Introduction about AAT-Taiwan Project

Introduction about AAT-Taiwan Project
Sophy Shu-Jiun Chen
Assistant Research Engineer
Research Center for Information Technology Innovation,
Academia Sinica
2010 AAT-Taiwan Workshop 2010/6/2 (Wed)

2
AGENDA

Preface

Introductions

Current Outcomes

Methodology

Equivalence Mapping & Translation Issues

Future Strategic Development
2

3
Preface

Throughout the years, TELDAP (Taiwan e-Learning
and Digital Archives Program) has successfully
accumulated more than 3 million digitized items.

We strive to explore new ways to share this
abundant collection with the audience worldwide.

4
In order to bring our collection to the
world, we face the following
challenges:

Most of the digital objects and the metadata are
in Chinese.
How to overcome the language barrier?

How to integrate different terms used by various
institution and projects under the TELDAP in
describing similar concept?

5
Introductions

AAT-Taiwan multilingual research
project
The goal is to collaborate with GRI
(Getty Research Institute) in
developing the Chinese-language Art
& Architecture Thesaurus (AAT), and
ultimately provide the global
communities a fully integrated
multilingual thesaurus online (with
broader, narrower, and related
concepts of the designated search
item).
5

6
Introductions – milestone
6
2008
July 12~20 AAT-Taiwan feasibility study (Workshop I) in Getty
 A week-long visit to the Getty Research Institute in Los Angeles for a series of
working meetings and presentations organized by the Getty Vocabulary Program
 Discussion includes: focuses, scope, methodology, agenda of the collaboration
project and also its technical and licensing issues
– The Getty Vocabularies: programmatic, structural, and content overview （ by
GETTY / Patricia Harpring ）
– AAT Overview and Design Principles （ by GETTY/ Patricia Harpring, Joan Cobb ）
– Issues and challenges in multilingual equivalency work; lessons learned on the
Spanish AAT translation project （ by GETTY / Murtha Baca ）
– Overview of TELDAP Programs and Aactivities （ by TELDAP / D.T. Lee ）
– The NDAP Union Catalogue and the use of controlled vocabularies (by TELDAP /
Arthur Chen & Feng-Chien Chung)
– Toward a Multilingual Thesaurus: Strategies and Approaches (by TELDAP / Shu-
Jiun Chen)
– Applying Getty AAT for the multilingual development of NTU Anthropology
collection controlled vocabulary (by TELDAP / C.M. Tsai)
– All possible words: creating controlled vocabulary to enhance the multilingual
development of TELDAP (by TELDAP / Hsueh-Hua Chen & C.M. Tsai)
– Personal Name Authority: Ming Qing Biographical Database (by TELDAP / Huei-jing
Lin) The Getty’s Vocabulary Coordination Sytem (VCS) （ by GETTY/ by Joan Cobb
and Gregg Garcia ）
– Discussion of technical issues for building a Chinese-language AAT （ by GETTY &
TELDAP ）
– Discussion of editorial and workflow issues for Chinese AAT translation （ by
GETTY, TELDAP ）
– Wrap-up and next steps （ by GETTY, TELDAP ）

2009
February 20 AAT-Taiwan Pilot Study (Workshop II) in Academia Sinica
 Dr. Murtha Baca of the Getty and Professor Marcia Zeng from Kent
State University, Ohio were invited to Academia Sinica to share their
insight with the AAT-Taiwan project members.
 Discussion includes: translation, contribution, system development, and
localization.
– Notes on Translating and Contributing to the Getty’s Art &
Architecture Thesaurus （ by Murtha Baca ）
– AAT-Taiwan Progress Update （ by Sophy Chen ）
– How Art Is Relevant : An Introduction to the Online Exhibition Time
and Culture （ by Cheng-hua Wang ）
– The collaboration in building Chinese AAT system for bilingual
thesaurus services （ by Ya-ning Chen, Feng-chien Chung ）
– Connecting indigenous knowledge to Global Society : Multilingual
Development of TELDAP (by Sherry Chen, Chiung-min Tsai)
– Knowledge Engineering for TELDAP (by Keh-Jiann Chen)
– Authoring Tool of AAT with DADT : a Prototype (by Shih Lin)
– AAT Translation Assessment Process (by Cingju Cheng, Sophy Chen)
– Final Discussion and Wrap Up (by Marcia Zeng)

2009
September
21~24
Work Meeting of the Development and Research of AAT-Taiwan (Workshop III) in
Getty
 Discussion includes: system development issues, translation issues and
workflow, collaboration with ARTstor, translation and license of the Getty
publications.
September 27~
October 1
CIDOC 2009 Conference in Chile
 Meet up with all the member countries of the Getty multilingual projects. As a
result, a Multilingual Vocabulary Working Group has been set up by GRI as a
means to establish close communication among international collaborators
 international collaborators include Centro de Documentación de Bienes
Patrimoniales (DIBAM, Chile), Netherlands Institute for Art History (Netherland),
and State Museums of Berlin/Institute for Museum Research (Germany).
November
11~14
MCN 2009 Annual Conference in Portland
 The Department of Asian Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art expresses
interest in AAT-Taiwan. Discuss possible future collaboration in the conference
– A Close Look at Bilingual Translation Methods and Issues
– Bilingual Equivalence Mapping Methods and Issues
– Contribution and Creation of New Concepts in the Bilingual
Thesaurus Methods and Practices
– AAT-Taiwan System Development
– Collaboration between TELDAP and ARTStor
– Translation of GRI Publication

2010
January 28 ARTstor Pilot Study
 Translating 500 digital collection from 14 TELDAP projects by utilizing AAT-
Taiwan for control vocabulary purpose. Record types range from art, history,
archeology, anthropology to material culture.
Early March Art & Architecture Thesaurus Taiwan (AAT-Taiwan) System officially launched
at the 2010 Taiwan e-Learning and Digital Archives Program Exhibition
 Official Website: http://aat.teldap.tw
 Of the total 34000 records, 15000 were translated by March 2010
 Assessment on future sustainable development of AAT-Taiwan
April 20 Workshop on the Construction and Multilingualization of a Lexical Knowledge
Base in Academia Sinica
 AAT-Taiwan and the Sinica Bow (Chinese WordNet) share methods and
experience of the projects
 Lewis Yeh from the Department of Asian Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
also attended the workshop.
June License Agreement and Letter of Agreement for Contributions were signed by
the Getty and TELDAP

2010
June 2~7 AAT-Taiwan Workshop IV in Academia Sinica
 Dr. Dagobert Soergel of SUNY Buffalo was invited to Academia Sinica to share
his insight with the AAT-Taiwan research team.
 Discussion includes: methodology, equivalence mapping, translation, and future
strategic development.
 Special Speech for AAT-Taiwan Workshop : Illuminating Chaos, Using
Semantics to Harness the Web (Dr. Dagobert Soergel)
August 23~26 Multilingual Vocabulary Project Workshop (Workshop V) in Getty
 Members of the Multilingual Vocabulary Working Group (set up in October 2009
by GRI) will attend to discuss project progress and issues, including Centro de
Documentación de Bienes Patrimoniales (DIBAM, Chile), Netherlands Institute
for Art History (Netherland), and State Museums of Berlin/Institute for Museum
Research (Germany)
September
6~10
ECDL 2010 (Workshop V ) in Glasgow
 Attend the poster session of European Conference on Research and Advanced
Technology for Digital Libraries (ECDL) at Glasgow this fall.
 Poster accepted : AAT-Taiwan: Toward a Multilingual Access to Cultural
Objects

11
Introductions – task forces

This project is comprised of five task forces:
– Methodology R&D
– Equivalence Mapping
– Translation
– Localization, Creation of New Concepts and
Contribution
– Technical and Functional development
– Research & collaboration
– System Maintenance & Service

12
The Framework
Cross-Division Coordination
跨分項協調小組 (C)
Equivalence Mapping
等同關係對照 (M)
Translation
翻譯 (T)
Scope Note of New Concept
範圍註撰寫 (N)
System Development
系統開發 (S)
Expert Group
專家團隊 (E)
Contribution
詞彙貢獻 (C)

