Polkadot JAM Slides - Token2049 - By Dr. Gavin Wood
Overview of FreeBSD PMC Tools
1. PmcTools: Whole-system, low-overhead
performance measurement in FreeBSD
Joseph Koshy
FreeBSD Developer
18 April 2009
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 1 / 48
2. Outline
Introduction
1
Introducing PmcTools
PmcTools
2
Architectural Overview
API
Design Issues
Profiling
Implementation
Status & Future Work
3
Status
Future Projects
Research Topics
Conclusion
4
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 2 / 48
3. Introduction
Goals Of This Talk
Introduce FreeBSD/PmcTools.
Introduce BSD culture.
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 3 / 48
4. Introduction
About FreeBSD
http://www.freebsd.org/
Popular among appliance makers, ISPs, web hosting providers:
Fast, stable, high-quality code, liberal license.
FreeBSD culture in one sentence: “Shut up and code”.
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 4 / 48
5. Introduction
About jkoshy@FreeBSD.org
FreeBSD developer since 1998.
Technical interests:
Performance analysis; the design of high performance software.
Low power computing.
Higher order, typed languages.
Writing clean, well-designed code.
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 5 / 48
6. Introduction
The Three Big Questions in Performance Analysis
What is the system doing?
1
Where in the code does the behaviour arise?
2
What is to be done about it?
3
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 6 / 48
7. Introduction
Question 1: What is the system doing?
System behaviour:
Traditional UNIX tools: vmstat, iostat, top, systat, ktrace,
truss.
Counters under the sysctl hierarchy.
Compile time options such as LOCK PROFILING.
New tools like dtrace.
Machine behaviour:
Modern CPUs have in-CPU hardware counters measuring
hardware behaviour: bus utilization, cache operations, instructions
decoded and executed, branch behaviour, floating point and vector
operations, speculative execution, . . .
Near zero overheads, good precision.
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 7 / 48
8. Introduction
Question 2: Which portion of the system is
responsible?
Which subsystems are involved?
Where specifically in the code is the problem arising?
System performance is a “global” property.
“Local” inspection of code not always sufficient.
As a community we are still exploring the domain of performance
analysis tools:
Which data to collect.
Collecting it with low-overheads.
Making sense of the information collected.
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 8 / 48
9. Introduction Introducing PmcTools
Introduction
1
Introducing PmcTools
PmcTools
2
Architectural Overview
API
Design Issues
Profiling
Implementation
Status & Future Work
3
Status
Future Projects
Research Topics
Conclusion
4
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 9 / 48
10. Introduction Introducing PmcTools
PmcTools Project Goals
Low−overheads
Whole−system
Measurements
FreeBSD Tier−1
Architectures
PmcTools
Use in production
Have Fun!
Platform for
Interesting tools
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 10 / 48
11. Introduction Introducing PmcTools
Performance Analysis: Conventional vs. PmcTools
Description Conventional PmcTools
Need special binaries Yes No
Dynamically loaded objects No Yes
Profiling scope Executable Process & System
Need restart Yes No
Measurement overheads High Low
Profiling tick Time Many options
Profile inside critical sections No Yes (x86)
Cross-architecture analysis No Yes
Distributed profiling No Yes
Production use No Yes
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 11 / 48
12. Introduction Introducing PmcTools
Related open-source projects
Linux Many projects related to PMCs:
Oprofile: http://oprofile.sourceforge.net/
Perfmon: http://perfmon2.sourceforge.net/
Perfctr: http://sourceforge.net/projects/perfctr/
Rabbit: http://www.scl.ameslab.gov/Projects/Rabbit/
Solaris CPC(3) library.
NetBSD A pmc(3) API.
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 12 / 48
13. PmcTools Architectural Overview
Introduction
1
Introducing PmcTools
PmcTools
2
Architectural Overview
API
Design Issues
Profiling
Implementation
Status & Future Work
3
Status
Future Projects
Research Topics
Conclusion
4
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 13 / 48
14. PmcTools Architectural Overview
Overview: Architecture
process
process
process
log
libpmc
hwpmc
kernel
CPU
CPU
CPU
CPU
CPU
CPU
A platform to build tools that use PMC data.
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 14 / 48
15. PmcTools Architectural Overview
Components
hwpmc kernel bits
kernel changes (see later)
libpmc application API
pmccontrol management tool
pmcstat proof-of-concept application
pmcannotate contributed tool
etc... others in the future
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 15 / 48
16. PmcTools Architectural Overview
PMC Scopes
#0
#1
#2
#3
#4
CPU 0 CPU 1 CPU 2 CPU 3
Process−scope PMC
System−scope PMC
1 process-scope PMC & 2 system-scope PMCs simultaneously active.
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 16 / 48
17. PmcTools Architectural Overview
Counting vs. Sampling
Process−scope, System−scope,
Counting Counting
Process−scope, System−scope,
Sampling Sampling
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 17 / 48
18. PmcTools Architectural Overview
Using system-scope PMCs
process
process
kernel
Three system scope PMCs, on three CPUs.
