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The School of Mechanical Engineering




  Current Trends in the Application of
  Atmospheric Plasma for the Improvement
  of Wind Turbine Efficiency through
  Separation Control


    Authors:                           Mei Cheong
                                       Dr. Maziar Arjomandi


    Presenter:                         Amelia Greig



                                21st July 2011
The School of Mechanical Engineering


Wind Energy
• Clean alternative source of power
• Currently competitive with fossil power
• Major limitation comes from adverse aerodynamic
  loadings shortening lifespans




                                                                    Wind turbine on Rottnest Island
                                                                        Courtesy of Caniluna Pty Ltd




             Price comparison between wind and traditional power.
                                 Courtesy of UTS
2
The School of Mechanical Engineering


Loads on Wind Turbines
• Inertial forces due to dead weight of rotor blades
  which are periodic and unsteady
• Aerodynamic loads
     –    Uniform, steady airflows generate time-independent steady-
         state loads

     – Steady but spatially non-uniform airflows cause cyclic
       loadings

     – Turbulent airflows cause non-periodic stochastic loads




3
The School of Mechanical Engineering


Aerodynamic Blade Loading

    • Two velocity components – wind and blade motion
    • Resultant gives optimal angle of attack
        – Generally between 12o-15o
    • Wind gusts up to 25%, alter required angle of attack




            Turbine velocity components and resulting angle of attack

4
The School of Mechanical Engineering


Blade Separation and Stall
• Lift coefficient varies with angle of attack. Should be as
  high as possible for efficient turbine operation
• Wind gusts cause separation and stall to occur if angle
  of attack increases past maximum levels




Lift coefficient of turbine blade with angle of attack   Change in airflow with angle of attack
                                                         Adapted from http://www.sportpilot.org

5
The School of Mechanical Engineering


Separation Control
• Wind turbines designed to operate in specific ranges of
  wind speeds

• Outside this range, adverse aerodynamic loads occur
  predominantly due to separation control




• Turbine blade loads controlled through:
      –   Flow velocity through variable speed rotor
      –   Blade length
      –   Blade incidence angle through variation of blade pitch
      –   Blade section aerodynamics


  6
The School of Mechanical Engineering


Load Reduction - Blade Section Aerodynamics

• Minimize fatigue life of system due to changes
  in wind direction and speed

• Passive control
     – Control through adaptation of aero-elastic
       responses of blades and stall regulation

• Active control
     – Control through adjustment of aerodynamic
       properties and pitch angles of blades




                       Photos from http://www.lmwindpower.com and http://en.wikipedia.org
7
The School of Mechanical Engineering


Plasma Actuators
• Standard Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Actuator
  configuration




                     Schematic configuration for DBD actuator

• Plasma generated by applying an electric field to sustain
  electron-ion pairs




      Electron movement: a) negative half-cycle, b) positive half-cycle
8                       Adapted from Cheong et al. 2010
The School of Mechanical Engineering


DBD Actuator Physics


• Dielectric material retains more electrons than the
  electrode material resulting in an asymmetric flow pattern
• Induced airflow, called ‘Ionic Wind’ results




      Plasma induced airflow and response force   Plasma discharge
              Adapted from Cheong et al. 2010



9
The School of Mechanical Engineering


Massless Wall Jets
• DBD actuators modify fluid flow characteristics by
  generating massless wall jets in the boundary layer of the
  flow
• Introduction of these jets injects momentum into retarded
  boundary layers to delay separation or even reattaching
  separated flow




                   Lift coefficient with and without actuator
1
                         Adapted from Nelson et al., 2008
0
The School of Mechanical Engineering


DBD Actuators for Flow Separation
• DBD actuators were shown to
     – energize flow near locations of separation (Huang et al. 2006)
     – increase stall angle and delaying leading-edge separation (Orlov et
       al. 2007, Post & Corke 2004)
     – improve lift cycle by controlling dynamic stall vortices (Post & Corke
       2006)




                                                                                Adapted from Post & Corke, 2006



11
The School of Mechanical Engineering


Summary
• DBD actuators are an effective means of separation and
  stall control

• Feasible method of load control for wind turbine blades

• Advantages over conventional methods of load control:
      High frequency response
      Do not introduce parasitic drag
      Low power consumption

•    Further investigations to implement DBD actuators on wind
     turbines highly valuable




12
The School of Mechanical Engineering



 Acknowledgements

 •       Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Workshop at the University
         of Adelaide
 •       The Sir Ross and Sir Keith Smith Fund




 Disclaimer
Research undertaken for this report has been assisted with a grant from the Smith Fund (www.smithfund.org.au). The support is acknowledged
and greatly appreciated. The Smith Fund by providing for this project does not verify the accuracy of any findings or any representation contained
in it. Any reliance in any written report or information provided to you should be based solely on your own assessment and conclusions. The Smith
Fund does not accept any responsibility or liability from any persons, company or entity that may have relied on any written report or
representations contained in this report if that person, company or entity suffers any loss (financial or otherwise) as a result.