13
Equivalence Mapping (M)
Cross-Division Coordination 跨分項協調 (C)
等同關係對照 Equivalence Mapping (M)
中英對照 (M2)
Mapping
確認詞彙來源
Identify Sources
詞彙英譯
Identify the Eng term
參考資料
References
在 AAT 對照到的架構
Locate the term in AAT
確認中文詞彙 (M1)
Identify Chinese terms
故宮器物
National Palace Museum
台灣古建築圖解事典
Traditional Architecture in Taiwan
中國工藝美術辭典
Dictionary of Chinese Arts and Crafts
知識網
Knowledge Web of Taiwan’s Diversity
人類學 / 科博館
Anthropology / NMNS
Translation
翻譯 (T)
英翻中 (T2_EC)
English to Chinese Translation
Scope Note
範圍註撰寫 (N)
撰寫範圍註 (N2)
Create a new record with required fields
中翻英 (T2_CE)
Chinese to English Translation
確認詞彙類型 (M3)
Identify Types of
Equivalence Mapping
完全等同 (M3_EE)
Exact Equivalence
不完全等同 (M3_IE)
Inexact Equivalence
部分等同 (M3_PE)
Partial Equivalence
一對多 (M3_SM)
Single to Multiple
不等同 (M3_NE)
Non-Equivalence
• mapped to a broader
or narrower term
• determine the
importance of this
concept
• pass on the concept
to (N)

14
Translation (T)
翻譯 Translation (T)
Expert Group
專家審訂 (E)
前置作業 (T1)
Preparation for Translation
確認翻譯內容 (T1_I)
Identify Translation Materials
資料整理 / 更新 (T1_F)
File compilation and update
翻譯 (T2)
Translation
募集兼任譯者 (T1_R)
Translators recruitment
英翻中 (T2_EC)
中翻英 (T2_CE)
校訂 (T3)
Proofread
統一詞彙翻譯與格式 (T3_U)
Unified terms and format
內容審訂 (E2)
Content Verification
譯者品質管理 (T3_QC)
Translation Quality Control
Equivalence Mapping
Scope Note
範圍註 (N)
System Development
系統開發 (S)
著錄翻譯內容、圖片、參考書目
Input data into the system
• translate matched AAT terms
• add required fields in AAT-
Taiwan (additional note, sources,
variant terms, transliterated
Chinese term, etc )
• translate the terms into
English, submit to AAT
募集校訂人員 (T3_R)
Proofreaders recruitment
review
(a) approved
(b) revision

15
Scope Note of New Concept (N)
範圍註撰寫 Scope note of new concept (N)
Create a new record with
required fields
遵循 Getty 和 TELDAP 的指引
Follow editorial guideline
to create a record in Chinese
搜集資料 (N1)
Data Collection
參考權威資料
Authoritative References
增加相關圖檔 ( Ｎ 3)
Find images
Equivalence Mapping
Expert Group
專家審訂 (E)
Translation
翻譯 (T)
中翻英 (T2_CE)
System Development
系統開發 (S)
校訂 (T3)
Proofread
內容審訂 (E2)
Partial Equivalence
review
approved

16
Expert Group (E)
專家審訂 Expert Group (E)
Translation
翻譯 (T)
中翻英 (T2_CE)
前置作業 (E1)
Preparation
確認內容 (E1_I)
Identify Content
審訂表整理更新 (E1_F)
Scope Note
範圍註 (N)
完成新增中文詞彙所有的欄位資料 (N3)
內容審訂 (E2)
專家修訂 (E2_RE)
Revision by Expert
範圍註準確性 (E2_NA)
Scope Note Accuracy
翻譯準確性 (E2_TA)
Translation Accuracy
Content experts need to
verify the accuracy of
the provided terms.
If they determine it’s
accurate, then the data
will be inputted into the
system; if not, revision
is needed before the data
can be submitted to AAT and
AAT-Taiwan.
System Development
系統開發 (S)
review
(a) approved
(b) reject or modified
中翻英 (T2_EC)
English to ChineseTranslation

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Contribution (C)
Equivalence Mapping
Translation
翻譯 (T)
範圍註撰寫 (N)
System Development
系統開發 (S)
Expert Group
專家團隊 (E)
Contribution
詞彙貢獻 (C)

Translation Progress Update
last updated: 2010/6/1
Total Terms in AAT-Taiwan ： 12165

20
Chinese Pinyin
Records contributed to the AAT
must include at least one transliterated
(i.e. Romanized) term, in addition to
the term(s) rendered with Chinese characters.
At least one of the transliterated terms
for each record should be in the
Pinyin or Wade-Giles transliteration schemes...“

Contribution of New Concepts

17 cultural-specific concepts are contributed to AAT

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corresponding images
Terms in different language

29
External Link to AAT Taiwan :
MCN Taiwan MuseFusion System
MuseFusion adopts the following standards:
• CDWA Lite
• CCO (Cataloging Cultural Objects)
• AAT (Art & Architecture Thesaurus)
TELDAP Union Catalog
41 Results for “graves”
AAT-Taiwan

External Link to AAT Taiwan :
Wikipedia

31
From User’s Perspective
(1) User searches for
a term in AAT-
Taiwan via query
/browse
(3) Use the term in
AAT-Taiwan to retrieve
records from MCN
Taiwan MuseFusion
(5) Use the term in
AAT-Taiwan to retrieve
records from TELDAP
Union Catalog
(2) Use Subject ID to
retrieve equivalent
English term in AAT
(4) Use the same
Term to retrieve
records from TELDAP
Union Catalog
Adopt the following standards:
• CDWA Lite
• CCO (Cataloging Cultural Objects)
• AAT

Core Members
Members Detail
Taiwan e-Learning and Digital Archives Program,
Program Office
Project Coordination (mapping, translation,
system maintenance & update)
D.T. Lee, Sophy Chen (Project Coordinators)
Full-Time: 3 | Part-Time: 4
Research and Development of Digital Archives
and e-Learning Technologies Project
AAT-Taiwan System Development
Shih Lin
Full-Time Assistance(s) : 1
Core Platforms for Digital Content Project Collaboration with TELDAP Union Catalogue
Keh-jiann Chen
Metadata Architecture and Application Team System Assessment
Taiwan Digital Archives Expansion Project Assist in Mapping
Taiwan Digital Archives Expansion Project, Map and
Architecture Thematic Group
Assist in Mapping
International Collaboration and Promotion of
Taiwan e-Learning & Digital Archives Program
Assist in Translation

Expert Group
Domain Experts
Colors Hsu, Ming-ching; Associate Professor, Department of Information and
Communication, Chinese Culture University
(Expertise ： image duplicate technology, electronic publishing, digital image
processing, Colour science)
Chinese Calligraphy Lu, Hui-Wen; Assistant Professor, Graduate Institute of Art History, National
Taiwan Normal University
(Expertise ： Calligraphy)
Chinese Bronzes Hwang, Ming-chorng; Associate Researcher, Institute of History and
Philology, Academia Sinica
(Expertise ： Bronze ritual vessels)
Chinese Ceramics Shih, Ching-fei; Associate Professor, Graduate Institute of Art History,
National Taiwan University
(Expertise ： History of Chinese Ceramics 、 Northern Asian Art History)
Chinese Paintings Chen, Margare; Curator of Hwa Kang Museum, Lecturer of Fine Arts
Department, Chinese Culture University
(Expertise ： Art creation, Painting, Art Administrative)
Environmental
Concepts
Dong, Dahui; Assistant Professor, Department of Translation and Interpreting
Studies, Chang Jung Christian University
(Expertise ： translation in Legal, Scientific and Medical fields)

Expenses

September 2008 ~ January 2010 (17 months)
TELDAP Program Office
Expenses
NTD
Translation
(5~18 translators)
1,024,084 NTD
31,032 USD
Full Time Research Assistance
(1~4 people)
1,015,000 NTD
30,7578 USD
Part Time Assistance
(3~4 people)
319,880 NTD
9,693 USD
→ Total Expenses of 17 months : 2,358,964 NTD (71,484 USD)
→ Average Monthly Expense : 138,763 NTD (4,205 USD)

