Planning as a discipline pays inadequate attention to evaluating its success and failures. As a result, planning “successes” often get defined by others, usually as a lack of success. John Landis, Crossways Professor and Department Chair of City and Regional Planning at the University of Pennsylvania, will provide insight and case studies on planning success stories, as well as provide advice on how to institutionalize success into our efforts. Professor Landis teaches courses in urban economics, property development, land use planning, and green development, among others. His research interests span a variety of urban development topics including growth management, infill housing, and the geography of urban growth. Professor Landis is currently completing a National Science Foundation–funded project to model, forecast, and develop alternative spatial scenarios of U.S. population and employment patterns and their impacts on travel demand, habitat loss, and water use through 2050.

1. 30 Planning and Urban Development Success Stories from Around the Globe: A Preliminary List John D. Landis Department of City & Regional Planning University of Pennsylvania September 2011

12. Transportation Projects

13. Transportation Projects – Success Takeaways Planning-Initiated? Top-down or Participatory Planning Process? Success Takeaway France’s TGV HSR System Yes Top-down Enough speed to be competitive (center to center). Start with higher travel density corridors. Curatiba Integrated BRT System Yes Top-down System requires enough speed and convenience to be competitive. Positive feedback links with longer-term development and density plans. Freiburg’s Integrated Transport & Land Use Planning System Yes Mostly top-down Maximize local, multi-modal mobility: Make it easy (not just easier) to walk or bike. Restrict car use in high-density, short-trip areas; expand bicycle facilities for local and cross-town trips; expand tram service in high-demand corridors Hong Kong International Airport Yes Top-down Maximize traveler convenience, including landside access modes. Include space for subsequent expansion. London’s Congestion Charging Zone No None Spend revenues in ways that improve broad accessibility and convenience. Congestion charging will always be political .

18. Transportation Projects – Success Takeaways Planning-Initiated? Top-down or Participatory Planning Process? Success Takeaway France’s TGV HSR System Yes Top-down Enough speed to be competitive (center to center). Start with higher travel density corridors. Curatiba Integrated BRT System Yes Top-down System requires enough speed and convenience to be competitive. Positive feedback links with longer-term development and density plans. Freiburg’s Integrated Transport & Land Use Planning System Yes Mostly top-down Maximize local, multi-modal mobility: Make it easy (not just easier) to walk or bike. Restrict car use in high-density, short-trip areas; expand bicycle facilities for local and cross-town trips; expand tram service in high-demand corridors Hong Kong International Airport Yes Top-down Maximize traveler convenience, including landside access modes. Include space for subsequent expansion. London’s Congestion Charging Zone No None Spend revenues in ways that improve broad accessibility and convenience. Congestion charging will always be political .

19. Urban Redevelopment and Regeneration Projects

20. Regeneration Projects – Success Takeaways Planning-Initiated? Top-down or Participatory Planning Process? Success Takeaway NYC Public-Private Partnerships Yes Mostly top-down Complex deals require thoughtful, competent and patient deal-makers. Land assembly matters. Canary Wharf Slightly Top-down Inexpensive land, and accessible location, liberal zoning, and cheap finance still count for a lot. Vancouver’s DT Living First Plan Yes Mostly top-down Livability can be designed-in. Local context matters. Be aware of your market. 1992 Barcelona Olympics Somewhat Top-down Plan for the day after. Focus on re-purposing districts as well as individual projects. Bilbao Yes Mostly top-down Promoting heritage-based tourism as a development strategy can work, even in lesser-known places. Innovative marquis projects help. Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Yes Mostly top-down Development can co-exist with conservation and environmental protection, especially when based on consistent and tested principles. Berlin Redevelopment Yes Mostly top-down Design competitions are a useful vehicle for identifying innovative redevelopment options. Millennium Park No None Innovative and careful space programming coupled with strong political leadership Cheonggyecheon (Seoul) No Top-down Innovative and transformative projects can succeed if they resonate with the public.

27. Regeneration Projects – Success Takeaways Planning-Initiated? Top-down or Participatory Planning Process? Success Takeaway NYC Public-Private Partnerships Yes Mostly top-down Complex deals require thoughtful, competent and patient deal-makers. Land assembly matters. Canary Wharf Slightly Top-down Inexpensive land, and accessible location, liberal zoning, and cheap finance still count for a lot. Vancouver’s DT Living First Plan Yes Mostly top-down Livability can be designed-in. Local context matters. Be aware of your market. 1992 Barcelona Olympics Somewhat Top-down Plan for the day after. Focus on re-purposing districts as well as individual projects. Bilbao Yes Mostly top-down Promoting heritage-based tourism as a development strategy can work, even in lesser-known places. Innovative marquis projects help. Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Yes Mostly top-down Development can co-exist with conservation and environmental protection, especially when based on consistent and tested principles. Berlin Redevelopment Yes Mostly top-down Design competitions are a useful vehicle for identifying innovative redevelopment options. Millennium Park No None Innovative and careful space programming coupled with strong political leadership Cheonggyecheon (Seoul) No Top-down Innovative and transformative projects can succeed if they resonate with the public.

28. Post-Disaster Rebuilding

29. Post-Disaster Rebuilding – Success Takeaways Planning-Initiated? Top-down or Participatory Planning Process? Success Takeaways 1995 Kobe Earthquake Yes Top-down Infrastructure rebuilding first, then housing reconstruction. Don’t rush. Upgrade codes and construction technologies. Use allowances and certificates to deal with immediate shelter and service needs. Strong political leadership is extremely important. Post-war Croatia Partially Top-down Start with a comprehensive (but quick) survey of rebuilding needs. Develop a robust but transparent prioritization system for addressing them. Work to integrate outside financial and in-kind assistance into locally-generated rebuilding program.

