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Neurological assessment
1.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito NEUROLOGICAL ASSESSMENTNEUROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
2.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Nervous SystemNervous System Central Nervous System •Brain •Spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System •Cranial nerves •Spinal nerves
3.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Central Nervous System-BrainCentral Nervous System-Brain
4.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Central Nervous System-Spinal CordCentral Nervous System-Spinal Cord
5.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Peripheral Nervous System-12 Pairs of Cranial NervesPeripheral Nervous System-12 Pairs of Cranial Nerves • Originate in the brain • Control many activities in the body • Take impulses to and from the brain
6.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Figure 24.4 Cranial nerves and their target regions. (Sensory nerves are shown in blue; motor nerves, in red.)
7.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Peripheral Nervous System-Spinal nervesPeripheral Nervous System-Spinal nerves • 31 pairs of spinal nerves – 8 pairs of cervical nerves – 12 pairs of thoracic nerves – 5 pairs of lumbar nerves – 5 pairs of sacral nerves – 1 pair of coccygeal nerves
8.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Dermatome: band of skin innervated by the sensory root of a single spinal nerve SPINAL NERVESSPINAL NERVES
9.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Table 24.1 Cranial Nerves
10.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Equipment and suppliesEquipment and supplies • Percussion hammer • Tongue depressor (one broken diagonally for testing the pain sensation) • Wisps of cotton, to assess light to touch sensation • Test tubes of hot and cold water, for skin temperature assessment
11.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Procedure:Procedure: • Explain to the client what you are going to do, why is it necessary, and how he can cooperate. • Wash hands and observe appropriate infection control procedures. • Provide for client privacy. • Determine the client’s history of the following:
12.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Presence of pain in the head, back, or extremities, as well as onset and aggravating and alleviating factors. • Disorientation to time, place, or person. • Speech disorders. • Any history of loss of consciousness, fainting, convulsions, trauma, tingling or numbness, tremors or tics, limping, paralysis, uncontrolled muscle movements, loss of memory, or mood swings. • Alterations in smell, vision, taste, touch, or hearing.
13.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito LanguageLanguage • If the client displays difficulty speaking: Point to common objects, ask the client to name them. Ask the client to read some words and match the printed and written words with pictures. Ask the client to respond to simple verbal and written commands, e.g., “point to your toes” or “raise your left arm.”
14.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito OrientationOrientation • Determine the client’s orientation to time, place, and person by tactful questioning. Ask the client the city and state of residence, time of day, date, day of the week, duration of illness, and names of family members. More direct questioning may be necessary for some people, e.g., “Where are you now? ”What day is it today?”
15.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito MemoryMemory • Listen for lapses of memory. Assess for immediate recall, recent memory and remote memory.
16.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Attention Span and calculationAttention Span and calculation • Ask to recite the alphabet or to count backward from 100.
17.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Physical Assessment of thePhysical Assessment of the Neurologic SystemNeurologic System • Testing cranial nerves • Testing motor function • Testing sensory function • Testing reflexes (Always consider left to right symmetry)
18.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Areas of the Neurologic SystemAreas of the Neurologic System AssessmentAssessment • Testing cranial nerves – I – II – III – IV – V – VI – VII – VIII – IX – X – XI – XII
19.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito l. Olfactory: smelll. Olfactory: smell • Client both eyes and one naris are closed • Place a strong smelling item under each nostril individually and ask the person to identify it.