AAT-Taiwan Project Workflow:
The focus and Methodology employed in each task force
Sophy Shu-Jiun Chen, Diane Wu, Pei-Wen Peng & Yung-Ting Chang
Academia Sinica
2010 AAT-Taiwan Workshop 2010/6/3 (Wed)

37
AGENDA

Preface

Introductions

Current Outcomes

Methodology


37

39
The Framework
Equivalence Mapping
Translation
翻譯 (T)
範圍註撰寫 (N)
System Development
系統開發 (S)
Expert Group
專家團隊 (E)
Contribution
詞彙貢獻 (C)

40
中英對照 (M2)
Mapping
確認詞彙來源
Identify Sources
詞彙英譯
參考資料
References
故宮器物
知識網
Anthropology / NMNS
Translation
翻譯 (T)
英翻中 (T2_EC)
Scope Note
範圍註撰寫 (N)
中翻英 (T2_CE)
Identify Types of
Equivalence Mapping
Exact Equivalence
Inexact Equivalence
Partial Equivalence
一對多 (M3_SM)
Single to Multiple
不等同 (M3_NE)
Non-Equivalence
or narrower term
• determine the
importance of this
concept
to (N)

4141

There are 3 approaches to identify Chinese terms for equivalence mapping.

1st approach : Equivalence mapping of the terms from specific institutes or
organizations.
Identify Chinese terms (M1)
故宮器物
Anthropology / NMNS
知識網
Introduction to Traditional Architecture in Taiwan
中國工藝美術辭典畫
聯合目錄關鍵詞
Chinese key word of TELDAP collection

4242
故宮器物
Anthropology / NMNS
知識網

2nd approach : Equivalence mapping of authoritative references, which
may require content expert to select terms for mapping.
Dr. Feng-Tyan Lin,
the professor of
Graduate Institute
Of Building And
Planning, NTU

4343
故宮器物
Anthropology / NMNS
知識網

3rd approach : Equivalence mapping of Chinese key words that are
extracted from the Union Catalogue.

44
Example: Chinese Key words of TELDAP collection 聯合目錄關鍵詞比對
Step 1- 確認關鍵詞有無意義及其屬性
Identify key words and its attribution (Concept or Instance)
Step 2- 三種可行的比對辦法
Three feasible approaches to find the equivalent term in AAT-Taiwan
1.Type the key word in AAT-Taiwan 2.Type the key word in possible
English term on AAT-Taiwan or
Getty AAT
3.search through the
possible hierarchy
完全等同 (E.E)
Exact Equivalence
進入系統連結
Connect terms in 2 systems
部份等同 (P.E)
Partial Equivalence
Applied the 34 relations of AAT,
Define the nearest position in structure
Discuss the importance of that term, and
the necessity to create a new concept.
不完全等同 (I.E)
Inexact Equivalence
Save record in database
for future need

4545
Original Key : Guangdong 廣東

1st step : Identify key words
Equivalence mapping of key words that extract by computer program,
which require the mapping team to double check whether the word
make sense or not. ( 確認關鍵詞為有意義 )
Title : Guangdong incense burner 廣東熏爐
描述和 / 或圖片 :
Description and/ or pictures:
Define:
Guangdong is a name of a province. As for
this collection, the suitable key word should
be “incense burner”, as “ 熏爐” in Chinese.

4646

2nd step : 3 feasible approaches to find the equivalent terms
Type the key word
(Chinese) In AAT-Taiwan:
Type the (possible English)
key word In AAT-Taiwan
or the Getty:
Search through the possible
Hierarchy in AAT-Taiwan:

4747
Identify Types of
Equivalence Mapping
Exact Equivalence
Inexact Equivalence
Partial Equivalence
Identify Types of Equivalence Mapping (M3_EE)
匯入系統介面，發展連結
input into the interface, and create links
Example: Chinese Key word from TELDAP collection: Teapots

4848
Identify Types of Equivalence Mapping (M3_PE)
Identify Types of
Equivalence Mapping完全等同 (M3_EE)
Exact Equivalence
Inexact Equivalence
Partial Equivalence
or narrower term
• determine the
importance of this
concept
to (N)
Applied the 34 relations of AAT,
Define the nearest position in structure
Discuss the importance of that term, and
the necessity to create a new concept.
Example: Chinese Key word from TELDAP collection: 銀錠 (silver ingot)

4949
Identify Types of Equivalence Mapping (M3_IE)
Identify Types of
Equivalence Mapping
Exact Equivalence
Inexact Equivalence
Partial Equivalence
Save record in database for future need
保留紀錄以供將來使用
Example: Chinese Key word from TELDAP collection: 文玩
Evaluate its importance, decide whether to create an new term or not
衡量該詞彙重要性，評估是否需新增詞彙

50
Translation (T)
翻譯 Translation (T)
Expert Group
專家審訂 (E)
前置作業 (T1)
翻譯 (T2)
Translation
英翻中 (T2_EC)
中翻英 (T2_CE)
校訂 (T3)
Proofread
內容審訂 (E2)
Equivalence Mapping
Scope Note
範圍註 (N)
System Development
系統開發 (S)
Chinese term, etc )
review
(a) approved
(b) revision

51
Preparation for Translation (T1)
前置作業 (T1)
Equivalence Mapping
New Candidate Term
範圍註 (N)
T1_I ： Select translation terms based on
equivalence mapping results (M3) or
their relevance with the archived
collections.
T1_I ： Translate the scope note of new
candidate term after the content
expert approved of the record.
T1_F ： Provide translators with the
following files,
Chinese-English terms list (updated
weekly), translation reference list,
word-count sheet, and
copy of English master file.
T1_R ： Recruit professional translators,
maintain a minimum of 10 translators
at all time.

52
Translation (T2)
翻譯 (T2)
Translation
英翻中 (T2_EC)
中翻英 (T2_CE)
Chinese term, etc )
T2_EC ： clerical script 隸書 is partially equivalence
to scripts (writing)
Example: Metadata Specification version 1.2 (p23)
inscriptions > forms > calligraphy > clerical script 隸書
T2_CE ： contribute a new term, clerical script 隸書
Complete form
Complete form

53
Proofread (T3)
校訂 (T3)
Proofread
T3_U ： Check for inconsistency in the
translations of guide terms according
to Chinese-English term list.
T3_QC ：
 Authoritative References
 Translation Fluency
 Quality Evaluation
 Work Attitude
 Unified File Format
 Answering Questions
T3_R ： Recruit professional proofreaders,
maintain a minimum of 5 proofreaders
at all time.

54
Proofread (T3)
校訂 (T3)
Proofread
翻譯品質管理 (T3_QC)
T3_U1 ： Check for inconsistency in the
translations of guide terms according
to Chinese-English term list.
English guide
terms
fixed Chinese
translation format

55
Proofread (T3)
校訂 (T3)
Proofread
T3_U2 ： Check for inconsistency in the
translations of common words
according to Chinese-English term list.
English words
fixed Chinese
translation

56
Proofread (T3)
校訂 (T3)
Proofread
T3_U3 ： Update Chinese-English term list
when new guide terms are found.
Chinese
translation
new English
guide termsupdate
date
the facet and
hierarchy of
the new guide
term

57
Proofread (T3)
校訂 (T3)
Proofread
T3_QC1-1 ： Confirm the accuracy of the term
translation based on
the translation reference list filled out
by the translators.
Check if the references are reliable; mostly the sources from
educational and governmental institutions, or major
dictionaries and encyclopedias are preferred, and if the box
is left blank, the proofreader has to look up the term to
make sure the translation is correct.

58
Proofread (T3)
校訂 (T3)
Proofread
T3_QC1-2 ： The translators are also provided
with a list of authoritative references
compiled by us on the internet.
The sources include specialized
dictionaries, common online
dictionaries, glossaries from museums
and governmental institutes, etc.

