 4.9.2 Preparation for chemical cleaning 4.9.3 Performing a chemical cleaning 4.9.4 Cleanliness criteria 4.10 Re-assembly - general guideline 4.11 Preservation of flushed piping
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
Gerard B. Hawkins
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose 1.2 Scope of this Guide 1.3 Use of the Guide 2 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 2.1 Principal Concerns 2.2 Mechanisms for Ozone Formation 2.3 Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential 2.4 Health and Environmental Effects 2.5 Air Quality Standards for Ground Level Concentrations of Ozone, Targets for Reduction of VOC Discharges and Statutory Discharge Limits 3 VENTS REDUCTION PHILOSOPHY 3.1 Reduction at Source 3.2 End-of-pipe Treatment 4 METHODOLOGY FOR COLLECTION & ASSESSMENT OF PROCESS FLOW DATA 4.1 General 4.2 Identification of Vent Sources 4.3 Characterization of Vents 4.4 Quantification of Process Vent Flows 4.5 Component Flammability Data Collection 4.6 Identification of Operating Scenarios 4.7 Quantification of Flammability Characteristics for Combined Vents 4.8 Identification, Quantification and Assessment of Possibility of Air Ingress Routes 4.9 Tabulation of Data 4.10 Hazard Study and Risk Assessment 4.11 Note on Aqueous / Organic Wastes 4.12 Complexity of Systems 4.13 Summary 5 SAFE DESIGN OF VENT COLLECTION HEADER SYSTEMS 5.1 General 5.2 Process Design of Vent Headers 5.3 Liquid in Vent Headers 5.4 Materials of Construction 5.5 Static Electricity Hazard 5.6 Diversion Systems 5.7 Snuffing Systems 6 SAFE DESIGN OF THERMAL OXIDISERS 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Design Basis 6.3 Types of High Temperature Thermal Oxidizer 6.4 Refractories 6.5 Flue Gas Treatment 6.6 Control and Safety Systems 6.7 Project Program 6.8 Commissioning 6.9 Operational and Maintenance Management APPENDICES A GLOSSARY B FLAMMABILITY C EXAMPLE PROFORMA D REFERENCES DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS GUIDE TABLE 1 PHOTOCHEMICAL OZONE CREATION POTENTIAL REFERENCED TO ETHYLENE AS UNITY FIGURES 1 SCHEMATIC OF TYPICAL VENT COLLECTION AND THERMAL OXIDIZER SYSTEM 2 TYPICAL KNOCK-OUT POT WITH LUTED DRAIN 3 SCHEMATIC OF DIVERSION SYSTEM 4 CONVENTIONAL VERTICAL THERMAL OXIDIZER 5 CONVENTIONAL OXIDIZER WITH INTEGRAL WATER SPARGER 6 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH STAGED AIR INJECTION 7 DOWN-FIRED UNIT WITH WATER BATH QUENCH 8 FLAMELESS THERMAL OXIDATION UNIT 9 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH REGENERATIVE HEAT RECOVERY 10 TYPICAL PROJECT PROGRAM 11 TYPICAL FLAMMABILITY DIAGRAM 12 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR 13 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR ON 100 Rm³ OF FLAMMABLE GAS
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
Gerard B. Hawkins
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC EFFLUENT STREAMS CONTENTS 0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE 1 SCOPE 2 FIELD OF APPLICATION 3 DEFINITIONS 3.1 IPU 3.2 AOS 3.3 BODs 3.4 COD 3.5 TOC 3.6 Toxicity 3.7 Refractory Organics/Hard COD 3.8 Heavy Metals 3.9 EA 3.10 Biological Treatment Terms 3.11 BATNEEC 3.12 BPEO 3.13 EQS/LV 3.14 IPC 3.15 VOC 3.16 F/M Ratio 3.17 MLSS 3.18 MLVSS 4 DESIGN/ECONOMIC GUIDELINES 5 EUROPEAN LEGISLATION 5.1 General 5.2 Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) 5.3 Best Available Techniques Not Entailing Excessive Costs (BATNEEC) 5.4 Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO) 5.5 Environmental Quality Standards(EQS) 6 IPU EXIT CONCENTRATION 7 SITE/LOCAL REQUIREMENTS 8 PROCESS SELECTION PROCEDURE 8.1 Waste Minimization Techniques (WMT) 8.2 AOS Stream Definition 8.3 Technical Check List 8.4 Preliminary Selection of Suitable Technologies 8.5 Process Sequences 8.6 Economic Evaluation 8.7 Process Selection APPENDICES A DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 1 B DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 2 C THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION PRIORITY CANDIDATE LIST D THE UK RED LIST E CURRENT VALUES FOR EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS AND CORRESPONDING LIMIT VALUES F ESTABLISHED TECHNOLOGIES G EMERGING TECHNOLOGY H PROPRIETARY/LESS COMMON TECHNOLOGIES J COMPARATIVE COST DATA
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...