20.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito ll. Optic: visionll. Optic: vision • Visual acuity -Distance/Central vision: Snellen eye chart -Near vision (hand-held card) • Examine the Optic Fundi by using the Ophthalmoscope
21.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito • Visual acuity – Distance/Central vision: Snellen eye chart; position patient 20 feet (6 meters) from the chart o Patients should wear glasses if needed o Test one eye at a time Eyes – Techniques of ExaminationEyes – Techniques of Examination
22.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Eyes – Techniques of ExaminationEyes – Techniques of Examination • Visual acuity – Near vision: use (Jaeger or Rosenbaum chart (hand-held card) – can also use to test visual acuity at the bedside – hold 14 inches (about 30 cm) from patient’s eyes Rosenbaum chartJaeger chart
23.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito lll. Oculomotorlll. Oculomotor lV. TrochlearlV. Trochlear Vl. AbducensVl. Abducens • Test Extraocular Movements (EOM) • Test direct and consensual pupillary reaction to light • Accommodation
24.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito • Extraocular movements/six cardinal directions of gaze/wagon wheel method • The client must keep the head still while following a pen that you will move in several directions to form a star in front of the client’s eyes. • Always return the pen to the center before changing direction. Eyes – Techniques of ExaminationEyes – Techniques of Examination
25.
Copyright ©2012 by
Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito • Accommodation An object held about 10 cm from the client’s nose Eyes – Techniques of ExaminationEyes – Techniques of Examination
26.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito V. TrigeminalV. Trigeminal • Bilaterally palpate temporal and masseter muscles while patient clenches teeth • (Sensation) Ask client to closed his eyes and test forehead, each cheek, and jaw on each side for sharp or dull (use a cotton swab) sensation. Direct the client to say ‘now’ every time the cotton is felt. • (Reflex) With the individual's eyes open and looking upward, the practitioner takes a strand of cotton, approaches the cornea from the side, and touches it with the cotton. This should initiate a blink response. Both eyes should be tested independently.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Vll. FacialVll. Facial • Ask the client to close both eyes and keep them closed. Try to open them by retracting the upper and lower lids simultaneously and bilaterally. • Ask patient to raise eyebrows, show teeth, grimace, smile, puff both cheeks (Assess face for asymmetry, abnormal movements) • Use the sweet, salty, sour and bitter items to test taste (Between each solution the mouth needs to be rinsed with water)
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Vlll. AcousticVlll. Acoustic • Weber Test (by using a tuning fork). • Rinne test: to compares air and bone conduction • Romberg test: Ask the patient to remain still and close their eyes (for about 20 seconds).
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Ears – Hearing acuityEars – Hearing acuity – Rinne o Compare time of air vs. bone conduction o Place the base of the tuning fork on the client’s mastoid process- and note the number of seconds. o Then move the fork in front the external auditory meatus (1-2 cm) Air and bone conduction (AC and BC)
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito lX. GlossopharyngeallX. Glossopharyngeal X. VagusX. Vagus • Ask the client to open the mouth, depress the client’s tongue with the tongue blade, ask the client to say ”ah” . Usually, the soft palate raises and the uvula remains in the midline • Observe the individual swallowing. • Test gag reflex, warning patient first.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito LX. GLOSSOPHARYNGEALLX. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL X. VAGUSX. VAGUS Ask the client to open the mouth, depress the client’s tongue with the tongue blade, ask the client to say ”ah” . Usually, the soft palate raises and the uvula remains in the midline
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Xl. Spinal AccessoryXl. Spinal Accessory • Test the Trapezius muscle: have the client shrug the shoulders while you resist with your hands • Ask the client to try to touch the right ear to the right shoulder without raising the shoulder. Repeat with the left shoulder
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Xll. HypoglossalXll. Hypoglossal • Ask patient to protrude tongue and move it side to side. Assess for symmetry, atrophy.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Areas of the Neurologic SystemAreas of the Neurologic System AssessmentAssessment • Motor function – Observation of gait and balance – Administration of the Romberg test – Administration of the finger-to-nose test – Observation of rapid alternating action movements
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Observation of gait and balance Ask the client to walk across the room and return
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Romberg’s test for balance. Ask the patient to remain still and close their eyes (for about 20 seconds).