59
Proofread (T3)
校訂 (T3)
Proofread
T3_QC2 ： Examine the fluency and accuracy
of the translations of scope notes.
Frequently encountered problems:
1. The Chinese sentences are
redundant or awkward, making it
hard to understand the meaning.
confusing and
unreadable

60
Proofread (T3)
校訂 (T3)
Proofread
2. The translation is not detailed
enough to carry specific information.
3. The meaning of the English text
is misunderstood.
vague and
general
a misunderstanding
of the meaning

61
Proofread (T3)
校訂 (T3)
Proofread
4. The note translation does not
match the meaning of the term.
5. Parts of the scope note are not
translated.
Does not match the
term
“flammability”
translation of
this part is missing

62
Proofread (T3)
校訂 (T3)
Proofread
6. The term representing a Western
concept is mistaken for another
term in the Oriental concept.
The term refers to an ancient
Chinese weapon that looks like…
The term represents a Western
weapon that looks like…
So “partisans” should be
transliterated as “ 帕提
森” , plus a translation of
“ 刃部寬廣之矛” as the
non-preferred term

63
Proofread (T3)
校訂 (T3)
Proofread
7. Lack of common sense or carelessness
in information-seeking that leads to
obvious mistakes.
≠
“coat of arms” (a design on a shield that
signifies a particular family, university, or
city) is mistaken for “the arms of a coat,”
which should be translated into “ 盾徽”
instead.

64
Proofread (T3)
校訂 (T3)
Proofread
T3_QC3-1 ： Decide whether or not the
translators are proficient enough to meet
our demand for high quality.
If more than 50% of a translator’s
works are not satisfactory
Stop employing the translator

65
Proofread (T3)
校訂 (T3)
Proofread
T3_QC3-2 ： make sure the translators have
good time management ability to meet
the deadlines.
If a translator does not submit his/her
work on time, without informing us
of the reasons in advance
Stop employing the translator
Happening for
more than 3 times

66
Proofread (T3)
校訂 (T3)
Proofread
T3_QC4-1 ： evaluate the translators’ work
quality and raise/lower their payment
accordingly
If a translator keeps a good and stable
performance, also having a positive
work attitude
Give the translator a raise
Over a certain
period of time

67
Proofread (T3)
校訂 (T3)
Proofread
T3_QC4-2 ： adjust the translators’ payment
according to the level of difficulty of
terms from a certain field.
If a translator is assigned a group of
terms that are highly specialized, and
the relevant references are rare
Give the translator a raise (case by
case)
It is challenging to
translate

68
Proofread (T3)
校訂 (T3)
Proofread
T3_QC5 ： establish a set of formats for the
reference list, translation sheet and word-
count sheet for the translators to follow.
to be filled out by the
translators
reference list

69
Proofread (T3)
校訂 (T3)
Proofread
translation sheet
word-count sheet
translator
type the translation
in the column
translator
fill in the Chinese
translation for word count

70
Proofread (T3)
校訂 (T3)
Proofread
T3_QC6 ： find solutions to the technical
questions asked by the translators.
Question Types:
•About the due date and late submission
•About the change of previously
translated terms
•About the file format
•About when to use transliteration
The translation forum of AAT-Taiwan
Questions and
discussions

71
Proofread (T3)
校訂 (T3)
Proofread
T3_R1 ： recruit professional proofreaders,
maintaining a minimum of 6 proofreaders
at all time
Proofreader Academic
background
Career
陳玉華
(Eva Chen)
English language and
literature
Translator for SDL (UK)
張家綺
(Jia-chi Chang)
Foreign languages and
literature, translation
studies
Translator for Xtreme Information
(UK)
陳宛萱
(Agnes Chen)
Journalism,
philosophy
Freelance journalist, writer and
translator for Radio Nederland
Wereldomroep (the Netherlands)
and La Vie Magazine (Taiwan)
張瀚云
(Han-yun Chang)
English language and
literature, history of
art and architecture
Researcher at the Huntington
Library, Art Collections, and
Botanical Gardens (USA)
高文萱
(Vanina Kao)
History of art, art
studies
Freelance translator
余慧君
(Hui-chun Yu)
Art and archaeology,
history of art, Chinese
studies
Freelance translator

72
Proofreader Published Works
陳宛萱
(Agnes Chen)
Publications:
- The Travel of Global Exhibitions, Taipei, Taiwan: La Vie Magazine (My House Publishing), 2008 (Co-
writer)
- Designology 300, Taipei, Taiwan: La Vie Magazine (My House Publishing), 2008 (Co-writer)
- Creative City: Berlin, Taipei, Taiwan: La Vie Magazine (My House publishing), 2008 (Co-writer)
- Soong May-ling, Taipei, Taiwan: Vastplain Publishing House, 2003 (Co-writer)
- Lei Chen Letters Collection, Taipei, Taiwan: Yuan-Liou Publishing Co., Ltd., 2003 (Co-writer)
- My Childhood: Lo Ta-yu, Taipei, Taiwan: Unitas Publishing Co., 2002 (Co-writer)
高文萱
(Vanina Kao)
Translations:
- Oil Painting, Cube Mook Publishing, 2003
Research Papers:
- The depiction of floating world: Investigation on Philibert-Louis Debucourt’s colour prints made
before 1800. M.A. dissertation, History of Art Department, University College London
余慧君
(Hui-chun Yu)
Publications:
- Qianlong’s Divine Treasures: The Bells in the Rhyming-the-Old Hall (Asia Major, 2009)
Research Papers:
- “Imperial Glories: Qianlong’s Bronzes from Frontiers,” Association for Asian Studies (AAS) Annual
Meeting, Boston, March 2007
- “Intersection of Past and Present: the Qianlong Emperor and His Ancient Bronzes,” Center for the
Art of East Asia, University of Chicago, November 2007
- “Whose National Treasures?” Association for Asian Studies (AAS) Annual Meeting, Atlanta, April
2008
張瀚云
(Han-yun Chang)
Joint Editors:
- Chinese for the exhibition catalogue Treasure through Six Generations: Chinese Painting and
Calligraphy from the Weng Collection, edited by T. June Li (UC Press & The Huntington Library Press,
2009)
- Another World Lies Beyond: Creating Liu Fang Yuan, The Huntington’s Chinese Garden, edited by
T. June Li (UC Press & The Huntington Library Press, 2008)
Research Papers:
- “He Tianjian (1891-1977) and Defense of Guohua” (Ph D diss., University of California, 2007)
Publications:
- English and Chinese entries for the exhibition catalogue Double Beauty—Qing Dynasty Couplets
from the Lechangzai Xuan Collection, co-edited by Jason C. Kuo and Peter C. Sturman (The Chinese

73
Proofread (T3)
校訂 (T3)
Proofread
T3_R2 ： give the proofreaders a training and
test their abilities before employing them
provide them with proofreading guidelines
(T3_QC1~6)
Assign the proofreader a workload of about
30-40 terms a week, keep overseeing his/her
performance and give suggestions when needed
let them do proofreading for one or two
weeks on trial to see if they are competent
No
Stop
Yes
+

74
Proofread (T3)

The proofreaders are asked to highlight the problems they meet
with in the translation sheets.

After the proofreaders submitted their work, the translation sheets
would be reviewed in two ways:
 Detailed review = second proofreading
 Quick review = scanning through and addressing those highlighted
problems

The two ways are adopted simultaneously, with at least one
proofreader’s work being reviewed in-depth at one time, in order to
evaluate each proofreader’s ability for stable performance on a
regular basis.

75
Proofread (T3)
6 proofreaders turn
in their work
Pick proofreader A’s
work for detailed
review
Other 5 proofreaders’
work is checked in
quick review
The Review Process
(the first round)
Therefore, in the second round, proofreader B’s work is
picked for detailed review, while other 5 proofreaders’
work is checked in quick review.
The rest can be deduced accordingly.

