Current status and utilization of cassava wild Ginés-Mera Fellowship Workshop CIAT, Colombia, 12-13 May 2010 germplasm at Embrapa Cassava & Tropical Fruits

Ginés-Mera Fellowship Workshop
CIAT, Colombia, 12-13 May 2010

Current status and utilization of cassava wild
germplasm at Embrapa Cassava & Tropical Fruits

Alfredo A. C. Alves, PhD
Embrapa Labex-USA
Genetic Resources


Embrapa - Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation
• Coordenation of the Brazilian Agricultural Research System

Embrapa
Headquarters

09 National Thematic
Centers

15 National Product
Centers

13 Agroforesty or Ecorregional
Research Centers

03 S
Special S
i l Services Centers
i C t

17 State Ag. Research Organizations

AACA 8/Oct/2007


National Center for Cassava and Tropical Fruits Research (CNPMF)
Embrapa Cassava & Tropical Fruits

• Created in 1975
• Total area: 262 ha
• 213 Employees, 74 Researchers

MISSION:
to provide solutions for the sustainable development of the cassava and tropical fruit crops
agribusiness by generation, adaptation and transfer of knowledge and technologies for
social benefit



• The mandate crops:

Pineapple Acerola Banana
(Barbados Cherry)
AACA 8/Oct/2007




Citrus Papaya Mango

AACA 8/Oct/2007




Passion Fruit Cassava

AACA 8/Oct/2007


Manihot esculenta Crantz
(Cassava; Mandioca; Yuca; Manioc; Tapioca)

Animal feed
silage, hay, in natura

Human food
leaf flour, maniçoba

Planting material (1/10)

Human food
‘farinha’, boiled and fried roots, starch and its
products

Animal feed
pellets, root flour, raw roots, etc
Industry products
AACA 8/Oct/2007


Many forms of utilization

AACA 4Sep2008


Cassava distribution
Grows between 30oN and 30oS latitude mostly in areas marginal for most
others crops

30oN

30oS


Cassava in the world

Area Production Yield Part. Part. acum.
Países (ha) (t) (t/ha) (%) (%)
Nigeria 3,500,000 33,379,000 9.5 17.1 17.1
Brasil , ,
1,780,870 24,230,332
, , 13.6 12.4 29.5
Thailand 1,050,000 20,400,000 19.4 10.4 39.9
Indonesia 1,285,718 19,196,950 14.9 9.8 49.7
Rep. Dem. Congo 1,900,000 14,950,500 7.9 7.6 57.4
Ghana 819,000 9,828,000 12.0 5.0 62.4
India 270,000 7,100,000 26.3 3.6 66.0
Tanzania 660,000 6,890,000 10.4 3.5 69.5
Mozambique 1,045,625 6,149,897 5.9 3.1 72.7
Angola 640,000 5,600,000 8.8 2.9 75.5
Source: FAO (2005).
(2005)

AACA 8/Oct/2007


2006: Cassava World Production (P): 226 million tons
Harvest Area (A): 19 million ha

30oN

70% P
75% A
Yield 12t/ha

30oS

Drought prone areas
4-7 months water deficit

AACA 4Sep2008


Cassava in Brazil Production (P) ............. 25.725.207 t
Harvested Area (A) ....... 1.886.424 ha
Yield (Y) ........................ 13.6 t/ha
By Region
B R i

P = 28 %
A = 26 %
P = 37 %
Y = 14.7 t/ha
A = 47 %
Y = 10.9 t/ha
P=5%
A=5%
Y = 15.2 t/ha
P = 10 %
A=7%
Y = 18.6 t/ha
Source: IBGE, 2006
P = 20 %
A = 15 %
Y = 17.6 t/ha

AACA 8/Oct/2007


Cassava in Brazil - Production systems

Small farmer production
(mainly for cassava flour
or ‘farinha’)

Larger scale production
for industrial purposes
(for ‘farinha’ and starch)
farinha

AACA 8/Oct/2007


y

Small scale production - subsistence farming

AACA 8/Oct/2007


y

Large scale production - industry

Photos: C. Cardoso

AACA 8/Oct/2007


y

Large scale production - industry

Photos: C. Cardoso
AACA 8/Oct/2007


CONSTRAINTS for cassava
production, processing and market

AACA-28Apr2005


Biotic Stresses:
Pests

cassava green mites (CGM) whitefly

hornworm Mealybug (MB)

