social

1. Bell Work
• What do you think social psychology entails?

2. Social Psychology
Studying the way people relate to others.
Attitude Attraction
Aggression
Group Behavior

3. Attitudes• A set of beliefs and
feelings that
predisposes one to
respond in a
particular way to
something.
• Advertising is ALL
based on attitude
formation.
• Mere Exposure
Effect
• Central Route v.
Peripheral Route

4. Do our attitudes guide our actions?
Only if….
• External pressure is minimal.
• We are aware of our attitudes.
• The attitude is relevant to the behavior.

5. More often, our actions affect
our attitudes.

6. Attitudes

7. Attitude and Behavior
• Do attitudes tell us about
someone’s behavior?
• LaPiere’s Study
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
• People want to have
consistent attitudes and
behaviors….when they are not
they experience dissonance
(unpleasant tension).
• Usually they will change their
attitude.
You have a belief
that cheating on
tests is bad.
But you cheat on
a test!!!
The teacher was
really bad so in
that class it is OK.

9. Bell Work
• Which occurs most often: our actions affect
our attitudes or our attitudes affect our
actions?

10. Compliance Strategies
• Foot-in-the-door
phenomenon
• Door-in-the-face
phenomenon
• Norms of reciprocity

11. Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
• The tendency for
people who have
first agreed to a
small request to
comply later with
a larger request.
If I give out an answer on a quiz,
what happens next?

12. Door-in-face Phenomenon
• The tendency
for people who
say no to a huge
request, to
comply with a
smaller one.
If I ask my wife for the
1952 Topps Mantle card
($15k) she will say? NO
But she may let me
buy a new
playstation game.

13. Social Thinking
How do we think about one
another?

14. Attribution Theory
• Tries to explain how people determine
the cause of the behavior they
observe.
It is either a….
• Situational Attribution
• Dispositional Attribution
And
• Stable Attribution
• When people infer that an event or behavior
is due to unchanging, permanent factors.
This theory is heavily based on outcomes
both positive and negative. Some of the
things that influence this pattern are as
simple as luck and effort level.
• Unstable Attribution
they infer that an event or behavior is due to
unstable, temporary factors.
• False Consensus
• Self-Serving Bias

16. Fundamental Attribution
Error• We tend to
overestimate the role
of dispositional
factors.
Individualistic V.
Collectivistic Cultures
False Consensus Effect
Self-Serving Bias
How do you view your
teacher’s behavior?
You probably
attribute it to their
personality rather
than their profession.
But do you really
know?
When you start a
romance, you assume
that they agree with
your world
views….honeymoon
period.
If you win it is
because you are
awesome…if you
lose, it must have
been the coach or
weather or….

17. The Effects of Attribution
• Social Effects
• Political
Effects
• Workplace
Effects

18. Stereotypes, Prejudice and
Discrimination
Stereotype:
• Overgeneralized idea
about a group of people.
Prejudice:
• Undeserved (usually
negative) attitude
towards a group of
people. Ethnocentrism
is an example of a
prejudice.
Discrimination:
• An action based on a
prejudice.

19. Prejudice
• An unjustifiable
attitude towards a
group of people.
• Usually involves
stereotyped beliefs
(a generalized belief
about a group of
people).
Overt
Subtle

20. Prejudice Over Time

21. Does perception change with
race?

22. Bell Work
• Why is there prejudice?

23. Why is their prejudice?• Categorization
• Vivid Cases (Availability Heuristic)
• The Just-World Phenomenon
Just world Phenomenon
• In one popular study female and male subjects were
told two versions of a story about an interaction
between a woman and a man. Both variations were
exactly the same, except at the very end the man
raped the woman in one and in the other he
proposed marriage.
• In both conditions, both female and male subjects
viewed the woman's (identical) actions as inevitably
leading to the (very different) results.
In-Group versus Out-Groups.
• In-Group Bias
Scapegoat Theory

24. Scapegoat Theory
• The theory that
prejudice
provides an
outlet for anger
by providing
someone to
blame.

25. Social Inequalities
(A principle reason behind prejudice)
• Ingroup: “us”- people
with whom one shares
a common identity.
• Outgroup: “them”-
those perceived as
different than one’s
ingroup.
• Ingroup bias: the
tendency to favor one’s
own group.

26. Combating Prejudice
Contact Theory
• Contact between hostile groups will reduce
animosity if they are made to work towards a
superordinate goal.
• Serif camp study
• Election of Obama?

27. Sherif’s Robbers Cave Experiments
• Sherif is equally famous for the Robbers Cave Experiments. This series of
experiments, begun in Connecticut and concluded in Oklahoma, took boys from
intact middle-class families, who were carefully screened to be psychologically
normal, delivered them to a summer camp setting (with researchers doubling as
counsellors) and created social groups that came into conflict with each other.
These studies had three phases: (1) Group formation, in which the members of
groups got to know each others, social norms developed, leadership and
structure emerged, (2) Group conflict, in which the now-formed groups came
into contact with each other, competing in games and challenges, and
competing for control of territory, and (3) Conflict resolution, where Sherif and
colleagues tried various means of reducing the animosity and low-level violence
between the groups. It is in the Robbers Cave experiments that Sherif showed
that superordinate goals (goals so large that it requires more than one group to
achieve the goal) reduced conflict significantly more effectively than other
strategies (e.g., communication, contact).

28. Prejudices can often lead to a….
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
• A prediction that
causes itself to be
true.
• Rosenthal and
Jacobson’s “Pygmalion
in the Classroom”
experiment.

29. Aggression: Any physical or
verbal behavior intended to
hurt or destroy.
In the U.S. we are MUCH
more likely to be murdered
compared to most other
developed nations.