76
範圍註撰寫 Scope note of new concept (N)
Create a new record with
required fields
遵循 Getty 和 TELDAP 的指引
Follow editorial guideline
to create a record in Chinese
搜集資料 (N1)
Data Collection
參考權威資料
Authoritative References
增加相關圖檔 ( Ｎ 3)
Find images
Equivalence Mapping
Expert Group
專家審訂 (E)
Translation
翻譯 (T)
中翻英 (T2_CE)
System Development
系統開發 (S)
校訂 (T3)
Proofread
內容審訂 (E2)
Partial Equivalence
review
approved

77
Expert Group (E)
專家審訂 Expert Group (E)
Translation
翻譯 (T)
中翻英 (T2_CE)
前置作業 (E1)
Preparation
確認內容 (E1_I)
Identify Content
審訂表整理更新 (E1_F)
Scope Note
範圍註 (N)
完成新增中文詞彙所有的欄位資料 (N3)
內容審訂 (E2)
專家修訂 (E2_RE)
Revision by Expert
範圍註準確性 (E2_NA)
Scope Note Accuracy
翻譯準確性 (E2_TA)
Translation Accuracy
Content experts need to
verify the accuracy of
the provided terms.
If they determine it’s
accurate, then the data
will be inputted into the
system; if not, revision
is needed before the data
can be submitted to AAT and
AAT-Taiwan.
System Development
系統開發 (S)
review
(a) approved
(b) reject or modified
中翻英 (T2_EC)
English to ChineseTranslation

78
Content Verification(E2)

Experts need to fill out the content verification form
Possible
hierarchical
Position
suggested by
TELDAP to the
experts
Expert provides
new scope note,
broader term,
narrower
term,
related term,
and synomyms
References
And images

79
Chinese to English Translation(T2_CE)

The experts recheck the English translation before contribution

8080
Expert Group (E)
中國書體
Chinese Script
盧慧紋老師
Hui- Wen Lu
台灣大學藝術史研究所助理教授
Assistant Professor
Graduate Institute of Art History,
National Taiwan University
普林斯頓大學藝術考古研究所博士
Ph.D., Princeton University
專長領域 Expertise:
中國書法史
History of Chinese Calligraphy
西方收藏東亞藝術研究
Collection and Study of East Asian Art
in the West
色彩學
Color
徐明景老師
Ming-Ching Hsu
中國文化大學資訊傳播學系副教授
Associate Professor
Department of Information
And Communication
Chinese Culture University
美國羅徹斯特大學影像色彩科學碩士
MA, Rochester University
影像複製科技
Image duplicate technology
電子出版 Electronic publishing
數位影像處理
Digital image processing
色彩科學 Color Science
中國青銅禮器
Bronze ritual vessels
黃銘崇老師
Ming-Chorng Hwang
中研院史語所副研究員
Associate Researcher
Institute of History and Philology
美國哈佛大學東亞系博士
Ph.D., Harvard University
East Asia Study
青銅禮器
Bronze Ritual Vessels

8181
Expert Group (E)- Forms for Expert’s inspection
E2 偏好詞彙是否恰當？
Is the prefer term appropriate
是 Yes □
否 No □ 更正 correct ：
同義詞是否恰當？
Is the synonym appropriate?
是 Yes □
詞彙英譯是否正確？
Is the translation correct?
是 Yes □
E3 對照到的 AAT 架構是否恰當？
Is the structure that matched
appropriate?
是 Yes □
否 No □ 建議架構 suggest sturcture ：
E4 範圍註內容是否正確？
Is the content of scope note corrct?
是 Yes □
E5 上位詞是否正確？
Is the broader term correct?
是 Yes □
下位詞是否正確？
Is the narrower term correct?
是 Yes □
相關詞彙的關聯性是否恰當？
Is the related term appropriate?
是 Yes □
E6 參考文獻是否具有權威性？
Is the reference authoritative?
是 Yes □
否 No □ 建議參考文獻 suggest reference ：
補充資料是否具有參考價值？
Is the additional information
valuable?
是 Yes □
否 No □ 建議參考文獻 suggest to add ：
其他建議：
Other suggestion:
中文概念詞彙
Terms of Chinese concept

8282
Expert Group (E)- Forms for Expert’s inspection
E2 詞彙中譯是否正確？
Is the translation correct?
是 Yes □
若有一個以上的中譯，何者較為普
遍 ( 即 : 偏好詞彙 ) ?
If there’s more than one translation,
which one is more common (preferred
term?)
原因 / 參考資料 reason/ reference:
E3 AAT 的架構是否恰當？
Is the structure in AAT appropriate?
是 Yes □
否 No □ 建議架構 suggest sturcture ：
E4 範圍註內容是否正確？
Is the content of scope note correct?
是 Yes □
E5 上位詞是否正確？
Is the broader term correct?
是 Yes □
下位詞是否正確？
Is the narrower term correct?
是 Yes □
其他建議：
Other suggestion:
Original terms from the Getty

8383
Expert Group (E)
2. 色彩 Color
故宮後設資料需求書
Metadata of
中國書體詞彙組
Chinese Scripts
Those 5 terms are meant for the
inscription of bronze vessels, which
are not comprehensive to present
the whole picture of Chinese scripts.
Suggestion:
Based on the 5 categories above,
add their own subcategory terms,
contributing 17 terms in total.
Expert
Group
篆書 seal script
鳥蟲書
Bird-worm seal script
隸書 clerical script
行草書
running cursive script
楷書 standard script
篆書 seal script
隸書 clerical script
楷書 standard script
行書 running script
草書 cursive script
1. 書體
Chinese Scripts

8484
Expert Group (E)
中國書體
Chinese Script
篆書
Seal script
隸書
Clerical script
楷書
Standard script
行書
Running script
草書
Cursive script
(1) 甲骨文
Oracle Bone
script
(2) 金文
Bronze inscriptions
(3) 大篆
Great seal
script
(4) 小篆
Small seal
script
(1) 秦隸
Qin Clerical
script
(2) 漢隸
Han Clerical
script
(1) 行楷
Running-standard
script
(2) 行草
Running-cursive
script
(1) 章草
Draft cursive
Script
(2) 今草
Modern cursive
script
(3) 狂草
Wild cursive
script

8585
Expert Group (E)
3. 禮器
Ritual Vessels
Objects Facet
19 terms in total
Firstly exam 19 terms in total
Two main problems:
1. The content of scope
note could be written in
a more standard manner.
2. The list of ritual vessels
is not comprehensive yet
to present some important
Ritual vessels in Chinese
Culture.
Ritual Vessels
... ding (ritual vessels) 鼎
… dou 豆
… gu (ritual vessles) 觚
… gui 簋
... he 盉
...
Expert
Group

8686
Expert Group (E)
2. 色彩 Color
Physical Attributes Facet
Color
578 terms in total
Firstly exam 290 terms in total
(Part 1)
Two main problems:
1. The scope notes
tend to focus on
architecture field
2. The whole structure
of color is not complete
enough
Color
... colors (hues or tints)
... <color and color-related
phenomena>
Expert
Group

8787
Expert Group (E)
Experts Suggestion:
• Consult with Getty about the possibility to adjust the structure
• Standardize content of scope note, take ritual vessels for example,
the content could be: 1. disruption of vessels shape ( 器型描述 )
2. function ( 功能 )
3. date and history( 年代歷史 )
• Invite other experts from the fields of color and bronze vessels for further
discussion regarding the feasible adjustment.

88
Contribution (C)
Equivalence Mapping
Translation
翻譯 (T)
範圍註撰寫 (N)
System Development
系統開發 (S)
Expert Group
專家團隊 (E)
Contribution
詞彙貢獻 (C)

89
Contributing to the Getty

All contributors need
to follow the extensive
editorial manuals
available online

Required Fields for
AAT
• preferred term
• variant terms: alternate
descriptor (singular/plural)
• sources for the terms
• scope note
• source(s) for the scope note

90
Contribution Guideline for TELDAP

Records contributed by TELDAP to the AAT must
include at least one transliterated (i.e.
Romanized) term, in addition to the term(s)
rendered with Chinese character.

At least one of the transliterated terms for each
record should be in the Pinyin or Wade-Giles
transliteration schemes
– 72571 Chinese (traditional)
– 72572 Chinese (simplified)
– 72581 Chinese (transliterated)
– 72582 Chinese (transliterated Wade-Giles)
– 72583 Chinese (transliterated Pinyin)

91

Compile a contribution list of new terms
Preferred
Parent
Preferred
Term
variant
terms
Scope
Note

92

Log on to Getty’s contribution website to submit new terms

93

The new terms are assigned temporary TELDAP IDs before
receiving the official Getty IDs.

