Part Lecture on World History

6. UkraineUkraine
GreeceGreece
ItalyItaly
BulgariaBulgaria
RomaniaRomaniaFranceFrance
SpainSpain
* Locations are based on modern names

8. RussiaRussia
MoscowMoscow
VoroneszVoronesz
UkraineUkraine
BelarusBelarus
PolandPolandGermanyGermany
Czech Rep.Czech Rep.
HungaryHungary
RomaniaRomania
LithuaniaLithuania
SlovakiaSlovakia
* Locations are based on modern names

10. Germany
France
Poland
Italy
Hungary
* Locations are based on modern names

12. Scotland*
England*
Ireland*
* Locations are based on modern names

20. Founder of France & Germany.
The empire began in the crowning of Charlemagne
or Charles the Great.
It ended with the death of Charles the Fat.

21. Charlemagne & Carloman is the
co-rulers of the empire
In 771 A.D., Carloman died &
Charlemagne became the sole ruler
Charlemagne became the
““Emperor of the Romans”Emperor of the Romans”
The empire last from 800 A.D to 1806
A.D.

22. This Religion is founded by Jesus
First Nicene CouncilFirst Nicene Council- first of
seven ecumenical councils.
Eastern group- GreekGreek
Orthodox ChurchOrthodox Church
Western group- RomanRoman
Catholic ChurchCatholic Church
The Roman Catholic Church
grew stronger.
It is headed by the PopePope

23. Focus on the Mass or EucharistMass or Eucharist as the Primary ritual
of liturgical life
The supreme jurisdictionsupreme jurisdiction of the Pope or the Bishop
of Rome over the whole Roman Catholic Church
Obligations of CatholicsObligations of Catholics to hear mass and do
various other duties on Sundays and important feast
days
The special emphasis and importance on the role
played by the Blessed Virgin Mary the mother ofBlessed Virgin Mary the mother of
JesusJesus, on the salvation of mankind

24. It was headed by Charles V of the Habsburg familyCharles V of the Habsburg family
He lost his power as aggravated by the protestant
reformation
Emperor Francis IIEmperor Francis II declared the end of the Holy
Roman Empire in 18061806

26. 9th
to 13th
century

27. A unique Socio-Economic System
Feudalism was the political and military system
of western Europe during the Middle Ages
After Charlemagne’s death, there was a
leadership void and many nobles and rich people
grabbed power
The nobles were granted lands called FiefsFiefs
because of their power skills and they were
called VassalsVassals

28. A knightknight is considered as a gallant and
able warrior who is skilled in fighting
and in using weapons, such as a lance
or a sword
Virtues of a knightVirtues of a knight: piety, honor,
valor, courtesy, chastity, and loyalty
Knights became formidable with the
development of horse-mounted cavalry
A knight on a horse is not only an
imposing warrior, but a very
destructive one

29. A knight is usually a son of a noblea son of a noble
At the age of seven the child becomes a pagepage,
trained early in the basics of weaponry
At fifteen the page becomes a squiresquire, who is
given to the charge and care of a certain knight for
training, knowledge and experience
Then, they are prepared for knighthoodknighthood

30. The Roman Catholic Church played an important
role in the continued existence of feudalism as a
system
Fiefs were usually enclosed in castles, and every
castle had a chapel where a priest or a monk
stayed.

31. CrusadesCrusades, a number of wars
launched by the Roman Catholic
Church against non-Catholics
and heretics, which was
sanctioned by popes.

32. 1. The permanent control of Jerusalem and the Holy
Land
2. The protection of Byzantine Empire from the
Muslims
3. Religious zeal and the need to defend the faith
4. The desire for land
5. The trading ambitions of many businessmen at that
time

33. 1096-1099
This happened when Caliph HakimCaliph Hakim, a Muslim leader
destroyed a Christian sanctuary in Jerusalem
They fought many battles, however, the Christian
forces in the Holy Land became weaker

34. 1147-1149
The second crusade was launched with King LouisKing Louis
VII of FranceVII of France and King Conrad III of GermanyKing Conrad III of Germany
It failed because of lack of cooperation
The Muslim force defeated them

35. 1189-1192
The leader is Frederick IFrederick I who drowned on the way to
battle
King Richard (the lion-hearted)King Richard (the lion-hearted) and King PhilipKing Philip
II of FranceII of France whose quarrels left their crusade without
able leaders
As they fail, they just negotiated with Saladin to have
Christian pilgrims enter Jerusalem freely

36. 1202-1204
The crusade composed mostly of French nobles,
became involved in different affairs
They were not able to meet their objective of
reclaiming the Holy Land

37. This was a special but tragic event during this period
in history, as several thousands of children from 10children from 10
to 18 years old were allowed to go on a crusadeto 18 years old were allowed to go on a crusade
They died through starvation, freezing in cold ocean
water, drowned in storms or sold into slavery

38. THERE HAPPENED THE FIFTH, SIXTH,
SEVENTH AND EIGHT CRUSADES and all of it
effectively ended when the European Christians
looked to other territories.