Gerard B. Hawkins
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCs) FOREWORD CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 THE NEED FOR VOC CONTROL 3 CONTROL AT SOURCE 3.1 Choice or Solvent 3.2 Venting Arrangements 3.3 Nitrogen Blanketing 3.4 Pump Versus Pneumatic Transfer 3.5 Batch Charging 3.6 Reduction of Volumetric Flow 3.7 Stock Tank Design 4 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT 4.1 By Inference or Calculation 4.2 Flow Monitoring Equipment 4.3 Analytical Instruments 4.4 Vent Emissions Database 5 ABATEMENT TECHNOLOGY 5.1 Available Options 5.2 Selection of Preferred Option 5.3 Condensation 5.4 Adsorption 5.5 Absorption 5.6 Thermal Incineration 5.7 Catalytic Oxidation 5.8 Biological Filtration 5.9 Combinations of Process technologies 5.10 Processes Under Development 6 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 7 REFERENCES Appendix 1. Photochemical Ozone Creation Potentials Appendix 2. Examples of Adsorption Preliminary Calculations Appendix 3. Example of Thermal Incineration Heat and Mass Balance Appendix 4. Cost Correlations
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...
Gerard B. Hawkins
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant Contents Summary 1 Introduction 2 "On-purpose" Hydrogen Production 3 Operational Aspects 4 Uprating Options on the Steam Reformer 4.1 Steam Reforming Catalysts and Tube Metallurgy 4.2 Oxygen-blown Secondary Reformer 4.3 Pre-reforming 4.4 Post-reforming 5 Downstream Units 6 Summary of Uprating Options 7 Conclusions
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Gerard B. Hawkins
EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS CONTENTS 1 Introduction 2 When should Emergency Isolation Valves be Installed 3 Emergency Isolation Valves and Associated Equipment 3.1 Installations on existing plant 3.2 Actuators 3.3 Power to close or power to open 3.4 The need for testing 3.5 Hand operated Emergency Valves 3.6 The need to stop pumps in an emergency 3.7 Location of Operating Buttons 3.8 Use of control valves for Isolation 4 Detection of Leaks and Fires 5 Precautions during Maintenance 6 Training Operators to use Emergency Isolation Valves 7 Emergency Isolation when no remotely operated valve is available References Glossary Appendix I Some Fires or Serious Escapes of Flammable Gases or Liquids that could have been controlled by Emergency Isolation Valves Appendix II Some typical Installations
EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS
EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS
Gerard B. Hawkins
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING LINE DIAGRAMS PROCESS CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 DESCRIPTION OF METHODOLOGY 2.1 Philosophy of the Design Process 2.2 Outline of Methodology 2.3 Additional Aspects of Methodology 3 WORKBOOK 4 EXAMPLE: BATCH NEUTRALIZATION AND STRIPPING PROCESS 4.1 Start of Stage 1 4.2 Stage 1 4.3 Stage 2 4.3 Stage 3 5 REFERENCES TABLES 1 DESIGN OBJECTIVES 2 OUTPUT FROM EACH STAGE 3 STEP BY STEP APPROACH 4 FUNCTION 5 OPERATION 6 FAILURES 7 STAGE 3 PROMPTS (DATA SHEET) 8 PRELIMINARY MASS BALANCE 9 PRELIMINARY EQUIPMENT LIST 10 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS 11 STAGE 2: DEVELOPMENT OF OPERATING STATES AND TRANSMISSIONS 12 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS FIGURES 1 DESIGN PROCESS 2 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY. 3 SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY 4 POSSIBLE OUTCOMES FROM A KEYWORD PROMPT 5 OPERATING STATES 6 OPERATING STATES/TRANSITIONS 7 EXAMPLE: OVERALL BLOCK DIAGRAM 8 EXAMPLE: “PRIMITIVE PFD” 9 EXAMPLE: STAGE 1 “WORKING DIAGRAM”. 10 EXAMPLE: MAIN OPERATING STATES AND TRANSITIONS 11 EXAMPLE: DETAILED PFD (END OF STAGE 1) 12 EXAMPLE: STAGE 2 “WORKING DIAGRAM” 13 EXAMPLE: STAGE 3 “REV 0” ELD
