Food Security and Climate Change Ways forward for strengthening resilience and building synergies between adaptation and mitigation Overview of new FAO knowledge on adaptation and mitigation option Alexandre Meybeck, FAO Bonn, 4th June 2013 © FAO: http://www.fao.org

1. Overview of new FAO knowledge on
adaptation and mitigation options
Alexandre Meybeck, FAO
Food Security and Climate Change
Ways forward for strengthening resilience and building
synergies between adaptation and mitigation
Bonn, 4th June 2013

2. A systemic approach:
• Ecosystem
• Economic
• Social
• Food system
• Household
• Farm
• Landscape

3. Resilience
Uncertainty
Gitz & Meybeck 2012

4. In CFS 2012, 2 policy round tables on climate
change and on social protection, 2 HLPE reports

5. CFS Policy Recommendations
• Urgency
• Integrate CC concerns in FS policies and
programmes
• Increase resilience of vulnerable groups and
systems
• Emphasis on Adaptation
• Mitigation, as a co-objective of Food Security
and Adaptation
• Link with UNFCCC

6. Main “tools”
• Investments (including private)
• Extension services
• Integrated land use policies
• Risk management (forecasting, early warning,DRM…)
• Assesments
• Information collection
• Research
• International cooperation

7. Actors
• Recommendations addressed to all
stakeholders in CFS
• Participation of all stakeholders
• Involvement of the most vulnerable (women,
small holders)
• Specific mentions of FAO:
– FAO Adapt
– CGRFA
– Collaboration with UNFCCC

8. Report of CFS available at:
www.fao.org/cfs

9. Commission on Genetic Resources
for Food and Agriculture
• In 2011 (13th Session)
– Considered studies on the impact of climate
change on genetic resources and on the
potentials of GRFA to cope with climate
change
• In 2013 (14th Session)
– Adopted a Programme of Work on climate
change and genetic resources for food and
agriculture (2013 – 2016)

10. Challenge in figures
• Animal breeds
– 8 300 animal breeds known
– 8% are extinct and 22% are at risk of extinction.
• Trees
– Over 80 000 tree species
– Less than 1% have been studied for potential use
• Fish
– Provide 20% animal protein to about 3 billion people
– Over 175 000 species of fish, mollusks, crustaceans and aquatic plants
– 10 species about 30% marine capture fisheries
– 10 species about 50% aquaculture production
• Plants
– Over 80% of the human diet
– 30 000 edible terrestrial plants
– 7 000 are cultivated or collected
– 5 cereal crops provide 60% energy intake
• Micro-organisms and invertebrates
– Key for ecosystem services
– Contributions still poorly known and acknowledged
Genetic
diversity
provides key
options for
climate
change
adaptation

11. Activities – outputs – outcomes
Survey on GRFA
and climate
change resilience
in agriculture
systemsConsultations
Experts Meetings
Studies
Participation to
climate change
process
GRFA hotspots
and climate
change
Guidelines for
integration of
GRFA into
NAPs, NAPAs
Technical
knowledge
Awareness
material Increase
integration and
synergies
-
Mainstream
GRFA in climate
change
Side events
Presentations

12. FAOSTAT Emissions Database
+
IPCC Guidelines
=
& geo-referenced information

13. New publications: Support for planning NAMAs within
agriculture
• Key: Climate change mitigation within
agriculture can be aligned with
agricultural development goals.
• Content: NAMA Building blocks
• Step-by-step approach for designing
NAMAs in agriculture
• Country case studies illustrating the range
of options
• Combining other sources of finance to
climate finance
• MRV biggest challenge for requiring
climate finance More information
MarjaLiisa.TapioBistrom@fao.org

14. Linking people, sharing knowledge
Why an online community for practitioners?
• Makes relevant information accessible
• Cost-effective: spreads ideas, addresses challenges
• Clarity on climate-smart agriculture
• Papers through collaborative writing
• Free membership!
Who’s involved?
660 members
➝ 60 countries
➝NGOs
➝Businesses
➝Research
➝ Ministries
➝UN
Join the community:
maria.nuutinen@fao.org
BITLY LINK TO JOIN
FORM
www.fao.org/climatechange/micca/75150
Action: Learning events through webinars
and online discussions…
Conservation agriculture
Agroforestry and climate change mitigation
GHG emissions from livestock supply chains
GHG measurements in field projects

15. FAO’s livestock LCA
• Specific objective of LCA: produce disagregated estimates of
global GHG emissions and emissions intensity to : identify low
emission pathways for the livestock sector
• Coupled with economic analysis
• Linked to multi-stakeholder initiatives
• Strong link between Ei and resource use efficiency
– Bridging the efficiency gap provides substantial mitigation
potential (1/3rd )
– Additional mitigation from C sequestration (ca. 0.4 to 0.6 Gt)
15

16. Global emissions from livestock supply chains, by
category of emissions (includes emissions to edible products as well as to
other goods and services, such as draft power and wool)
24.0%
13.0%
3.2%
6.0%
0.4%
39.1%
4.3%
5.2%
1.5% 0.3% 2.9%
Feed N2O
Feed CO2 - LUC excluded
Feed CO2 LUC
Pasture expansion CO2 LUC
Feed CH4 rice
Enteric CH4
Manure CH4
Manure N2O
Direct energy CO2
Embeded energy CO2
Post farm gate CO2
16

17. Emission intensities (Ei) : CO2e per kg protein
50% of
prod
80% of
Prod.
Average
17
-
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
300.00
350.00
400.00
450.00
500.00
Beef Cattle milk Small ruminant
meat
Small ruminant
milk
Pork Chicken meat Chicken eggs