39. (the crusades failed in the following aspects: )
They were not able to achieve their goal to capture
the Holy Land.
The losses contributed to the decline in the prestige
of popes and church.
The crusade led to much needless slaughter.

40. The crusades had a big effect on the decline of
feudalism
Knighthood also rapidly declined because of the
invention of gunpowder and firearms

41. 9th
to 13th
century

43. The businessmen, artisans, and craftsman of the
12th
century honed their crafts and increased their
productivity. The increased production needed
new markets, and for this, the people held fairs,
which were occasional centers of business and
trade setup during holidays.

44. The fairs served as market festivals where merchants from
all over Europe came to buy and sell wares. Some fairs
were held for the sale of a particular product or
merchandise, such as horse or clothes; while others were
held for trading in general merchandise. There were also
labor fairs, where servants were hired for a year or so; and
pleasure fairs, with amusement shows put up in
conjunction with the business fairs. In time, all fairs
became commercialized. The most popular fairs were
those held in Champagne in France, Geneva in
Switzerland, Milan in Italy, Frankfurt in Germany, and
London in England.

45. Since the fairs were seasonal, it did not satisfy the need of
the people for a continuing business center. There came a
time when people needed to trade in one permanent
place. These permanent fairs led to the emergence if
towns, where people permanently settled. In time, these
medieval towns increased and many prospered and
attracted businessmen, professionals, and craftsmen. As
the number of people in a town increased, productivity
also increased, leading to greater urbanization.

46. The towns were still initially under the control of kings, but as
they grew larger, the townspeople wanted to manage their own
affairs. They bought a charter of freedom from the king, which
allowed them to administer their own affairs, with the king only
there to provide protection. From the 11th
to the 14th
century, the
number of towns increased tenfold, and these towns were
known for their unique specialties: trade, banking, and
democratic systems. Some of the more famous towns that grew
during that time were Canterbury in England; Oxford and
Cambridge, also in England, which became centers of
education; and Dresden, Germany, which specialized porcelain.

47. As their business and trade grew, the merchants and
craftsmen thought of the need to protect their businesses
and interests. This led to the creation of the guilds, which
were associations formed by the businessmen and traders
to protect themselves and their interests. These guilds
were usually composed of people having similar
profession. The guilds then were of two types: merchant
guilds and craft guilds.

48.  These were composed of all the merchants or businessmen in a particular area. As
merchants traveled in different locations and markets, they needed mutual protection
against dangers, anti-business rules or laws, and government meddling in the different
localities. Frequently, merchants from the same city or town banded together and
formed caravans, with them choosing a leader for their own business or group.
 The merchant guilds were usually composed of the richest businessmen in an area, and
in time the guilds gained a monopoly over the entire industry and commerce in the
locality, bringing with it much wealth and political influence for guild members. It was
not long that artisans and craftsmen also created their own guilds – the craft guilds –
which posed a challenge to the influence of the merchant guilds.
 The merchant Guilds-composed of
1. Merchants
2. Businessmen

49.  The artisans and craftsmen noted the success of the merchant guilds, and decided to
unite and form their own group for their own mutual benefit. The craft guilds were
composed of those who belonged to the same craft or trade. There was a bakers’ guild
and a shoemakers’ guild. The craft guilds also purchased from the government the right
to control its branch of industry. The crafts guild served like the workers’ of union
today. It is inevitable that there will be a conflict of interest between the merchant
guilds and the crafts guild.
 Craft Guilds-composed of
1. Bakers’ Guild
2. Shoemakers’ Guild

50. A person could become a guild member in any of these
three ways:
1. By succeeding a parent
2. By buying membership
3. Through apprenticeship or training in a particular craft,
which was the most common manner.

51. By the 1300’s, wealthy masters began to use liveries
(attractive robes) that distinguish them from the poorer
masters. They wear these robes in ceremonies. By the
1400’s, the traders’ guilds in London were already called
livery companies. The livery companies had a big
influence in the political and economic life of the people.
From these livery companies would rise the business
empires that would propel the rise of commercialism and
international business later on.