AACA-28Apr2005


Biotic Stresses:
Diseases

wet root rot bacteriosis (CBB)

dry root rot

AACA-28Apr2005


Biotic Stresses:
Diseases

Cassava brown streak disease

cassava mosaic disease (CMD

AACA-28Apr2005


Abiotic Stresses:
Drought and poor soils

AACA-28Apr2005


What is behind the mechanisms that make
cassava a famous drought tolerant crop?
g p

Project
Identifying the physiological and genetic traits that make cassava
one of the most drought tolerant crops
Funded by: Generation Challenge Programme (GCP), 2005-present
y g g ( ) p

Main Objectives:

• Id tif functional t it responsible for drought tolerance and yield
Identify f ti l traits ibl f d ht t l d i ld
performance under drought in cassava genotypes

• Identify molecular markers for drought tolerance traits via QTL and candidate
gene mapping towards a more efficient breeding approach for drought
performance of cassava


Identifying functional traits
Storage Root FW (kg/plant)

WW
6
WS
TOL
4

2

0
4.5 MAP 6 MAP 10 MAP
Time

SUS

WW: full irrigation

WS:
WS no i i ti
irrigation from
f
3.0 to 4.5 MAP

Photos: Alfredo Alves
Harvest: 4.5 MAP


Identifying functional traits

SUMMARY

1) Better yielding genotypes have more open stomata, indicating they have
deeper roots and access soil water

2) Genotypes that accumulate substantial stem starch reserves may be more
able to sustain meristems and other respiring organs during a prolonged
stress
t

3) Genotypes that maintain partitioning to storage roots and have high harvest
index yield better in drought

A. Alves 17Sep2008


Cassava Brazilian germplasm collection
Regionals
germplasm banks

5
4

2

Institution
Accessions 1
Responsible BIOMES
Embrapa C
b Cassava & 3
1 Tropical Fruits
2038
Amazon Forest
2 Embrapa Semi-arid 415

3 Embrapa Cerrados 445 Atlantic Forest
4 Embrapa Western
Amazonia
560
7 Savannah
5 Embrapa Eastern
Amazonia
444 8
Semi-Arid
6 EPAGRI 800

7 IAC 300 6 Campos (Plains)
8 IAPAR 200
Pantanal
TOTAL 5202

Coast
Source: Fukuda, 2008


Varieties released to different Brazilian regions/ecosystems
Rosa
Flor de Boi Bujá Amansa Burro
BRS Purus (IM-025) Chapéu de Sol Jussara Salamandra
Zolhudinha (IM-158) Tapioqueira Jurará Aciolina Tianguá
Mãe Joana (IM-186) Peruana IM 158
IM-158 Fragosa
agosa Ubaja a
Ubajara
Amazonas Embrapa-8 Jarina Ibiapaba
Poti Branca Paraguai
Mari (CPATU 297)
Aipim Brasil Maragogipe
IM-006 Poti (CPATU 300)
Kiriris Manteiga
IM-175 Aramaris Saracura
Gema de Ovo Casca Roxa
Dourada Valença
ç
North Rosada Caetité
Mulatinha Catulina
Prata Bibiana
Araçá
Parati Northeast Guaíra
Mani Branca
Crioula
Mestiça
Arari Jaburú
Formosa Cidade Rica
Mantiqueira
M i i Tapioqueira Cigana Preta
Jaçanã Fibra
Pioneira Mico Central Verdinha
Caipira
Platina
Olho Roxo
Iracema
Sonora
IAC 12
IAC 13
West
Arizoninha Preta Sonora
IAC 12-829 IAC 14
Veada Engana Ladrão
IAC 352-6 IAC 15
Unha Mantiqueira (
q (IAC 24-2)
)
EAB-81
EAB 81 Fécula Branca
Fé l B
Sutinga Verdinha (IAC 14-18)
EAB-653 Espeto
Mangue Mirim Preta (IAC 59-210)
Formosa Gema de Ovo
Manjari IAC 12-829
Cacau IAC 576-70
Fibra Ovo Jaçanã (IAC X-352-7)
Sources:
Moraes et al. (1980) Espeto Taquari Amarela Branca de Santa Catarina
Pinho et al. (1986) Branca de Santa Catarina Aipim Gigante Casca Roxa Roxinha
Fukuda & Borges (1989) Fitinha Mantiqueira
M ti i Sinhá está na mesa Mico
Fukuda et al. (2002) Olho Junto Mico Pernambucana Pão do Chile Fibra
Lorenzi et al. (2002) IAC 13 Mandim Branca Cascudinha São Pedro Mirim Pampas Aipim Pretinho
Takahashi &¨Gonçalo (2005) IAC 14 Vassourinha Baianinha Chagas Aipim Roxinho
Fukuda & Iglesias (2006) IAC 15 Fécula Branca IAC 90
Fukuda et al. (2008) Aipim Paraíba Santa Cruz
Machado IAPAR 5017 Vassourinha