Measure behaviour of the system as a whole.
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 18 / 48
19. PmcTools Architectural Overview
Using process-scope PMCs
owner
target
2: attach
1: allocate
kernel
A process-scope PMC is allocated & attached to a target process.
Entire “row” of PMCs reserved across CPUs.
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 19 / 48
20. PmcTools API
Introduction
1
Introducing PmcTools
PmcTools
2
Architectural Overview
API
Design Issues
Profiling
Implementation
Status & Future Work
3
Status
Future Projects
Research Topics
Conclusion
4
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 20 / 48
21. PmcTools API
API Overview
Categories:
Administration (2).
Convenience Functions (8).
Initialization (1).
Log file handling (3).
PMC Management (10).
Queries (7).
Arch-specific functions (1).
32 functions documented in 15 manual pages. 10 manual pages for
supported hardware events.
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 21 / 48
22. PmcTools API
Example: API Usage
attach
allocate
start
release
stop read
Allocate a PMC; returns a handle.
pmc allocate()
Attach a PMC to a target process.
pmc attach()
Start a PMC.
pmc start()
Read PMC values.
pmc read()
Stop a PMC.
pmc stop()
Release resources.
pmc release()
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 22 / 48
23. PmcTools Design Issues
Introduction
1
Introducing PmcTools
PmcTools
2
Architectural Overview
API
Design Issues
Profiling
Implementation
Status & Future Work
3
Status
Future Projects
Research Topics
Conclusion
4
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 23 / 48
24. PmcTools Design Issues
PMCs Vary A Lot
AMD Athlon XP 4 PMCs, 48 bits wide.
AMD Athlon64 4 PMCs, Different set of hardware events.
Intel Pentium MMX 2 PMCs. 40 bits wide. Counting only.
Intel Pentium Pro 2 PMCs, 40 bits for reads, 32 bits for writes.
Intel Pentium IV 18 PMCs shared across logical CPUs. En-
tirely different programming model.
Intel Core Number of PMCs and widths vary. Has
programmable & fixed-function PMCs.
Intel Core/i7 As above, but also has per-package PMCs.
PMCs are closely tied to CPU micro-architecture.
PMC capabilities, supported events, access methods,
programming constraints can vary across CPU generations.
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 24 / 48
25. PmcTools Design Issues
API Design Issues
Issues:
Designing an extensible programming interface for application use.
Allowing knowledgeable applications to make full use of hardware.
PmcTools philosophy:
Make simple things easy to do.
Make complex things possible.
Current “UI” uses name=value pairs:
% pmcstat -p k8-bu-fill-request-l2-miss,
mask=dc-fill+ic-fill,usr
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 25 / 48
26. PmcTools Profiling
Introduction
1
Introducing PmcTools
PmcTools
2
Architectural Overview
API
Design Issues
Profiling
Implementation
Status & Future Work
3
Status
Future Projects
Research Topics
Conclusion
4
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 26 / 48
27. PmcTools Profiling
Conventional Statistical Profiling
Needs specially compiled binaries (cc -pg).
Sampling runs off the clock tick.
Cannot profile inside kernel critical sections.
“In-place” record keeping.
Call graph is approximated.
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 27 / 48
28. PmcTools Profiling
PmcTools’ Statistical Profiling
Sets up PMCs to interrupt the CPU on overflow.
Uses an NMI to drive sampling (on x86):
Can profile inside kernel critical sections.
Needs lock-free implementation techniques.
Separates record keeping from data collection.
Captures the exact callchain at the point of the sample.
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 28 / 48
29. PmcTools Profiling
Profiling with NMIs
HWPMC(4)
hwpmc_hook()
machine dependent trap handler
trap()
low level trap handler
log file
NMI
#0
#1
#2
#3
hwpmc helper
hardclock()
thread
record sample
lock−less ring per−owner
CPU 0 CPU 1 CPU 2 CPU 3
buffers log buffer
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 29 / 48
30. PmcTools Profiling
Profiling Workflow
System/application
hwpmc(4) logfile
under investigation
pmcstat
pmcstat
gprof(1) data
gprof
gprof(1) output
Uses gprof(1) to do user reports (currently):
Needs to be redone: gprof(1) limitations.
Call chains are captured and used to generate call graphs.
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 30 / 48
31. PmcTools Profiling
Profiling of Shared Objects
0 0xFFFFFFFF
text data bss heap mmap stack Kernel
unmapped rtld command line
arguments
data
data
data
text
text
Each executable object in the system gets its own gmon.out file:
kernel
kernel modules
executables
shared libraries
run time loader
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 31 / 48
32. PmcTools Profiling
Remote Profiling
log data
analysis
system under
console
measurement
pmc configure log() takes a file descriptor.
Can log to a disk file, a pipe, or to a network socket.
Events in log file carry timestamps for disambiguation.