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND PRELIMINARY ENGINEER...
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND PRELIMINARY ENGINEER...
Gerard B. Hawkins
Purificación – Mecanismos de Reacción Deberes de purificación Eliminación de azufre Eliminación de haluro Reducción de gases - CO, H2 Oxígeno Mercurio, Arsano Hidrocarburos insaturados CO2, oxigenadores
Purificación – Mecanismos de Reacción
Purificación – Mecanismos de Reacción
Gerard B. Hawkins
Amine Gas Treating Unit Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide for H2S/CO2 Amine Systems Contents Process Capabilities for gas treating process Typical Amine Treating Typical Amine System Improvements Primary Equipment Overview Inlet Gas Knockout Absorber Three Phase Flash Tank Lean/Rich Heat Exchanger Regenerator Filtration Amine Reclaimer Operating Difficulties Overview Foaming Failure to Meet Gas Specification Solvent Losses Corrosion Typical Amine System Improvements Degradation of Amines and Alkanolamines during Sour Gas Treating APPENDIX Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
Amine Gas Treating Unit - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
Amine Gas Treating Unit - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
Gerard B. Hawkins
Investigation of the Potential Use of (IILs) Immobilized Ionic Liquids in Shale Gas Sweetening
Investigation of the Potential Use of (IILs) Immobilized Ionic Liquids in Sha...
Investigation of the Potential Use of (IILs) Immobilized Ionic Liquids in Sha...
Gerard B. Hawkins
What are drone anti-jamming systems? The drone anti-jamming systems and anti-spoof technology protect against interference, jamming, and spoofing of the UAVs. To protect their security, countries are beginning to research drone anti-jamming systems, also known as drone strike weapons. The anti-jam and anti-spoof technology protects against interference, jamming and spoofing. A drone strike weapon is a drone attack weapon that can attack and destroy enemy drones. So what is so unique about this amazing system?
What Are The Drone Anti-jamming Systems Technology?
What Are The Drone Anti-jamming Systems Technology?
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Axa Assurance Maroc - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
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Pressure Relief Systems BACKGROUND TO RELIEF SYSTEM DESIGN Vol.1 of 6 The Guide has been written to advise those involved in the design and engineering of pressure relief systems. It takes the user from the initial identification of potential causes of overpressure or under pressure through the process design of relief systems to the detailed mechanical design. "Hazard Studies" and quantitative hazards analysis are not described; these are seen as complementary activities. Typical users of the Guide will use some Parts in detail and others in overview.