A Close Look at Equivalence
Mapping & Translation Issues
Sophy Shu-Jiun Chen, Pei-Wen Peng & Yung-Ting Chang
Academia Sinica
2010 AAT-Taiwan Workshop 2010/6/3 (Thursday)

96
AGENDA

Preface

Introductions

Current Outcomes

Methodology


96

9898
The Task Forces of Chinese-language
Art & Architecture Thesaurus
Methodology R&D
Translation & Contribution (T)
Localization & Creation of New Concepts
Expert Group (E)
System Development (S)

99
中英對照 (M2)
Mapping
確認詞彙來源
Identify Sources
詞彙英譯
參考資料
References
故宮器物
知識網
Anthropology / NMNS
Translation
翻譯 (T)
英翻中 (T2_EC)
Scope Note
範圍註撰寫 (N)
中翻英 (T2_CE)
Identify Types of
Equivalence Mapping
Exact Equivalence
Inexact Equivalence
Partial Equivalence
一對多 (M3_SM)
Single to Multiple
不等同 (M3_NE)
Non-Equivalence
or narrower term
• determine the
importance of this
concept
to (N)

100100
A Summary of
Equivalence Mapping Issues - 1

How to ensure the accurate results of equivalence
mapping
– Problem of Insufficient Chinese references
– need to determine the importance of this concept in relation to
our culture.
– It is a key to invite domain experts to participate in the process

Partial equivalence with cultural-specific concepts
– Carefully evaluate and provide AAT with enhanced version of
Asia-related art and cultural concepts.

Compound Terms
– Some of Chinese terms are presented as compound terms,
which need to be separated into individual concept before
mapping to the appropriate term in AAT.

101101
A Summary of
Equivalence Mapping Issues - 2

When the Chinese terms are from collection
institutes
– Every institution has its own classification method and
terms, we need to re-examine and sometimes adapt to
their logic in order to find the matching concept in AAT.
– We need to determine when it is necessary for a Chinese
term to become an individual concept, and whether to add
a descriptor or be a none preferred term.

preferred term vs. non-preferred term
– what should be the divide line between preferred and non-
preferred term?
– If the official name of a term is rarely used, is it still the
preferred term?

102102102
Lack of authoritative informationLack of authoritative information
Terms in specific fields
When terms related to some specific fields, for example: architecture,
the mapping team find it is difficult to search the equivalent word, or
sometimes even the suitable hierarchy. Take Chinese building- temple
for example.
In order to get the correct result, what we need to conquer is not only the
language barrier, but also the unique concepts of Asian type of building
style. The mapping team needs to undergo some research, and
sometimes even have to consult with experts in that domain.

103103
Case 1: temples (one-to-many relationships)
The word “temples” is frequently considered as an equivalent term “ 廟 miao” in Chinese.
However, due to different purposes of the building and the spirit that it worships, names of religious
buildings in Taiwan are varied. (including: ci 祠 , si 寺 , an 庵 , guan 觀 , yan 巖… etc.)
Temples (buildings) (religious buildings, <religious structures>, ... Built Environment (Hierarchy
Name))
Note: Buildings housing places devoted to the worship of a deity or deities. In the strictest sense, it refers to
the dwelling place of a deity, and thus often houses a cult image. In modern usage a temple is generally a
structure, but it was originally derived from the Latin "templum" and historically has referred to an uncovered
place affording a view of the surrounding region. For Christian or Islamic religious buildings the terms
"churches" or "mosques" are generally used, but an exception is that "temples" is used for Protestant, as
opposed to Roman Catholic, places of worship in France and some French-speaking regions.
The mapping team has found that “temple” in AAT is broader than the concept in
Chinese, that is one-to-many relationship. Therefore it is necessary to distinguish
the differences in each Chinese terms before mapping.

104104
Case 1: temples (one-to-many relationships)Case 1: temples (one-to-many relationships)
Despite the similar appearance, each of them has slight
difference from the others.
Miao( 廟 ): In the past, it was a place to worship ancestors. Since
Han dynasty, it had been used as a place both worship ancestor and
the spirits.
•ci ( 祠 ): It is built for the purpose to worship/ commemorate saints, or
some famous scholars, poets, people with great achievement.
Sometimes also refers to those places that worship ancestors.
• si ( 寺 ): Generally refers to a place that worship the Buddhist spirits.
Sometimes it also refers to the place where buddhist monk live.
• an ( 庵 ): used to refers to scholars’ study place ( 書齋 ). Nowadays it
refers to where Buddhist nuns live.
• guan( 觀 ): only refers to Taoist building
• yan( 巖 ): refers to those miaos( 廟 ) established nearby or at
mountain.
Q1. The mapping team has found only “Miao” is exact equivalent to the term temples (building).
Is it more feasible to include rest of the terms “ci, si, an .guan, yan” directly under temples? Or
should them be separately categorized into other guide terms such as <temples by function>?

105105105
Case 2: 藻井 caisson?
(unable to identify the equivalence of TL & SL)
When encountered a relatively uncommon concept, for example: 藻井 , the
mapping team has to undergo a certain level of research before mapping.
Step1: search the definition of “ 藻井” and possible term in English
Literately “algae well”, can also be called as “ 蜘蛛結網、龍井、綺井、天井、方
井、復海、斗八 ” , refers to a traditional ceiling component in Chinese building,
that is generally a sunken panel set into the otherwise largely flat ceiling. It is
often layered and richly decorated. Common shapes include square, octagon,
hexagon, circle, and a combination of these.
But in AAT, "coffer" can also
be translated into " 藻井 ",
and its non-preferred terms
include "caisson". Other
translations of "coffer"
include 方格鑲板 and 平頂
鑲板 , which makes it hard to
identify the most authoritative
translation.

106106106
Case 2: 藻井 caisson?
(unable to identify the equivalence of TL & SL)
Step 2:
Search with possible English term or Search through possible hierarchy

107107107
Case 3: 雙獅座 lion stand 、麒麟座 Kylin stand
Step 1. the definition of 雙獅座、麒麟座 :
A Dou, locates on transverse beam, with the function to distribute the weight
of roof to the walls or columns. It is often curved in lions, kylin, elephant,
melons for the auspicious meaning.
( 斗座的一種，位於橫樑之上，具有承托穩定的功能，將屋頂的重量傳遞到屋牆
或柱子上，最常見雕刻獅、麒麟、象、花果等吉祥造形。 )
Lion stand Kylin stand
When encountered a relatively uncommon concept like this, the mapping team
has to undergo a certain level of research before mapping.

108108108
Dou 斗座
Description: it locates at the middle of arch or the wooden components at
the two sides. The main function of it is to distribute the vertical weight from
whatever lays on the top of it, and then transfer the stress to the column or
beam below.
描述：位於栱中心或兩端的木構件 ( 位置描述 ), 其主要的功能為傳遞上方的
垂直載重 , 並將之傳遞至下方的柱或樑上 ( 功能描述 )
左斗 (Left Dou)
右斗
右斗 (Right Dou)
Step 2. Search reference information of Dou

109109109
The mapping team could temporarily categorize “Dou” as the narrower term of
<supporting and resisting elements>, while both Lion and Kylin stands are the
narrower term of Dou. However, the mapping team suggests that the relation
should delegate to experts in this field for optimum result.
( 暫時將斗座歸類於 < 支撐與抗力元素 > 之下位詞，並將麒麟、雙獅座歸類於斗
座下位，仍須與專家諮詢確認。 )
<supporting and resisting elements> (<structural elements>, <structural elements
and structural element components>, ... Components (Hierarchy Name))
Step 3. Find the possible hierarchical position of Dou by its function

110110110
New Concept: Cultural DifferenceNew Concept: Cultural Difference
Case 1: Chinese human figures
Human figures can be found on many objects, such as on paintings, the surface of
vessels or as a component of architectural structure.
figures (representations)
(<visual works by subject type>, <visual works (Guide Term)>, ... Visual and
Verbal Communication)
Note: Representations of humans, animals, or mythical beasts, in any medium.
However, when it comes to human figures showing on objects,
the mapping team find it is quite ambiguous to define the
suitable structure that it belongs to.
Lades of Tang Dynasty
明唐寅倣唐人仕女

111111
New Concept: Cultural Difference
The mapping team finds that the figures above are bounded by
the concepts motifs, and therefore can only be categorized into
<figure- and animal-derived motifs>. However, sometimes a
term can also be found in Agents Facet, for example “ 帝王
monarch”
Q2 ： We have tons of figures of Chinese characters, should we contribute all of them?