32. Environmental Planning

33. Environmental Planning – Success Takeaways Planning-Initiated? Top-down or Participatory Planning Process? Success Takeaway Seoul Greenbelt Partially Top-down Act “while the iron is hot.” Include room for anticipated growth. Costa Rica’s Sustainable Forestry Practices Partially Initially top-down; later mix Political leadership is essential when taking on property interests. Montreal Protocol No Top-down Act while the iron is hot. Allow for liberal phasing-in of regulations while pre-empting potential backsliding. US Local Land Trusts No Bottom-up Buying land locally is the best, most durable, and least controversial way to protect it; but works best when part of a larger conservation plan. Patagonia National Park (Chile) No Top-down Buying land is the best way to protect it, but make sure you buy the “best” land. Sustainable Stockholm Yes Both No silver bullet: Coupled multiple, incremental, and synergistic technological, design and institutional changes.

34. COSTA RICA: FOREST SUSTAINABILITY AS NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY . Source: Silva, 2003. Latin American Politics and Society Historically, Costa Rica—like many tropical countries—suffered high rates of deforestation. By 1987, only 29% of Costa Rica was covered by forests, down from 85% in 1900. The administration of President Daniel Oduber (1974-78) was the first to turn this around, putting forest conservation on par with timber harvesting operations, and creating a national park system. These efforts continued under subsequent Costa Rican presidents, especially Oscar Arias (1986-1990), whose administration combined administrative responsibilities for overseeing natural resources planning and energy and mining production into a single high-level ministry. A national reforestation program was subsequently started in the late 1980s with the help of the Dutch government. The resource conservation agenda was further broadened during the late 1990s under the administration of President Jose Figueres Olsen to include biodiversity and ecotourism as a vehicle for national economic development. More importantly, the responsibility for administering conservation efforts was decentralized from the central government in San Jose, to eleven regional offices. Today, w ith nearly 30% of its landmass held in parks and conservation reserves, Costa Rica produces over 90% of its electricity through renewable means such as hydroelectric, geothermal and wind power. Costa Rica is ranked 128 th among nations in terms of per capita CO2 emissions—lower than any other county of comparable per capita GDP. Tourism, much of it eco-tourism, is currently the first or second largest sector of Costa Rica’s economy.

36. PATAGONIA NATIONAL PARK (CHILE) . Source: http://www.conservacionpatagonica.org/buildingthepark.htm In the late 1990s, The Conservation Land Trust (funded by American entrepreneur Doug Tompkins) established Pumalin Park, a 756,000-acre sanctuary in south Chile to protect native wildlife from mining, agricultural intrusion, and proposed dam construction. In 2002, a successor trust, Conservacion Patagonica (CP), secured 165,000 acres of coastal wilderness in Argentina for the new Monte Leon National Park. In 2004, CP took on the creation of the 650,000-acre Patagonia National Park in Chile's Chacabuco Valley by purchasing the 173,000-acre Estancia Valle Chacabuco, formerly one of Chile's largest sheep ranches. Subsequent years saw additional ranchland purchases. CP’s plans call for coupling these 200,000 privately-acquired acres with 460,000 acres that are currently part of Chile’s Jeinimeni and Tamango National Reserves. CP’s stated goal is to convert existing sheep and cattle ranch lands back to their original status as wildlife grasslands, and to spark a local economy based on conservation, not unsustainable sheep ranching. These efforts have not been uncontroversial, with some local stakeholders concerned over the efforts of foreigners, especially Americans, to purchase large land holdings and stipulate their future uses.

37. Housing and Community Development

38. Housing and Community Development Planning-Initiated? Top-down or Participatory Planning Process? Success Takeaway Kampung Improvement Program Mostly Participatory Successful community upgrading requires a range of locally-identified and synergistic (but not necessarily expensive) strategies and programs. Soweto Electrification Program No None Availability of basic urban services (power and water) trumps housing or building quality. US Low-income Housing Tax Credit No Top-down Competition recognizes and rewards quality and responsive development. Program is transparent but not easy. Success build capacity. No federal bureacracy. Amsterdam Docklands Housing Projects Yes Top-down There is a strong market for “distinguished” density, especially when it pays attention (but is not a slave to) the local context. Minha Casa, Minha Vida Partially Top-down Low-income mortgage assistance programs work best when tiered and targeted and connected to a construction pipeline.

43. Large-scale City Master Planning

48. Large-scale City Master Planning – Success Takeaways Planning-Initiated? Top-down or Participatory Planning Process? Success Takeaway Singapore Mostly Mostly top-down The British-Asian model of large-scale vision/structure/infrastructure investment plans linked to regulatory master/ implementation plans is still a good one Shenzhen Partially Top-down Ditto. But in high-growth situations, both the structure and master plans should be revisited frequently. Hsinchu Science Park (Taiwan) Partially Top-down Cheap land, highway access, agglomeration economies, and government sponsorship, not planning are the keys to developing a world-class science/R&D park. The New Urbanism Yes Top-down Functional and community amenity-driven designs and site plans that lead the market (but not too much). Designs emphasize real choices and graceful density.

49. Ones to Watch

50. ONES TO WATCH . ◄ New York City’s PlaNYC Murray-Darling River Basin Plan ► ◄ Masdar Sustainable City (Abu Dhabi) Song Do International Business District (S. Korea)►

51. Takeaways

53. What to Avoid