1. EUROPEAN BIOFUEL STANDARDS
AND REGULATIONS
BARRY CAHILL (PSA PEUGEOT CITROEN)
CONVENOR CEN TASK FORCE ETHANOL
CONVENOR CEN TASK FORCE BIODIESEL
27 February 2007
PSA Peugeot Citroën 1

2. BIOFUELS : a positive double impact
An immediately available solution to reduce
exhaust pollutants and CO2
Gasoline pathway Diesel fuel pathway
MT Ethanol FAEE FAME BtL
Beet,
Syn- Ethyl esters of rapeseed, Methyl esters of rapeseed... « Biomass to liquid » :
Cereals
fuels sunflower, soy... Fischer Tropsch diesel
Sugar
® cane(Brazil)
Cellulose (R&D) NexBTL®, HBio®
Refinery component
HTU® + HD0
ETBE
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3. European Biofuel Standards and Regulations
Intense activity in Europe regarding biofuels:
EU policy for 5.75% bio energy in automotive fuels in 2010
7% bio energy in 2015
10% bio energy in 2020
Reasons are well known :
reduce dependancy on petroleum products
reduce C02 emissions
support the agricultural community
A major activity supporting this policy is the establishment of
European regulations and standards
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4. European Biofuel Standards and Regulations
In Europe, fuel specifications are established by three means:
By EU Directive: the parameters and limits are those that
influence the environment
e.g. lead, sulphur, volatility, PAH...
Generally a Directive is obligatory in all EU member states.
By CEN standards: these are full standards drawn up by
industry experts, incorporating Directive elements (when
they exist) and incorporated into National Regulations
Additionally, national standards apply for special cases,
e.g. France allows B30 for captive fleets
Sweden allows E95 for diesel bus fleets
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5. STANDARDS PROGRESS TO DATE
What have we achieved so far?
A CEN Task Force worked on a Biodiesel specification that is
now the Standard EN 14214:
methyl ester based on knowledge of existing oils, mainly
rapeseed, sunflower
involved experts from Auto, Oil, Agricultural industries
fuel can be used at 100% in adapted vehicles, or as a blend
component in conventional diesel fuel
working well in market, 3.2 MT in 2005, will double soon.
component at 5% in EN590 diesel fuel
component at 30% in captive fleet fuel
finished fuel at 100% in Germany for adapted vehicles
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6. STANDARDS PROGRESS TO DATE
CEN Taskforce working on European ethanol standard
since 2004, now practically finished:
known as prEN 15376
involves experts from Auto, Oil, Agricultural industries
specifies ethanol as a blending component at up to 5%
many new measurement standards developed
takes into account specific requirements of ethanol distribution
and use in Europe:
low water content
range of non-harmful denaturants
level of impurities that will not harm exhaust gas treatment systems
when used at up to 5%
draft standard will be voted this year
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7. prEN 15376 ETHANOL
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8. TRENDS FOR THE FUTURE
Engine technology is being driven to high levels of sophistication due to:
customer expectations for driveablity, power, low maintainance
reduced fuel consumption / CO2
increasingly severe exhaust emissions regulations
more space for vehicle occupants / less space for engines
down-sizing engines
The EPEFE programme in Europe, and similar programmes elsewhere,
have shown that engines are sensitive to fuel quality. So engine progress
must be matched by progress in fuel quality to adapt fuels to engine
needs.
The presence of biological components add an extra set of fuel
characteristics that may compromise good engine driveability and
durability.
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9. Recent progress in Diesel engines
Many millions of high pressure direct injection « common rail »
engines are is use since introduction in 1998
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10. Diesel Particulate Filter System
Injector +
régulator
High pressure Fuel tank
HDi pump Calculator
engine Feed pump
1 2 3 1. Pilot injection
ADDITIVE TANK
2. Principal injection
3. Secondary injection
Common rail Sensors : P and T
injectionl
Exhaust gas
DPF silencer
Oxydation
catalyst DPF
Engine fuel COMMON RAIL
system
The particule is intercepted
and burned
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11. Effects of Biofuels on Engines
Ethanol in Gasoline
Increases volatility
driveablility impact
evaporative emissions impact
Water content increased
corrosion of components
water separation, engine damage
Biodiesel in petroleum-based Diesel fuel
less stable than conventional Diesel fuel
injector fouling, engine power loss
impurities,
catalyst damage
boiling characteristics
engine oil dilution, engine damage
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12. Next Steps
Create a new diesel fuel standard to permit B10
Review EN14214 biodiesel standard to allow a wider
feedstock base
Create a new standard for gasoline permitting E10
Modify prEN15376 ethanol standard for use at all
percentage blends
Create a European standard for E85 fuel
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13. World Biofuel Standards?
Engine requirements in terms of fuel are the same the
world over - see World Wide Fuel Charter
The engine constraints mentioned earlier incite engine
makers to demand fuels of very high quality
Biofuel producers must recognise and follow this trend if
they wish to access the market. If automobile owners
associate biofuel with vehicle problems, there is not any
future for biofuels
World biofuel standards may be possible, but only at high
quality levels consistent with engine requirements
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14. Conclusion / Perspectives
The internal combustion engine will remain as the
automotive power source for many years to come.
Fossil fuels with renewable energy forms, including
biofuels blends, will contribute to sustainability.
Fuels of high quality, including biofuel blends with
backwards compatibility, are essential for trouble-free
vehicle operation.
Good fuel standards and market quality monitoring are an
essential components of this scenario
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