112112
Take the figure in the painting for example, this term can be found in Agents Facet ( 帝王
monarch),
宋代帝半身像宋徽宗
monarchs (rulers (people), <people in government and
administration>, ... People)
Note: Absolute rulers of sovereign states, usually by hereditary
succession. The term is generally used as a substitute for the
specific title of the sovereign, for example, "king," "queen," or
"emperor."
Q3. Which hierarchy position is more appropriate? Should it be categorized as a motif rather
than an agent?

113113
monks (religious (people), <people in religion>,...
people)
明文從簡禮佛圖　軸

114114114
There are a couple of positions that might be suitable:
• physical Attribute Facet
• Agent Facet
(*according to Getty’s suggestion)

115115115
Case 1: Chinese human Figures
putti (motifs) (<figure- and animal-derived motifs>, motifs, ... Design Elements)
Note: Motifs representing chubby, sometimes winged and naked figures of little boys,
derived from Greco-Roman depictions of Eros. Common in art from Renaissance
through the 18th century.
Under <figure- and animal-derived motifs>, terms like putti and mascarons are
similar to human figures:

116116116
Case 1: Chinese human Figures
mascarons (<figure- and animal-derived motifs>, motifs, ... Design Elements)
Note: Motifs representing grotesque or otherwise caricatured faces of humans
or animals, usually viewed frontally; found in various architectural and
decorative arts contexts.
Hierarchical Position
Additional Position

117117117
In Chinese culture, human figures are widely used on objects:
Q4. Based on those examples above, there are 3 possible positions for the
Chinese human figures:
1. Figures (representations), <visual works by subject type>,…Object Facet
2. People (agent), people, Agent Facet
3. figure- and animal derived-motifs>,motif,…Physical Attributes Facet
Which one is more appropriate?
Bamboo pen holder with human figures
竹雕山水人物筆筒
famille rose vase with lade figure
粉彩西洋仕女圓瓶
White porcelain baby shaped pillow
白瓷嬰兒枕

118118118
New Concept:New Concept:
Case 2: ink v.s. inkstick (one-to-many relationships)
ink (<coating by form>, coating (material), ... Materials (Hierarchy Name))
Note: A fluid medium used for drawings or tracings. An opaque, usually black, pigment is
mixed with a vehicle such as water to produce a fluid which can be applied with a pen or
stylus. Through the end of the 19th century, ink was supplied dried in stick or block form
which was ground and mixed with water as needed. At the beginning of this century
prepared ink became popular.
Ink (liquid)= 墨
水
Ink (stick) = 墨條

119119119
New Concept:New Concept:
Case 2: ink v.s. inkstick (one-to-many relationships)
In Chinese culture, ink often appears as a dried stick, that plays a significant role
of valuable collection.
Q5. Is it feasible to create a term “ink stick” under objects facet, along with
ink (material), and establish multiple parents (under <drafting, drawing and
writing equipment by specific type> and desk set ?

120120120
Case 3: compound nouns as a set term
In Chinese culture, the term “ 文房四寶” , literally “four treasuries in the study”,
stands for four most common writing equipments:
• brush pens ( 毛
筆 )
• papers
( 紙 )
• inkstones 硯
• inksticks ( 墨條 )

121121121
inkstones (<drafting, drawing and writing equipment by
specific type>, <drafting, drawing and writing
equipment>, ... Furnishings and Equipment)
Note: Stones with hollows or depressions deeper at one
end than at the other; used for preparing calligrapher's ink.
paper (fiber product) (<fiber products>, <fiber and fiber
products>, ... Materials (Hierarchy Name))
Note: Refers generally to all types of thin matted or felted sheets
or webs of fiber formed and dried on a fine screen from a pulpy
water suspension. The fibers may be animal, such as hair, silk or
wool, or mineral, such as asbestos, or synthetic. However most
paper is made from cellulosic plant fiber, such as from wood pulp,
grass, cotton, linen, and straw.

122122122
• brush pens ( 毛筆 )
• inksticks ( 墨條 )

123123123
desk sets (sets (groups), <object groupings by general context>, ...
Object Groupings and Systems)
Note: Sets of matching articles intended to be used on a desk
including such articles as inkstands, pen trays, and stampboxes.
Q6. Is it possible to create a new concept for the compound term “ 文房四寶”
, under set (groups) in line with desk sets? Or is it better to remain its four
components separating in different hierarchies?

124124124
Case 4: a set term stands for broader meaning
文玩 (Wenwan)
•　　 A word combined with two words “ 文物 cultural object” and “ 古玩 antique curio”.
　
　 ( 文玩兼有文物與古玩的特點 )
• 　 It specifically refers to those objects used in the educated people’s reading room,
including those writing equipments, small tools and decorations.
( 特指文人書齋中的書寫設備、小工具和擺飾 )
• 　 It represents the culture of reading room, by combining the practical function of
educated people’s study equipments and art crafts for people’s appreciation.
( 文玩是種書齋文化，結合了文人書生的實用器物與具觀賞價值的藝術品 )
• 　 Common objects including: ink stones, seals, washing vessels, fine sculptured
decoration…etc. “Elegant” and “exquisite” are its essential characters.
( 文玩為以下器物的泛稱 : 古硯、印章、洗器、牙雕…等，“雅” 與“巧”是其基本特徵 )
• 　 It is produced in a highly artistic manner. Nowadays it has become popular collection
that values more as an artifact than equipment.
( 以高藝術性的方式製造，現今多為賞而勿用的文房珍玩 )

125125125
• lotus pod shaped vessel for
injecting water 雙蓮房水注
• banana leaf shaped
wooden plate 癭木蕉葉盤
• olive stone boat sculpture
果核小舟
• blue snuff bottle
藍地金星套料鼻煙
壺
• lotus leaf shaped washing
vessel 白玉荷葉式洗
• seal 鴛錦雲章循
連環田黃石印
• ivory desk tidy 象牙
雕山水人物筆筒

126126126
desk sets (sets (groups), <object groupings by general context>, ... Object Groupings and Systems)
Note: Sets of matching articles intended to be used on a desk including such articles as inkstands,
pen trays, and stamp boxes.
Q7. Is it feasible to create a new term “Wenwan” in the desk sets structure that is
parallel to desk sets? Do we need to establish multiple parents to link all the
objects that can be called as Wenwan?

128
A Summary of Translation Issues

Non-English terms (TP 1)
– Interpretation difficulty due to non-English terms

Single (Eng.) to Multiple (Chi.) (TP 2~4)
– When English terms have broader meanings

Multiple (Eng.) to Single (Chi.) (TP 5~6)
– When Chinese terms have broader meanings

Insufficient information (TP 7~12)
– Problems occurring in term & scope note

Japanese terms (TP 13)
– Kanji vs. Chinese character

References in the scope notes (TP 14)
– How to display the references

Classification to be clarified (TP 15~17)
– Ritual vs. Ceremonial, Ceremonial Objects vs. Li Qi,
Chinese Ritual Objects (li qi) in AAT

Non-distinguishable Chinese translation (TP 18)
– Similar terms with overlapping meanings
Out of 7298 proofread terms, the number of the occurred
translation problems is 622, mostly resulting from non-English
terms or insufficient information (no scope note).