52. Economy based on money as the convenient medium of
exchange. Whereas the former agricultural system based
wealth on the product of the land, the new system was
based on money, with people required to have it to buy
something. With the influx of products coming from the
guilds, people were not able to depend on just the
products of land anymore, necessitating the adoption of
the money economy by Europe. Silver and gold coins were
produced and spread in these area.

53. As many guild members became rich, and as money
became the foremost medium of exchange, many if them
grew rich and just lent excess money to other craftsmen,
with interest and security, such as real estate or jewels.
Thus, capitalism was born, the power of capital or money
to create wealth. This led to the development of banking
as it is known to be practiced today.

54. The way of life during the Middle Ages cam be
characterized by the following:
1. The Rise of Universities
2. The Power of the Church
3. Ups and Downs of Progress
4. Literature, Arts, and Music

55. Many students gathered in cathedrals where men of
learning lectured, and these students and scholars
created associations and organizations which were
later called Universities. Many of these universities
became outstanding centers of a particular kinds of
learning, such as the University of Salerno in southern
Italy, which was noted for medicine, and the
University of Paris in France, which became famous
for philosophy. From these would come many men of
learning which would later assist society.

56.  The Catholic Church touched every person’s life during the Middle
Ages. It was present at birth (during baptism), at the wedding of the
person, and at his burial. The decisions of the church also had a big
impact as it became the largest landholder in Western Europe. It
threatened people with the prospect of excommunication, which is to
separate the person from the church, resulting to the denial of
blessings for the lord and for his subjects as well. The power of the
church was such that power okay arose between popes and kings, and
between the churchmen themselves. Disputes about who was the true
pope divided the church. Sometimes, two to three popes and
antipopes claimed the throne, and this severely weakened the
influence and power of the church.

57. The economic and social development of Europe during
the high Middle Ages suffered a setback in the 1300’s.
Wars, natural disasters, and diseases all contributed to the
decrease in population and slowdown in business. The
Hundred Years War from 1337 to 1453 depleted the
economies of both England and France; the demise of
feudalism caused strife as peasants rose to be free from
their lords; while the Black Death, a form of bubonic
plague, killed a fourth of Europe’s population from 1347 to
1350.

58.  Various developments in literature, arts, and music began during the Middle
Ages. National literature flourished: popular epics were sung by wandering
minstrels, such as the:
1. Song of Roland(France), which chant the exploits of one of Charlemagne’s
best knights.
2. El Cid(Spain), which narrates the mighty deeds of Rodrigo Vivar, a Spanish
soldier and hero who fought the Muslims and captured the Kingdom of
Valencia.
3. Beowulf(England), which describes the adventures of Beowulf, a mighty
warrior who saves the Danish king from the savage monster Grendel.

59. Some of the greatest works in literature were created in
the Middle Ages, such as Dante Aleghieri’s epic poem
Divine Comedy, which was written in Italian and tells
about Dante’s journey through hell, heaven, and
purgatory; The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer,
about the journey of a group of pilgrims; and Le Morte
D’Arthur, a group of romances collected and rewritten by
Sir Thomas Malory, about the adventures of the legendary
King Arthur and his knights.

60. Two new styles in architecture were develop during
Middle Ages. These were the:
1. Romanesque Style-which was characterized by rounded
arches, square towers, and emphasis on perpendicular
elements.
2. Gothic Style-Which evolve from the Romanesque style,
and is characterized by vertical lines in tall pillars and
spires, pointed arches, and flying buttresses(it serves to
transmit the lateral forces pushing a wall outwards).

61. Architecture that use Romanesque
Style
Architecture that use Gothic Style 

64. French word that means REBIRTH
Renascere the Latin word which refers to
the act of being reborn

66. An idea of the central importance
Is the central theme of the Renaissance.
Believes in the high potential of human
beings.

72. It sparked the intellectual revolution that will come
centuries later, aided by the invention of printing and
writings of humanism
It enriched world civilization through an intellectual and
artistic heritage that is still important today, especially in
the fields of education, arts, literature, and humanistic
inquiry
It contributed to exploration and voyages to new lands
It paved the way for the reformation, as humanist
thinking revealed the many abuses of the clergy within
the Catholic Church
It nurtured the growth of national states as the weakening
papacy and middle class contributed t o the strength of
kings

75. The End