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Finger-to-nose test. -Ask the client to extend both arms from the sides of the body -ask the client to keep booth eyes open -ask the client to touch the tip of the nose with right index finger, and then return the right arm to an extended position. -ask the client to touch the tip of the nose with left index finger, and then return the left arm to an extended position. -Repeat the procedure several times. -Ask the client to close both eyes and repeat the alternating movements
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Observation of rapid alternating action movements -Ask the client to sit with the hands placed palms down on the thighs. -Ask the client to return the hands palms up. -Ask the client to return the hands to a palms-down position. -Ask the client to alternate the movements at a faster pace. Testing rapid alternating movement, palms up. Testing rapid alternating movement, palms down. Testing rapid alternating movement, palms up. Testing rapid alternating movement, palms down.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Areas of the Neurologic SystemAreas of the Neurologic System AssessmentAssessment • Sensory function – Observation of light touch identification – Sharp, dull determination – Stereognosis – Graphesthesia (Number identification)
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito -Evaluation of light touch. -Use wisp of cotton to touch the skin lightly on both sides simultaneously. -Test several areas on both the upper and lower extremities. -Ask the patient to tell you if there is difference from side to side or other "strange" sensations.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Testing the client’s ability to identify sharp sensations. -Ask the client to say “sharp” or “dull” when something sharp or dull is felt on the skin. -Touch the client using random locations. Testing the client’s ability to identify dull sensations Testing the client’s ability to identify sharp sensationsTesting the client’s ability to identify dull sensations Testing the client’s ability to identify sharp sensations
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito -Testing stereognosis using a coin -Use as an alternative to graphesthesia. -Place a familiar object in the patient's hand (coin, paper, pencil, etc.). -Ask the patient to tell you what it is.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito -Testing graphesthesia (Number identification) -With the blunt end of a pen or pencil, draw a large number in the patient's palm. -Ask the patient to identify the number.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Areas of the Neurologic SystemAreas of the Neurologic System AssessmentAssessment • Reflexes (Stimulus-response activities of the body.( – Biceps – Triceps – Brachioradialis – Patellar (knee) – Achilles – Plantar (Babinski). – Abdominal
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Testing the biceps reflex. -The patient's arm should be partially flexed at the elbow with the palm down. -Place your thumb or finger firmly on the biceps tendon. -Strike your finger with the reflex hammer. -look for contraction of the biceps muscle and slight flexion of the forearm.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Testing the triceps reflex. -Support the upper arm and let the patient's forearm hang free. -Strike the triceps tendon above the elbow with the broad side of the hammer. -observe contraction of the triceps muscle with extension of the lower arm.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Testing the brachioradialis reflex. -Have the patient rest the forearm on the abdomen or lap. -Strike the radius about 1-2 inches above the wrist. -Watch for flexion and supination of the forearm.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Testing patellar (knee) reflex, client in a sitting position. -Have the patient sit with the knee flexed. -Strike the patellar tendon just below the patella. -Note contraction of the quadraceps muscle and extension of the knee.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Testing the Achilles tendon reflex with client in a sitting position. -Dorsiflex the foot at the ankle. -Strike the Achilles tendon. -Watch and feel for plantar flexion at the ankle.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Testing the plantar reflex (Babinski). -Stroke the lateral aspect of the sole of each foot with the end of a reflex hammer or key. -Observe for planter flexion of the foot .
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Abdominal reflex testing pattern. -Use a blunt object such as a key or tongue blade. -Stroke the abdomen lightly on each side in an inward and downward direction. -Note the contraction of the abdominal muscles and deviation of the umbilicus towards the stimulus.
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito REFLEXES: SCALE FOR GRADINGREFLEXES: SCALE FOR GRADING Reflexes are usually graded on a 0 to 4+ scale 4+ Very brisk, hyperactive, with clonus (rhythmic oscillations between flexion and extension) 3+ Brisker than average; possibly but not necessarily indicative of disease 2+ Average; normal 1+ Somewhat diminished; low normal 0 No response
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Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Health & Physical Assessment in Nursing, Second Edition Donita D’Amico • Colleen Barbarito Areas of the Neurologic SystemAreas of the Neurologic System Assessment-Additional assessmentsAssessment-Additional assessments
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