Pressure Relief Systems
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GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases This Process Safety Guide has been written with the aim of assisting process engineers, hazard analysts and environmental advisers in carrying out gas dispersion calculations. The Guide aims to provide assistance by: • Improving awareness of the range of dispersion models available within GBHE, and providing guidance in choosing the most appropriate model for a particular application. • Providing guidance to ensure that source terms and other model inputs are correctly specified, and the models are used within their range of applicability. • Providing guidance to deal with particular topics in gas dispersion such as dense gas dispersion, complex terrain, and modeling the chemistry of oxides of nitrogen. • Providing general background on air quality and dispersion modeling issues such as meteorology and air quality standards. • Providing example calculations for real practical problems. SCOPE The gas dispersion guide contains the following Parts: 1 Fundamentals of meteorology. 2 Overview of air quality standards. 3 Comparison between different air quality models. 4 Designing a stack. 5 Dense gas dispersion. 6 Calculation of source terms. 7 Building wake effects. 8 Overview of the chemistry of the oxides of nitrogen. 9 Overview of the ADMS complex terrain module. 10 Overview of the ADMS deposition module. 11 ADMS examples. 12 Modeling odorous releases. 13 Bibliography of useful gas dispersion books and reports. 14 Glossary of gas dispersion modeling terms. Appendix A : Modeling Wind Generation of Particulates. APPENDIX B TABLE OF PROPERTY VALUES FOR SPECIFIC CHEMICALS
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
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101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer - Best Practices Guide
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Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming Contents 1 Introduction 2 Underpinning Theory 2.1 Conceptualization 2.2 Reforming Reactions 2.3 Carbon Formation Chemistry 2.3.1 Natural Gas 2.3.2 Carbon Formation for Naphtha Feeds 2.3.3 Carbon Gasification 2.4 Heat Transfer 3 Causes 3.1 Effects of Carbon Formation 3.2 Types of Carbon 4 What are the Effects of Carbon Formation? 4.1 Why does Carbon Formation Get Worse? 4.1.1 So what is the Next Step? 4.2 Consequences of Carbon Formation 4.3 Why does Carbon Form where it does? 4.3.1 Effect on Process Gas Temperature 4.4 Why does Carbon Formation Propagate Down the Tube? 4.4.1 Effect on Radiation on the Fluegas Side 4.5 Why does Carbon Formation propagate Up the Tube? 5 How do we Prevent Carbon Formation 5.1 The Role of Potash 5.2 Inclusion of Pre-reformer 5.3 Primary Reformer Catalyst Parameters 5.3.1 Activity 5.3.2 Heat Transfer 5.3.3 Increased Steam to Carbon Ratio 6 Steam Out 6.1 Why does increasing the Steam to Carbon Ratio Not Work? 6.2 Why does reducing the Feed Rate not help? 6.3 Fundamental Principles of Steam Outs TABLES 1 Heat Transfer Coefficients in a Typical Reformer 2 Typical Catalyst Loading Options FIGURES 1 Hot Bands 2 Conceptual Pellet 3 Naphtha Carbon Formation 4 Heat Transfer within an Reformer 5 Types of Carbon Formation 6 Effect of Carbon on Nickel Crystallites 7 Absorption of Heat 8 Comparison of "Base Case" v Carbon Forming Tube 9 Carbon Formation Vicious Circle 10 Temperature Profiles 11 Carbon Pinch Point 12 Carbon Formation 13 Effect on Process Gas Temperature 14 How does Carbon Propagate into an Unaffected Zone? 15 Movement of the Carbon Forming Region 16 Effect of Hot Bands on Radiative Heat Transfer 17 Effect of Potash on Carbon Formation 18 Application of a Pre-reformer 19 Effect of Activity on Carbon Formation
Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming
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Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis Plant Note Book Series: P...