BRS Mani Branca (starch and semi-arid)
enhas
Photo Maurício Mascare
o:

Photo: W. Fukuda

Root yield 27.60 t/ha DM 35.20 %

BRS Aramaris (starch and root rot resistance)
enhas
o:

Photo: W. Fukuda

Root yield 29.60 t/ha DM 34 %

Root yield 33.80 t/ha DM 30 %
enhas
o:

Photo: W. Fukuda

BRS Kiriris (starch and root rot resistance)

Varieties Rosada, Dourada, Gema de Ovo
, ,
(rich in lycopene or carotene)

Photos: W. Fukuda

BRS Formosa
(starch and bacteriosis resistant)
enhas
o:

Photo: W. Fukuda

Root yield 42.97 t/ha


Introduction and utilization of wild
Manihot species at Embrapa/CNPMF


Origin of cassava
Areas of cassava
diversity

dense diversity

no dense diversity

98 species of Manihot
Only one cultivated: M. esculenta


Projects related to wild cassava

• Development of low-cost technologies for pyramiding useful genes
from wild relatives of cassava into elite progenitors
Period: 2005-2008
Funded by: Generation Challenge Program (GCP) - G.3005.09
Institutions: CIAT (leader); Embrapa; African NARS (Ghana, Nigeria,
Uganda)

• Utilization of cassava wild species as source of resistance to biotic
and abiotic stresses
Period: 2007-2010
Funded by: Embrapa
Institutions: Embrapa (leader), Brazilian Universities, CIAT


Projects related to wild cassava

• Embrapa´s main activities

Introduction and management of Manihot wild species at CNPMF

Field and greenhouse evaluation of cassava wild germplasm for tolerance
g g p
to biotic and abiotic estresses

Development of in-house MAS capacity to breed for resistance to pests and
diseases

Development of protocols for multiplication and long-term preservation of
wild germplasm
ld l


Introduction of wild germplasm


Sexual seeds of wild species from Embrapa/CENARGEN

Species # Seeds Received on
M. anomala 200 10-mai-05
M. caerulescens 15 22 jun 06
22-jun-06
M. cecropiaefolia 30 10-mai-05
M. cecropiaefolia 30 22-jun-06
M. compositifolia 18 15-abr-08
M. anomala M. dichotoma 15 j
22-jun-06 M. peruviana
M. dichotoma 111 30-nov-07
M. dichotoma 6 15-abr-08
M. flabellifolia 200 10-mai-05
M. glaziovii 200 10-mai-05
M. glaziovii 200 22-jun-06
M. glaziovii M. glaziovii 537 30-nov-07 M. tomentosa
M. glaziovii 195 30-nov-07
M. peruviana 200 10-mai-05
M. pseudoglaziovii cf. 8 15-abr-08
M. tomentosa 30 10-mai-05
M. violacea 100 10-mai-05
TOTAL 2158 M. cecropiaefolia
M. flabellifolia


Transfer of CENARGEN´s collection to CNPMF



Cuttings and sexual seeds from UFBA collection

Collect of accessions of M. dichotoma, M. caerulescens, M. glaziovii, and ‘mandioca
sete anos’ (Sep-Dec/2005)

Photos: Alfredo Alves M. dichotoma (UFB-14, 16, 17)


Cuttings and sexual seeds from Embrapa/CPATSA, Petrolina

• Stakes of 5 accessions of ‘Pornúncia’ (natural hybrid)