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ICWES15 - Current Trends in the Application of Atmospheric Plasma for the Improvement of Wind Turbine Efficiency through Separation Control. Presented by Ms Amelia Greig, Adelaide SA

  • 1. The School of Mechanical Engineering Current Trends in the Application of Atmospheric Plasma for the Improvement of Wind Turbine Efficiency through Separation Control Authors: Mei Cheong Dr. Maziar Arjomandi Presenter: Amelia Greig 21st July 2011
  • 2. The School of Mechanical Engineering Wind Energy • Clean alternative source of power • Currently competitive with fossil power • Major limitation comes from adverse aerodynamic loadings shortening lifespans Wind turbine on Rottnest Island Courtesy of Caniluna Pty Ltd Price comparison between wind and traditional power. Courtesy of UTS 2
  • 3. The School of Mechanical Engineering Loads on Wind Turbines • Inertial forces due to dead weight of rotor blades which are periodic and unsteady • Aerodynamic loads – Uniform, steady airflows generate time-independent steady- state loads – Steady but spatially non-uniform airflows cause cyclic loadings – Turbulent airflows cause non-periodic stochastic loads 3
  • 4. The School of Mechanical Engineering Aerodynamic Blade Loading • Two velocity components – wind and blade motion • Resultant gives optimal angle of attack – Generally between 12o-15o • Wind gusts up to 25%, alter required angle of attack Turbine velocity components and resulting angle of attack 4
  • 5. The School of Mechanical Engineering Blade Separation and Stall • Lift coefficient varies with angle of attack. Should be as high as possible for efficient turbine operation • Wind gusts cause separation and stall to occur if angle of attack increases past maximum levels Lift coefficient of turbine blade with angle of attack Change in airflow with angle of attack Adapted from http://www.sportpilot.org 5
  • 6. The School of Mechanical Engineering Separation Control • Wind turbines designed to operate in specific ranges of wind speeds • Outside this range, adverse aerodynamic loads occur predominantly due to separation control • Turbine blade loads controlled through: – Flow velocity through variable speed rotor – Blade length – Blade incidence angle through variation of blade pitch – Blade section aerodynamics 6
  • 7. The School of Mechanical Engineering Load Reduction - Blade Section Aerodynamics • Minimize fatigue life of system due to changes in wind direction and speed • Passive control – Control through adaptation of aero-elastic responses of blades and stall regulation • Active control – Control through adjustment of aerodynamic properties and pitch angles of blades Photos from http://www.lmwindpower.com and http://en.wikipedia.org 7
  • 8. The School of Mechanical Engineering Plasma Actuators • Standard Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Actuator configuration Schematic configuration for DBD actuator • Plasma generated by applying an electric field to sustain electron-ion pairs Electron movement: a) negative half-cycle, b) positive half-cycle 8 Adapted from Cheong et al. 2010
  • 9. The School of Mechanical Engineering DBD Actuator Physics • Dielectric material retains more electrons than the electrode material resulting in an asymmetric flow pattern • Induced airflow, called ‘Ionic Wind’ results Plasma induced airflow and response force Plasma discharge Adapted from Cheong et al. 2010 9
  • 10. The School of Mechanical Engineering Massless Wall Jets • DBD actuators modify fluid flow characteristics by generating massless wall jets in the boundary layer of the flow • Introduction of these jets injects momentum into retarded boundary layers to delay separation or even reattaching separated flow Lift coefficient with and without actuator 1 Adapted from Nelson et al., 2008 0
  • 11. The School of Mechanical Engineering DBD Actuators for Flow Separation • DBD actuators were shown to – energize flow near locations of separation (Huang et al. 2006) – increase stall angle and delaying leading-edge separation (Orlov et al. 2007, Post & Corke 2004) – improve lift cycle by controlling dynamic stall vortices (Post & Corke 2006) Adapted from Post & Corke, 2006 11
  • 12. The School of Mechanical Engineering Summary • DBD actuators are an effective means of separation and stall control • Feasible method of load control for wind turbine blades • Advantages over conventional methods of load control: High frequency response Do not introduce parasitic drag Low power consumption • Further investigations to implement DBD actuators on wind turbines highly valuable 12
  • 13. The School of Mechanical Engineering Acknowledgements • Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Workshop at the University of Adelaide • The Sir Ross and Sir Keith Smith Fund Disclaimer Research undertaken for this report has been assisted with a grant from the Smith Fund (www.smithfund.org.au). The support is acknowledged and greatly appreciated. The Smith Fund by providing for this project does not verify the accuracy of any findings or any representation contained in it. Any reliance in any written report or information provided to you should be based solely on your own assessment and conclusions. The Smith Fund does not accept any responsibility or liability from any persons, company or entity that may have relied on any written report or representations contained in this report if that person, company or entity suffers any loss (financial or otherwise) as a result.