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STEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTS Plant Note Book Series: PNBS-0603 CONTENTS 0 SCOPE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 PROCEDURE 3 SUMMARY
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Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption: Case Study: #06023300 Plant Note Book Series: PNBS-0602 CONTENTS 0 SCOPE 1 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FEED CONSUMPTION 2 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FUEL CONSUMPTION 3 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION FOR PILOT BURNERS OF FLARES 4 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER FROM DEMIN. UNIT 5 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER TO PACKAGE BOILERS 6 CALCULATION OF MP STEAM EXPORT 7 CALCULATION OF LP STEAM IMPORT 8 DETERMINATION OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION 9 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT ISBL 10 ADJUSTMENT OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION FOR TEST RUN CONDITIONS 11 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN MP STEAM CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES 12 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES 13 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT OSBL 14 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT
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Ammonia Plant Technology Pre-Commissioning Best Practices GBHE-APT-0102 PICKLING & PASSIVATION CONTENTS 1 PURPOSE OF THE WORK 2 CHEMICAL CONCEPT 3 TECHNICAL CONCEPT 4 WASTES & SAFETY CONCEPT 5 TARGET RESULTS 6 THE GENERAL CLEANING SEQUENCE MANAGEMENT 6.6.1 Pre-cleaning or “Physical Cleaning 6.6.2 Pre-rinsing 6.6.3 Chemical Cleaning 6.6.4 Critical Factors in Cleaning Success 6.6.5 Rinsing 6.6.6 Inspection and Re-Cleaning, if Necessary 7 Systems to be treated by Pickling/Passivation
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Ammonia Plant Technology Pre-Commissioning Best Practices Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure CONTENTS 1 Scope 2 Aim/purpose 3 Responsibilities 4 Procedure 4.1 Main cleaning methods 4.1.1 Mechanical cleaning 4.1.2 Cleaning with air 4.1.3 Cleaning with steam (for steam networks only) 4.1.4 Cleaning with water 4.2 Choice of the cleaning method 4.3 Cleaning preparation 4.4 Protection of the devices included in the network 4.5 Protection of devices in the vicinity of the network 4.6 Water flushing procedure 4.6.1 Specific problems of water flushing 4.6.2 Preparation for water flushing 4.6.3 Performing a water flush 4.6.4 Cleanliness criteria 4.7 Air blowing procedure 4.7.1 Specific problems of air blowing 4.7.2 Preparation for air blowing 4.7.3 Performing air blowing 4.7.4 Cleanliness checks 4.8 Steam blowing procedure 4.8.1 Specific problems of steam blowing 4.8.2 Preparation for steam blowing 4.8.3 Performing steam blowing 4.8.4 Cleanliness checks 4.9 Chemical cleaning procedure 4.9.1 Specific problems of cleaning with a chemical solution 4.9.2 Preparation for chemical cleaning 4.9.3 Performing a chemical cleaning 4.9.4 Cleanliness criteria 4.10 Re-assembly - general guideline 4.11 Preservation of flushed piping