Collection expedition of new
species/accessions of Manihot


Collection of new species/accessions

Two collection expeditions
Points of collection: 13
14 accessions of 7 species
i f i
1. caerulescens (5) 5. diamantinensis (1)
2. dichotoma (4) 6. maracasensis (1)
3.
3 glaziovii (1) 7.
7 Pornuncia (1)
4. jacobinensis (1)

One collection expedition
Points of collection: 18
28 accessions of 17 species
1. violacea (8) 10. tristis (1)
2. anomala (2) 11. triphylla (1)
3. tomentosa (2) 12. stipularis (1)
BIOMES 4. tripartita (2) 13. cecropiaefolia (1)
Savannah (Cerrado)
( ) 5. fruticulosa (2) 14. falcata (1)
6.
6 gracilis (1)
ili 15. li if li
15 salicifolia (1)
Semi-Arid (Caatinga) 7. sparsifolia (1) 16. irwinii (1)
8. nana (1) 17. pentaphylla (1)
9. mossamedensis (1)


Collection of new species/accessions

M. stipularis

M. caerulescens

M. diamantinensis M. cecropiaefolia



Status and utilization of the Manihot
collections


Establishment of a manihot wild species collection at
p
CNPMF (begin: Aug/2005)

Currently: ~ 557 accessions of 21 wild species


Embrapa’s field collections of wild Manihot
# Species # of accessions
01 M. anomala 102
02 M. caerulescens 34
03 M.
M cecropiaefolia 8
04 M. compositifolia 13
05 M. dichotoma 44
06 M. epruinosa 1
07 M.
M flabellifolia 75
08 M. glaziovii 63
09 M. irwinii 10
10 M. jacobinensis 4
11 M. janiphoides 1
12 M. maracasensis 1
13 M. peruviana 103
14 M. pseudoglaziovii 35
15 M. tomentosa 34
16 M. tripartita 1
17 M. triphylla 1
18 M. violacea 2
19 'Mandioca sete anos' 11
20 Manihot spp 8
21 'Pornúncia' 6
Total 557



M. glaziovii




M. dichotoma




M. irwinii




M. tomentosa




M. anomala



dicho.
dicho caeru.
caeru dicho.
dicho dicho.
dicho

glazi. maniç. dicho. peruv.

flabe. tomen. peruv. anom.

cecro. escul. escul. irwin.


Sexual seeds collected within wild collection (OP)

peruviana # Species of Manihot # of seeds
01 anomala 3307
02 caerulescens 112
03 cecropiaefolia 301
04 compositifolia 0
05 diamantinensis 0
06 dichotoma 5767
07 flabellifolia 24604
08 fruticulosa 0
flabellifolia
09 glaziovii 179
10 irwinii 1331
11 jacobinensis 33
12 maracasensis 0
13 pentaphylla 0
14 peruviana 25041
15 salicifolia 0
16 tomentosa 1262
17 triphylla 0
dichotoma caerulescens 18 tripartita 0
19 violacea 0
20 'Maniçoba' 2369
21 'Pornúncia'
Pornúncia 22
22 'Sete Anos' 280
TOTAL 64608



4.5. Utilization of wild Manihot germplasm
• Studies on crossbreeding between wild and cultivated species

M. flabellifolia M. esculenta M. esculenta M. tomentosa

X
X
FLA-005-04 A. Bravo

F1 A. Bravo TOM-018V-01

F1

# Pollinated % Fertilized % Fruit % Produced Dehiscense
MOTHER X FATHER
Flowers Flowers Set Seeds (days)
Wild species M. esculenta
X 851 36.0 9.8 6.0 69
(13 sp.) (25 var.)