30. Psychology of Aggression
Two types of aggression
1. Instrumental
Aggression
2.Hostile Aggression
Theories of Aggression:
Bandura’s Modeling
Frustration-Aggression
Hypothesis

31. The Biology of Aggression
• Genetics
• Neural
Influences (is
aggression in
the brain)
• Biochemical

32. The Psychology of Aggression
Frustration-Aggressive
Principle:
• the blocking of an
attempt to achieve some
goal
• Creates anger which
generates aggression.
Goals can be:
•Sports or work
•Relationship
•Body Condition etc…

33. Hot Weather and Aggression

34. Can we learn to be aggressive
or gentle?
They can be learned but….
Once learned they are difficult to
change.

35. Aggression and TV
Watches
=
• By the time you are 18, you spend more time in front of TV than in school
•2/3 of all homes have 3 or more sets average 51 hours a week.
•By the time a child finishes elementary school they have witnessed 8000
murders and 100,000 other acts of violence on TV
•Over half of all deaths do NOT show the victim's pain
•As TV watching has grown exponentially, as does violent behavior- a strong
positive correlation.
•How do you think TV has affected sexual aggression?

36. Prosocial Behavior
• Kitty Genovese case
in Kew Gardens NY.
Bystander Effect:
• Conditions in which people are
more or less likely to help one
another. In general…the more
people around…the less chance
of help….because of…
• Diffusion of Responsibility
Pluralistic Ignorance
• People decide what to do by
looking to others.

37. Attraction
5 Factors of Attraction

38. Proximity
• Geographic nearness
Mere exposure
effect:
• Repeated exposure
to something breeds
liking.
• Taiwanese Letters

39. Reciprocal Liking
• You are more likely
to like someone who
likes you.
• Why?
• Except in
elementary school!!!!

40. Similarity
• Paula Abdul was
wrong- opposites do
NOT attract.
• Birds of the same
feather do flock
together.
• Similarity breeds
content.

41. Liking through Association
• Classical
Conditioning can play
a part in attraction.
• I love Theo’s
Wings. If I see the
same waitress every
time I go there, I
may begin to
associate that
waitress with the
good feelings I get
from Theo's.

42. Physical Attractiveness

43. The Hotty Factor
• Physically
attractiveness
predicts dating
frequency (they date
more).
• They are perceived
as healthier,
happier, more honest
and successful than
less attractive
counterparts.

44. Beauty and Culture
Obesity is so revered among Mauritania's
white Moor Arab population that the
young girls are sometimes force-fed to
obtain a weight the government has
described as "life-threatening".

45. Are these cultures really that different?

46. LOVE
• Passionate Love: an
aroused state of
INTENSE positive
absorption of another.
• Compassionate Love:
the deep affectionate
attachment we feel for those
with whom our lives are
intertwined.

47. What makes compassionate love
work?
• Equity
• Self-
disclosure

48. Altruism
• Unselfish regard for
the welfare of
others.
• Kitty Genovese case.
• Bystander Effect
(bystanders less
willing to help if
there are other
bystanders around).

49. Social Exchange Theory
• The idea that our social behavior is an
exchange process, which we maximize benefits
and minimize costs.

50. Peacemaking
• Give people superordinate (shared) goals
that can only be achieved through
cooperation.
• Win Win situations through mediation.
• GRIT (Graduated and Reciprocated
Initiatives in Tension Reduction).

51. How groups affect our behavior?
• Leader

52. Social Facilitation Theory
• If you are really good
at something….or it is
an easy task…you will
perform BETTER in
front of a group.
• If it is a difficult task
or you are not very
good at it…you will
perform WORSE in
front of a group
(social impairment).

53. Conformity Studies
• Adjusting one’s
behavior or thinking
to coincide with a
group standard.

54. Asch’s Study of Conformity

55. Asch’s Results
• About 1/3 of the
participants conformed.
• 70% conformed at least
once.
To strengthen conformity:
• The group is unanimous
• The group is at least three
people.
• One admires the group’s status
• One had made no prior
commitment

56. Milgram’s Study
Of
Obedience

57. Results of the Milgram Study

58. What did we learn from Milgram?
• Ordinary people can
do shocking things.
• Ethical issues….
• Would not have
received approval
from today’s IRB
(Internal Review
Board).

59. Group Dynamics

60. Social Loafing
• The tendency for
people in a group to
exert less effort
when pooling efforts
toward a common
goal than if they
were individually
accountable.

61. Group Polarization
• Groups tend to make
more extreme
decisions than the
individual.

63. Groupthink
• Group members
suppress their
reservations about
the ideas supported
by the group.
• They are more
concerned with
group harmony.
• Worse in highly
cohesive groups.

64. Deindividuation
• People get swept up
in a group and lose
sense of self.
• Feel anonymous and
aroused.
• Explains rioting
behaviors.

65. Zimbardo’s Prison Study
• Showed how we
deindividuate AND
become the roles we are
given.
• Philip Zimbardo has
students at Stanford U
play the roles of prisoner
and prison guards in the
basement of psychology
building.
• They were given uniforms
and numbers for each
prisoner.
• What do you think
happened?

66. What happens when we become
aware that our attitudes don’t
match or actions?

67. Cognitive Dissonance Theory
• We do not like when we have either
conflicting attitudes or when our
attitudes do not match our actions.
•When they clash, we will change
our attitude to create balance.

68. Cognitive Dissonance Theory

69. Cognitive Dissonance Theory
• How does
cognitive
dissonance
theory play a
part in pledging a
fraternity?