Dr Alessandro Seganti from Cognitum presented basics of Semantic Technologies, OntorionCNL, Ontorion Semantic Framework and Fluent Editor during International Conference on Computer Science -- Research and Applications IBIZA 2014, UMCS Lublin. To learn more visit: http://www.cognitum.eu/semantics/

1. International Conference on computer science – research and applications
IBIZA 2014
21 March 2014 UMCS Lublin

2. Alessandro Seganti
Data Engineer @Cognitum
a.seganti@cognitum.eu
The company, product and service names used in this web site are for identification purposes only.
All trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Modeling Ontologies with Natural
Language
Fluent Editor and Ontorion Server

3. OWL and OCNL
introduction

4. Semantic Web: Multiple ontologies written in OWL/RDF, locally or in the web

5. DL
OCNL
SWRL
Horn Logic

6. {New−York}⊑(city)⊓(∃(belong−to).({New−York−State}))
New-York is a city and belongs-to New-York-State.
DL
OWL
OCNL

7. intermediate−customer⊑customer
Every intermediate-customer is a customer.
DL
OWL
OCNL

8. industrial−customer≡(customer)⊓(∃(have−industry).(⊤))
Something is an industrial-customer if-and-only-if-it is a customer that has-industry something.
DL
OWL
OCNL

9. ⌂city(?city0)⋀state(?state0)⋀belong−to(?city0,?state0)→contain(?state0,?city0)
If a city belongs-to a state then the state contains the city.
SWRL
OCNL

10. Ontorion CNL : Basic Concepts
Semantic technologies

11. Concept/Class definition
young-male-man very-beautiful-girl
Every parent is a person.
Class identifiers start with a small letter and they use
dashes between words, e.g. very-beautiful-girl, young-
male-man.
Classes are defined when their names are used in at least
one sentence.
OWL → FE CNL: VeryBeautifulGirl → very-beautiful-girl

12. Instances
John is a person.
Instance identifier = each part starts with a capital
letter
and they are separated with hyphens
John-Dow Tanker-Accident-X
OWL → FE CNL: JohnDow → John-Dow
The-”K22 P2”

13. Dealing with namespaces
At first line, when creating a new ontology model in FE, you
can declare a default namespace for your ontology.
Namespace: 'http://www.ontorion.com/ontologies/family-model-instances'.
At last lines, you can define references of other ontology
models that you can use when writing the current model.
References: [family] 'http://www.ontorion.com/ontologies/family' ('.family-
model.encnl').
Then, writing the model, you use the reference name with []
together with notions of referenced ontology.
Mary is a woman[family].
Rose has-parent[family] Mary.

14. Fluent Editor and Ontorion
Semantic technologies

15. Fluent Editor™ 2
User is precisely guided during the entire editing process
Hints
Explanations
Predictive editor
Taxonomy preview

16. Fluent Editor™ 2
build complex scenarios using referenced ontologies from Web or servers

17. Architecture Overview
Executors
Any huge document
repository
modularizator
reasoner
Ontology
database
reasoner
reasoner
reasoner
External data stream
(social, logs, sensors)
CNL Semantic Applications (Desktop or Web)
OCNL

18. Cognitum CNL : OWL equivalence
Semantic technologies

19. Concept subsumption
Every boy is a young-male-man.
Saying that one concept subsumes the other we define
IS-A/taxonomic relation and a concept hierarchy.

20. Concept equivalence
Something is a boy if-and-only-if-it
is a young-male-man.
Every boy is a young-male-man.
Every young-male-man is a boy.
Saying that two concepts are equivalent we say that they
also subsumes each other.

21. Concept intersection
Something is a young-male-man
if-and-only-if-it is a young-
thing that is a male-thing and
is a person.
We can define intersections and unions of any given length.
Something is a young-male-man
if-and-only-if-it is a young-
thing and is a male-thing
and is a person.

22. Concept union
Something is a child if-and-only-if-it
is a boy and-or is a girl.
We can define unions of concepts with the use of and-or
keyword.