M.
M esculenta Wild species
X 147 59.2 18.4 6.8 70
(14 var.) (7 sp.)

TOTAL 998 39.4 11.0 6.1 70
Photos: Alfredo Alves Source: Alves et al. (2008)


• Studies on crossbreeding between wild and cultivated species

WILD SPECIES x CULTIVATED
MOTHER X FATHER # Pollinated % Fertilized % Fruit % Produced Dehiscense
(wild) (cultivated) Flowers Flowers Set Seeds (days)
M. anomala M. esculenta 92 43.5 2.2 1.5 66
M. flabellifolia M. esculenta 318 23.3 10.4 8.5 68
M. jacobinensis M. esculenta 43 20.9 9.3 6.2 48
M. peruviana M. esculenta 80 35.0 11.2 6.7 79
M. tomentosa M. esculenta 89 76.4 10.1 4.1 81
Pornúncia M. esculenta 16 18.8 6.2 0 82
TOTAL 638 34.8 9.1 6.3 71

CULTIVATED x WILD SPECIES
MOTHER X FATHER # Pollinated % Fertilized % Fruit % Produced Dehiscense
(wild) (cultivated) Flowers Flowers Set Seeds (days)
M. esculenta M. anomala 14 50.0 14.3 0 66
M. esculenta M. flabellifolia 62 66.1 35.5 15.1 66
M. esculenta M. jacobinensis 20 70.0 0 0 0
M. esculenta M. peruviana 15 100.0 0 0 0
M.
M esculenta M.
M tomentosa 23 30.4
30 4 13.0
13 0 2.9
29 77
M. esculenta Pornúncia 13 23.1 0 0 0
TOTAL 147 59.2 18.4 6.8 70

Source: Alves et al. (2008)


• Evaluation of wild species and interespecific hybrids for resistance to
pests and diseases in different Brazilian regions

5

4
Severity
y

3

2

1

0
M. anomala M. dichotoma M. flabellifolia M. glaziovii M. peruviana

Severity (scale from 0 to 5) de cercospora in different accessions of cassava wild species in
‘São Miguel das Matas’, Bahia
São Matas

Source: Dita et al. (2008)


Clustering of Manihot accessions based on the oviposition
rate of M. tanajoa

2,5
# of egg / female / day

2
e

1,5

1
gs

0,5

0
DIC001p08
FLA030v

MAN093v

FBA096v
ER005-01

LA005-06

ER009-06

ER002-09

DIC587-2

NO002-01

O059v-01

O058v-01

R001v-02

O050v-01
D

UF
M

PER
ANO

ANO

ANO
PE

PE

PE
FL

AN

Source: Noronha et al. (2008)
Genotype


• Studies on pollen and nectar production, pollen viability and citogenetics

120

100
Pollen viability (%)

80

60

40

VIABLE UNVIABLE
20

0
flabellifolia irwinii peruviana tomentosa pornuncia3 esculenta
yp
Genotypes

Source: Vidal et al. (2008)



3500
rains/flower
r

3000

2500
Number of pollen gr

2000

1500

1000

500

0
anomala flabellifolia peruviana tomentosa esculenta
Genotypes




190

80
180
micrometer)

170

160
Pollen diameter (m

150

140
d

130

120

anomala esculenta3 flabellifolia irwinii peruviana tomentosa



Meiosis phases in Manihot species

Source: Silva et al. (2008)


Project Team

EMBRAPA UFRB, Bahia
Alba Farias, CNPMF
Farias Maria Vidal SPONSORS
Alberto Vilarinhos, CNPMF Paulo de Carvalho
Alfredo Alves, CNPMF
Alineaurea Silva, CPATSA
Aloyséia Noronha, CPATU UFRPE, Pernambuco
Antonio Souza, CNPMF Reginaldo de Carvalho
Carlos Ledo, CNPMF 2 scholarships
Fernanda Souza CNPMF
Souza,
Ivo Costa, CENARGEN
Janay Serejo, CNPMF UFPE, Pernambuco
João Tomé, CPATU Ana Benko-Iseppon
pp
Jonny Pereira, CENARGEN
Miguel Dias, CPAA
Miguel Dita, CNPMF CIAT, Colômbia
Rui Mendes, CENARGEN Anthony Bellotti
Vanderlei Santos, CNPMF Hernan Ceballos
~ 15 scholarships Martin Fregene


Thank you!

Alfredo A. C. Alves
Alfredo.Alves@ars.usda.gov
@ g
alfredoalves3@gmail.com

Current status and utilization of cassava wild Ginés-Mera Fellowship Workshop CIAT, Colombia, 12-13 May 2010 germplasm at Embrapa Cassava & Tropical Fruits

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Current status and utilization of cassava wild Ginés-Mera Fellowship Workshop CIAT, Colombia, 12-13 May 2010 germplasm at Embrapa Cassava & Tropical Fruits