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DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose 1.2 Scope of this Guide 1.3 Use of the Guide 2 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 2.1 Principal Concerns 2.2 Mechanisms for Ozone Formation 2.3 Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential 2.4 Health and Environmental Effects 2.5 Air Quality Standards for Ground Level Concentrations of Ozone, Targets for Reduction of VOC Discharges and Statutory Discharge Limits 3 VENTS REDUCTION PHILOSOPHY 3.1 Reduction at Source 3.2 End-of-pipe Treatment 4 METHODOLOGY FOR COLLECTION & ASSESSMENT OF PROCESS FLOW DATA 4.1 General 4.2 Identification of Vent Sources 4.3 Characterization of Vents 4.4 Quantification of Process Vent Flows 4.5 Component Flammability Data Collection 4.6 Identification of Operating Scenarios 4.7 Quantification of Flammability Characteristics for Combined Vents 4.8 Identification, Quantification and Assessment of Possibility of Air Ingress Routes 4.9 Tabulation of Data 4.10 Hazard Study and Risk Assessment 4.11 Note on Aqueous / Organic Wastes 4.12 Complexity of Systems 4.13 Summary 5 SAFE DESIGN OF VENT COLLECTION HEADER SYSTEMS 5.1 General 5.2 Process Design of Vent Headers 5.3 Liquid in Vent Headers 5.4 Materials of Construction 5.5 Static Electricity Hazard 5.6 Diversion Systems 5.7 Snuffing Systems 6 SAFE DESIGN OF THERMAL OXIDISERS 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Design Basis 6.3 Types of High Temperature Thermal Oxidizer 6.4 Refractories 6.5 Flue Gas Treatment 6.6 Control and Safety Systems 6.7 Project Program 6.8 Commissioning 6.9 Operational and Maintenance Management APPENDICES A GLOSSARY B FLAMMABILITY C EXAMPLE PROFORMA D REFERENCES DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS GUIDE TABLE 1 PHOTOCHEMICAL OZONE CREATION POTENTIAL REFERENCED TO ETHYLENE AS UNITY FIGURES 1 SCHEMATIC OF TYPICAL VENT COLLECTION AND THERMAL OXIDIZER SYSTEM 2 TYPICAL KNOCK-OUT POT WITH LUTED DRAIN 3 SCHEMATIC OF DIVERSION SYSTEM 4 CONVENTIONAL VERTICAL THERMAL OXIDIZER 5 CONVENTIONAL OXIDIZER WITH INTEGRAL WATER SPARGER 6 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH STAGED AIR INJECTION 7 DOWN-FIRED UNIT WITH WATER BATH QUENCH 8 FLAMELESS THERMAL OXIDATION UNIT 9 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH REGENERATIVE HEAT RECOVERY 10 TYPICAL PROJECT PROGRAM 11 TYPICAL FLAMMABILITY DIAGRAM 12 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR 13 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR ON 100 Rm³ OF FLAMMABLE GAS
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
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Gerard B. Hawkins
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC EFFLUENT STREAMS CONTENTS 0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE 1 SCOPE 2 FIELD OF APPLICATION 3 DEFINITIONS 3.1 IPU 3.2 AOS 3.3 BODs 3.4 COD 3.5 TOC 3.6 Toxicity 3.7 Refractory Organics/Hard COD 3.8 Heavy Metals 3.9 EA 3.10 Biological Treatment Terms 3.11 BATNEEC 3.12 BPEO 3.13 EQS/LV 3.14 IPC 3.15 VOC 3.16 F/M Ratio 3.17 MLSS 3.18 MLVSS 4 DESIGN/ECONOMIC GUIDELINES 5 EUROPEAN LEGISLATION 5.1 General 5.2 Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) 5.3 Best Available Techniques Not Entailing Excessive Costs (BATNEEC) 5.4 Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO) 5.5 Environmental Quality Standards(EQS) 6 IPU EXIT CONCENTRATION 7 SITE/LOCAL REQUIREMENTS 8 PROCESS SELECTION PROCEDURE 8.1 Waste Minimization Techniques (WMT) 8.2 AOS Stream Definition 8.3 Technical Check List 8.4 Preliminary Selection of Suitable Technologies 8.5 Process Sequences 8.6 Economic Evaluation 8.7 Process Selection APPENDICES A DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 1 B DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 2 C THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION PRIORITY CANDIDATE LIST D THE UK RED LIST E CURRENT VALUES FOR EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS AND CORRESPONDING LIMIT VALUES F ESTABLISHED TECHNOLOGIES G EMERGING TECHNOLOGY H PROPRIETARY/LESS COMMON TECHNOLOGIES J COMPARATIVE COST DATA