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 32 / 48
33. PmcTools Implementation
Introduction
1
Introducing PmcTools
PmcTools
2
Architectural Overview
API
Design Issues
Profiling
Implementation
Status & Future Work
3
Status
Future Projects
Research Topics
Conclusion
4
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 33 / 48
34. PmcTools Implementation
Implementation Information
Module Comments
31K LoC, i386&amd64
sys/dev/hwpmc,
sys/sys/pmc*.h
3.3K LoC
lib/libpmc
5.4K LoC
usr.sbin/*
documentation 29 manual pages, 11K LoD
All public APIs have manual pages.
All hardware events, and their modifiers are documented.
The internal API between libpmc and hwpmc is also documented.
See also: “Beautiful Code Exists, If You Know Where To Look”, CACM,
July 2008.
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 34 / 48
35. PmcTools Implementation
Impact on Base Kernel
Space Requirements 2 bits (P HWPMC, TDP CALLCHAIN). Uses free
bits in existing flags words.
Kernel Changes Clock handling, kernel linker, MD code, process
handling, scheduler, VM (options HWPMC HOOKS).
Kernel Callbacks
scheduler low−level (assembler)
kernel linker trap()
hwpmc
VM (mmap)
exec
clock handling
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 35 / 48
36. PmcTools Implementation
Portability
Application Portability High.
Portability of libpmc Moderate. Requires a POSIX-like system.
Adding support for new PMC hardware Moderate.
Kernel bits Low.
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 36 / 48
37. Status & Future Work Status
Introduction
1
Introducing PmcTools
PmcTools
2
Architectural Overview
API
Design Issues
Profiling
Implementation
Status & Future Work
3
Status
Future Projects
Research Topics
Conclusion
4
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 37 / 48
38. Status & Future Work Status
Current State
Proof-of-concept application pmcstat is the current “user
interface”.
Crufty.
Low overheads (design goal: 5%) and tunable.
In production use. Being shipped on customer boxes by appliance
vendors.
Support load on the rise (esp. requests for support of new
hardware).
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 38 / 48
39. Status & Future Work Status
Support load
Volunteer project. Initial hardware bought from pocket, or on loan.
Current hardware support:
12 combinations of {PMC hardware × 32/64 bit OS variants} × 9
OS versions [FreeBSD 6.0 · · · 6.4, 7.0 · · · 7.2, 8.0] = 108
combinations!
Need a hardware lab to manage testing and bug reports.
Need an automated test suite that is run continuously.
Also useful for detecting OS & application performance regressions
early.
Email support load is on the rise:
Rise in FreeBSD adoption.
FreeBSD users and developers worldwide now chipping in with
features, bug fixes, offering tutorials and spreading the word.
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 39 / 48
40. Status & Future Work Future Projects
Introduction
1
Introducing PmcTools
PmcTools
2
Architectural Overview
API
Design Issues
Profiling
Implementation
Status & Future Work
3
Status
Future Projects
Research Topics
Conclusion
4
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 40 / 48
41. Status & Future Work Future Projects
Profiling the Cloud
traffic
Control/Data
Analysis Console
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 41 / 48
42. Status & Future Work Future Projects
Other project ideas
A graphical visualizer “console”.
Enhance gprof, or write a report generator afresh.
Link up with existing profile based optimization frameworks.
Allow performance analysis of non-native architectures.
Support non-x86 PMCs.
Integrate PmcTools and DTrace.
Port to other BSDs and/or OpenSolaris.
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 42 / 48
43. Status & Future Work Research Topics
Introduction
1
Introducing PmcTools
PmcTools
2
Architectural Overview
API
Design Issues
Profiling
Implementation
Status & Future Work
3
Status
Future Projects
Research Topics
Conclusion
4
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 43 / 48
44. Status & Future Work Research Topics
Profile guided system layout
applications
kernel
L1/L2/L3
Cache
Lay out the whole system to help “hot” portions remain in cache.
Would require an augmented toolchain
(http://elftoolchain.sourceforge.net/) & enhancements to
hwpmc(4).
Useful for low end devices using direct-mapped caches.
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 44 / 48
45. Status & Future Work Research Topics
Detection of SMP data structure layout bugs
struct shared
...
char sh foo;
int sh bar;
char sh buzz;
...
;
Would use a combination of static analysis & hwpmc(4) data.
Detection of the poor cache line layout behaviour.
Cache line ping-ponging between CPUs.
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 45 / 48
46. Status & Future Work Research Topics
Profiling for power use
What part of the system consumes power?
Where in the code is power being spent?
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 46 / 48
47. Conclusion
Introduction
1
Introducing PmcTools
PmcTools
2
Architectural Overview
API
Design Issues
Profiling
Implementation
Status & Future Work
3
Status
Future Projects
Research Topics
Conclusion
4
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 47 / 48
48. Conclusion
Talk Summary
FreeBSD/PmcTools was introduced.
The design & implementation of PmcTools was looked at.
Possible future development and research directions for the
project were touched upon.
Joseph Koshy (FreeBSD Developer) FreeBSD/PmcTools 18 April 2009 48 / 48