23. Negations / Complement
Something is a young-thing if-and-only-if-it
is not an adult-thing.
No young-thing is an adult-thing.
Every-single-thing that is a young-thing
is not an adult-thing.
Everything in the world is an adult-thing or a young-thing.
Every young-thing is not an adult-thing.
The classes of young-thing and adult-thing are disjoint.

24. Value partition / Disjoint union
Something is a person if-and-only-if-it-either
is a child, is a young-thing, is a middle-age-
thing or is an old-thing.
A disjoint union axiom states that a class C is a disjoint union
of the class expressions CEi , 1 ≤ i ≤ n, all of which are pairwise
disjoint.

25. • Existential role restrictions
• Universal role restrictions
Every person is-a-child-of
a parent.
Every person is-a-child-of
nothing-but parents.
These restrictions are complementary to each other.
However, they do not imply each other.
Something is a happy-person if-and-only-if-it
has-child a happy-person and has-child
nothing-but happy-persons.

26. Restrictions
Something is a johns-children
if-and-only-if-it has-parent John.
Something is a my-birthday-guests
if-and-only-if-it is either John,
Mary or Bill.
Property value
Enumeration of individuals

27. Property restrictions
Every person is-a-child-of
at-most two parents.
Every person is-a-child-of
at-least two parents.
Every person is-a-child-of
two parents.
keyword
 less-than
 more-than
≤ at-most
≥ at-least
≠ different-than
= -

28. Restrictions & inversion of roles
Every child is loved by
parents.
We can use inverse of properties in ontology axioms using
„be” and „by” keywords in FE.

29. Keys in ontology
Keys are for uniquely identifying an individual.
Every X that is a person is-unique-if
X has-id something and X has-name something.

30. Cognitum CNL : Property Characteristics
Semantic technologies

31. Property subsumption
If X loves Y then X likes Y.
Role inclusion

32. Axioms on properties (1)
If X has-ancestor something that has-ancestor Y
then X has-ancestor Y. has-ancestor is
transitive
X has-sibling Y if-and-only-if Y has-sibling X. has-sibling is
symmetric
has-child is an
inverse of has-parent
X has-child Y if-and-only-if Y has-parent X.
If X has-child Y then X not has-spouse Y. has-spouse and has-
child are disjoint

33. Axioms on properties (2)
Domain of is-a-wife-
of property is a
woman class
Every-single-thing that is-a-wife-of is a woman.
Range of is-a-wife-of
property is a person
class
Every-single-thing is-a-wife-of nothing-but
persons.
Every-single-thing is not a thing that has-
sibling itself.
Every person likes itself.
has-sibling is irreflexive
likes is reflexive

34. Complex role/property chains
has-parent has-brother
has-uncle
If X has-parent something that has-brother Y
then X has-uncle Y.
Object property chains provide a means to define properties as
a composition of other properties.
SubObjectPropertyOf ( ObjectPropertyChain( OPE1 ... OPEn )
OPE) states that any individual x connected with an individual y
by a chain of object properties expressions OPE1, ..., OPEn is
necessary connected with y by the object property OPE.

35. Data property assertions
John has-name equal-to 'John'.
Lenka borns-on-date equal-to '1975-11-10'.
Tanker-Accident has-time equal-to '2013-07-
08T9:30:40.40'.

36. Data property domain & range
Every-single-thing that has-name (some-value)
is a person.
Every-single-thing has-name nothing-but (some-
string-value).
Keywords used to define date property values are:
some-value, some-string-value, some-integer-value,
some-boolean-value, some-real-value, and some-
datetime-value.

37. Data property axioms
Every adult-person has-age greater-or-
equal-to 18.
= equal-to
 greater-than
 lower-than
≥ lower-or-equal-to
≤ greater-or-equal-to
≠ different-from

38. Regular expressions
Every-single-thing that has-name that-matches-pattern '.*a'
is a female-person.
Regular expressions
[] alternative sign in square brackets, e.g. [A-Z], [tT]he
[^ ] negation, e.g. [^0-9]
| disjunction, e.g. the|The
? optional previous char, e.g. colou?r
* 0 or more of previous char, e.g. [A-Z][a-z]*
+ 1 or more of previous char
. any char
^ beginning anchor
$ end anchor

39. to learn more visit our website:
www.cognitum.eu/semantics/