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PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCs) FOREWORD CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 THE NEED FOR VOC CONTROL 3 CONTROL AT SOURCE 3.1 Choice or Solvent 3.2 Venting Arrangements 3.3 Nitrogen Blanketing 3.4 Pump Versus Pneumatic Transfer 3.5 Batch Charging 3.6 Reduction of Volumetric Flow 3.7 Stock Tank Design 4 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT 4.1 By Inference or Calculation 4.2 Flow Monitoring Equipment 4.3 Analytical Instruments 4.4 Vent Emissions Database 5 ABATEMENT TECHNOLOGY 5.1 Available Options 5.2 Selection of Preferred Option 5.3 Condensation 5.4 Adsorption 5.5 Absorption 5.6 Thermal Incineration 5.7 Catalytic Oxidation 5.8 Biological Filtration 5.9 Combinations of Process technologies 5.10 Processes Under Development 6 GLOSSARY OF TERMS 7 REFERENCES Appendix 1. Photochemical Ozone Creation Potentials Appendix 2. Examples of Adsorption Preliminary Calculations Appendix 3. Example of Thermal Incineration Heat and Mass Balance Appendix 4. Cost Correlations
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Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant Contents Summary 1 Introduction 2 "On-purpose" Hydrogen Production 3 Operational Aspects 4 Uprating Options on the Steam Reformer 4.1 Steam Reforming Catalysts and Tube Metallurgy 4.2 Oxygen-blown Secondary Reformer 4.3 Pre-reforming 4.4 Post-reforming 5 Downstream Units 6 Summary of Uprating Options 7 Conclusions
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EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS CONTENTS 1 Introduction 2 When should Emergency Isolation Valves be Installed 3 Emergency Isolation Valves and Associated Equipment 3.1 Installations on existing plant 3.2 Actuators 3.3 Power to close or power to open 3.4 The need for testing 3.5 Hand operated Emergency Valves 3.6 The need to stop pumps in an emergency 3.7 Location of Operating Buttons 3.8 Use of control valves for Isolation 4 Detection of Leaks and Fires 5 Precautions during Maintenance 6 Training Operators to use Emergency Isolation Valves 7 Emergency Isolation when no remotely operated valve is available References Glossary Appendix I Some Fires or Serious Escapes of Flammable Gases or Liquids that could have been controlled by Emergency Isolation Valves Appendix II Some typical Installations
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PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING LINE DIAGRAMS PROCESS CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 2 DESCRIPTION OF METHODOLOGY 2.1 Philosophy of the Design Process 2.2 Outline of Methodology 2.3 Additional Aspects of Methodology 3 WORKBOOK 4 EXAMPLE: BATCH NEUTRALIZATION AND STRIPPING PROCESS 4.1 Start of Stage 1 4.2 Stage 1 4.3 Stage 2 4.3 Stage 3 5 REFERENCES TABLES 1 DESIGN OBJECTIVES 2 OUTPUT FROM EACH STAGE 3 STEP BY STEP APPROACH 4 FUNCTION 5 OPERATION 6 FAILURES 7 STAGE 3 PROMPTS (DATA SHEET) 8 PRELIMINARY MASS BALANCE 9 PRELIMINARY EQUIPMENT LIST 10 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS 11 STAGE 2: DEVELOPMENT OF OPERATING STATES AND TRANSMISSIONS 12 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS FIGURES 1 DESIGN PROCESS 2 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY. 3 SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY 4 POSSIBLE OUTCOMES FROM A KEYWORD PROMPT 5 OPERATING STATES 6 OPERATING STATES/TRANSITIONS 7 EXAMPLE: OVERALL BLOCK DIAGRAM 8 EXAMPLE: “PRIMITIVE PFD” 9 EXAMPLE: STAGE 1 “WORKING DIAGRAM”. 10 EXAMPLE: MAIN OPERATING STATES AND TRANSITIONS 11 EXAMPLE: DETAILED PFD (END OF STAGE 1) 12 EXAMPLE: STAGE 2 “WORKING DIAGRAM” 13 EXAMPLE: STAGE 3 “REV 0” ELD
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