18. What are the main strategies for the
reduction of emission intensities?
– animal level: feed digestibility and balancing,
health, genetics
– herd level: maintenance to production ratio
– production unit level: grazing management, source
low Ei feed, energy
– supply chain level: energy use efficiency, waste
minimization and recycling
18

19. Knowledge and tools to Facilitate Integration of
Climate Change into the Fisheries and Aquaculture
Technical guidance on climate change relevant to vulnerable fisheries
and aquaculture systems – supporting the sector’s involvement in
broader CC discussions
• Global knowledge on impacts, vulnerabilities, adaptation and
mitigation options in FI&AQ (2009)
• Regional, national and local understandings of CC implications for
FI&AQ (2010-2012)
– Caribbean SIDS, Pacific SIDS, Lake Chad Basin, Benguela Current,
Vietnam Mekong River Basin, Asia regional, Latin America, Near
East/North Africa, African Great Lakes, West and Central Africa,
East and Southern Africa

20. Assistance in NAPA and National
Communications implementation
• FI&AQ in NAPA – importance, vulnerabilities and
priorities (2011)– understanding countries’ priorities
and identifying potential gaps
• Vulnerability assessments methodologies and their
relevance to FI&AQ (2013) – Analysis of IPCC VA
framework and experiences and recommendations
for FI&AQ
• Developing tools for adaptation – Participatory
water quality monitoring systems, DRM

21. Global Partnership on Climate,
Fisheries and Aquaculture (PaCFA)

22. Peatlands
• Guidebook under
preparation
Towards responsible
peatlands
management practices

23. Guidebook under preparation
Towards responsible peatlands management
practices
Technical manual on practices, focused on climate change mitigation and
improved livelihoods
Manual will incorporate:
 Environmental and socio-economic benefits that peatland can provide;
 Description of management practices;
 Illustrative case studies of responsible management practices; and
 Suggestions how to engage diverse stakeholders participation in the
planning and management processes.
Intended audience: Land managers at operational level in key peatlands
countries.
Planned publication date: End of November 2013

24. Tools to Facilitate Integration of Climate
Change into the Forest Sector
Guidelines for integrating climate change into the forest sector
• Climate change for policymakers: approach for integrating climate change into
national forest programmes (2011)– guidelines that cover policy, legal, institutional
and financial aspects of climate change adaptation and mitigation of relevance to
forest policymakers
• Climate change guidelines for forest managers (2013) – practical actions and
considerations for forest managers that would facilitate climate change adaptation
and mitigation at forest management unit level
Technical information on climate change relevant to ecosystems at risk
• Guidelines for Sustainable Management of Dryland Forests (2013) – contains
climate change-related elements
• Climate change and mountains (2011)

25. FAO/ UN-REDD Programme
approach to Monitoring & MRV
• Ways to consider the REDD+ monitoring and information provision
needs in the broader context of national development and
environmental strategies, at the implementation level
• Elements needed in National Forest Monitoring Systems (NFMSs) to
support the implementation of UNFCCC provisions -- in line with
IPCC guidance
• Helps clarify the many UNFCCC decisions relating to REDD+
(principles, rules and modalities, methodological guidance)
• Implications of the implementation of REDD+ activities in distinct
national contexts, and the various steps involved
• NFMS can serve simultaneous functions:
– ‘monitoring’ -- primarily a domestic tool to assess a broad range of
forest information, including in the context of REDD+ activities
– ‘MRV’ -- estimation and international reporting of national-scale forest
emissions and removals, including: 1) satellite land monitoring system;
2) national forest inventory; and 3) national GHG inventory

26. Towards NAPs : a review of NAPAs
in 18 African countries
• 195 priority projects
• 95 % concern agriculture (97% of the budget)
• Transversal (27%)
• Water (23%)
• Crops (11%) Livestock (8,5%)
• Forest (9%)
• Coasts (6%) Fisheries (3%)
• Food (5%) Energy (6%)

27. EPIC Project: CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE: CAPTURING SYNERGIES
MITIGATION, ADAPTATION, FOOD SECURITY
Duration: 1 January 2012 - 31 December 2014.
Resources: 5.3 million Euros (EC, SIDA, FAO)
Partners: Malawi, Vietnam and Zambia, MICCA,
CCAFS, Univ. of Aberdeen, FANRPAN, others
Focus: Holistic and context-specific approaches to food security,
adaptation, mitigation to understand synergies/trade-offs and barriers
to adoption of CSA practices. Develop with government and other
stakeholders tools for identification-implementation of context-
appropriate options for:
(i) climate-smart agricultural practices and
(ii) supportive policy, institutional, strategic and investment
frameworks to promote sustainable agricultural development and
food security under climate change; to overcome adoption
barriers and manage climate change risks.

28. Sequencing of project activities
Assessing
the situation
Identify barriers
and enabling
factors Managing
Climate Risk
Defining
coherent
policies
Guiding
Investments
CSA aims to build evidence-based agricultural development strategies, policies and
investment frameworks to improve food security, facilitate adaptation to climate change, and
seek opportunities to mitigate GHG emissions, compatibly with countries’ national food
security and development goals.

29. Expected Outputs of
FAO’s first climate-smart agriculture project
An evidence base: Combines (i) socio-economic, land use, climate
data; (ii) institutional, policy, program mapping; (iii) current baseline
and compared with potential CSA pathway; (iv) costs and benefits of
action.
Coherent policies and strategic direction for CSA: Draw on existing
national/sub-national policy, planning, investment instruments.
Promote integration, alignment and coordination across policy
instruments, institutions, stakeholders. Provide strategic vision and
how to get there.
Investment proposals for Implementation: identify priorities
for action, resource requirements; develop/use metrics showing
additional CC costs and benefits; facilitate access to possible sources of
financing, including climate finance.

30. Way forward
• Knowledge
• Tools
• Capacity building
• Inclusive
• Country led policies