129
Translation Problems 1 ：
Non-English Terms (1/1)
EX1: Dutch

ID: 300264492
Record Type: concept
Beweging van Tachtig
Note: Dutch literary movement of the 1880s, the members of which were young writers and poets
determined to express real emotions in highly individualistic language, avoiding cliché and
traditional rhetoric. Notable members included Willem Kloos, Jacques Perk, Frederik van Eeden,
and Hélène Swarth.
EX2: French

ID: 300265531
mises en carte
Note: Layouts marked on a card or paper, used as guides for motifs for weaving or lacemaking.
EX3: Russian

ID: 300178577
lubki
Note: Russian popular prints of the 18th and 19th centuries.

These words are from foreign languages other than English, no previous translation
available, and difficult to transliterate without proper understanding of the languages.
The translators can only make a close guess on their pronunciation.
Q1: Can the transliteration base on English pronunciation of the word?
A: Keep the original spelling of the word, and transliterate it when the
pronunciation is confirmed.
Q2: Do we have to provide Han Yu Pin In of these terms to AAT?

130
When English terms have broader meanings (1/1)
 EX1 : Guide term < xxx by location or context >
先導詞 < 依地點或背景區分之 xxx>
<gardens by location or context> < 依地點和脈絡區分之庭園 >
<organizations by location or context> < 依地點或背景區分之
組織 >

EX2: Guide term < xxx by location or context >
先導詞 < 依位置或脈絡區分之 xxx>
<structures by location or context> < 依地點位置或背景脈絡區分之結構
>
<coating by location or context> < 依地點位置或背景脈絡區分之塗層 >
<paintings by location or context> < 依地點位置或背景脈絡區分之繪畫
作品 >

Location can be translated into 地點 (di dian = geographical location) and 位
置 (wei zhi = position).

Context can be translated into 背景 (bei jing = background) and 脈絡 (mo
luo = situation or condition).

To avoid confusion, the translation team has decided to use both Chinese
terms in translating “location and “context”, so < xxx by location or context >
becomes < 依地點位置或背景脈絡區分之 xxx>
Q: Is this approach acceptable?
A: Yes.

131

EX3: Guide term < xxx components>
先導詞 <xxx 組件 >

Originally “components” is set to be translated as 組件 (zu jian).

But since the words come before “components” could vary greatly in their properties or
attributes, it’d be weird to apply 組件 (zu jian) to all of them.

Now “components” has a variety of translations to choose from, such as:
• 組件 (zu jian) (ex: weapon components 武器組件 )
• 構造 (gou zao) (ex: egg components 蛋的構造 )
• 成分 (cheng fen) (ex: material components 材料成分 )
• 構成要素 (gou cheng yao su) (ex: motion picture components 電影購成要素 )
•
結構 (jie gou) (ex: watercraft components 船舶結構 )

132

The same approach may apply to terms such as temple,
structure, space, artifact, etc.
神殿 (shen
dian)
神廟 (shen
miao)
temple
structure
Greek temple Hindu temple Dao temple
寺
(si)
Buddhist temple
結構體 (jie gou
ti)
結構 (jie
gou)
social structure
garden structure residential structure
建築 (jian
zhu)

133
Q: Is this approach acceptable?
space
場所 (chang
suo)
空間 (kong
jian)
assembly space open space
artifact
人工製品 (ren gong zhi
pin)
Information artifact cultural artifact
工藝品 (gong yi
pin)

134
EX1:

ID: 300053660
stitching (<processes and techniques by specific type>, <processes and techniques>, Processes and
Techniques)
Note: Refers to the process of fastening, joining, closing, uniting, mending, or creating ornamentation by
stitches, which are the portions of thread left in fabric or another material by the in and out movement of a
threaded needle through the thickness or surface of the material, or the loops of thread created on a needle in
knitting or other needlework. In the context of textiles and needleworking, its meaning overlaps with "sewing."
In the context of bookbinding, it refers to the fastening together a number of leaves or gatherings by passing
the thread or wire through all of the sheets at once; it is distinct from "sewing," which, in the context of
bookbinding, is used for the joining of leaves or gatherings together one by one by drawing thread or wire
backwards and forwards through the back fold of each sheet to attach it to the cords.
縫綴 / 縫訂 (< 依特定種類區分之過程與技術 >, < 過程與技術 >, 過程與技術 )
範圍註：意指藉由針線進出穿過材料或其表面的動作，將針腳留在布料或其他材料上，或是在編織或針織時形成
針目，以固定、結合、閉合、合併、修補或製作裝飾的過程。若指涉的是紡織品與手工繡品方面，則其意義與「縫
紉 (sewing) 」一詞重疊。若指涉的是書籍裝幀方面，則意指將若干頁面或疊層，用線或金屬線一次穿過所有紙張固
定在一起。而「線訂（ sewing ）」在書籍裝幀方面，是指用針線或金屬線，在一疊書頁的摺縫處上下穿梭，使其與
裝訂線固定的方法。

In different contexts (bookbinding vs. needleworking), the meaning of stitching may change accordingly. In
AAT, two kinds of meanings are explained in the same record, but when translating the term into Chinese,
there will be two ways of translation, 縫綴 (feng zhui) for needleworking and 縫訂 (feng ding) for
bookbinding. The same problem occurs in the record of sewing (ID: 300053658).
Stiching in
needleworking
Stiching in
bookbinding

135
EX2:

300266238
maculatures (<prints by process or technique>, prints (visual works), ... Visual and Verbal
Communication)
Note: Prints made by taking a second impression without reinking the plate, often used for cleaning
the plate. May also refer to blotting paper. Also used for scrap paper that can reinforce fabric in
Medieval embroidery.

The term maculatures could be used in three different contexts (prints, blotting paper, and scrap
paper) , and there are three kinds of translations ( 吸墨紙版畫、吸墨紙、固定刺繡布料的紙片 ).
EX3:

300266238
patios (<uncovered spaces>, <rooms and spaces by form>, ... Components (Hierarchy Name))
Note: Paved recreation areas adjoining contemporary houses and the paved interior courts of Spanish
or Spanish-style buildings.

The term refers to two types of open spaces, so the translations could be 屋外休憩區 or ( 西班牙 )
內院 .
Q: In this case, since the record contains multiple meanings, it’s not a
problem of which one being the preferred term, so how should the Chinese
translations be displayed?
Spanish
patio
Patio
adjoining
a house

136
When Chinese terms have broader meanings (1/5)

ID: 300041273
prints (visual works)
Note: Pictorial works produced by transferring images by means of a matrix such as a plate, block, or
screen, using any of various printing processes. When emphasizing the individual printed image, use
"impressions." Avoid the controversial expression "original prints," except in reference to discussions of the
expression's use. If prints are neither "reproductive prints" nor "popular prints," use just "prints." With
regard to photographs, see "photographic prints"; for types of reproductions of technical drawings and
documents, see terms found under "reprographic copies.
印刷 ( 視覺作品 ) | 版畫（視覺作品）
範圍註：以印版、圖塊及字塊，或網版等印製模轉印而成，並運用各種不同的印刷程序製作的圖畫作品。當
強調個別的印刷圖像時，請使用「壓印」一詞。避免使用具爭議性的詞語「版畫原作」，除非是做討論之用
。如果印刷品既非「複製圖」，也不是「普及印刷」，那麼就使用「印刷」一詞即可。關於相片類的作品，請
參閱「攝影相片」；技術圖或文件的種類則請參閱「機印副本」項下之詞彙。

Prints can be translated into 印刷 (yin shua) and 版畫 (ban hua) according to
Longman Dictionary of English Language & Culture (p.1385) and the Oxford Illustrated
English-Chinese Dictionary(p.1465).
Longman Dictionary of English Language & Culture (p.1385) - 版畫 (ban hua) ： a picture printed from a small sheet of metal or block of wood.

137

版畫 (ban hua) as printmaking ：
[References]
National Taiwan Craft Research Institute (國立台灣工藝研究所)
National Taiwan University of Arts (國立台灣藝術大學)
[Hierarchical Position in AAT ]
Activities Facet
.... Processes and Techniques
........ <processes and techniques>
............ <processes and techniques by specific type>
................ <image-making processes and techniques>
.................... printmaking

版畫 (ban hua) as graphic arts ：
[References]
Harper Collins Dictionary of Art Term and Techniques (p. 202)
Activities Facet
.................... graphic arts

But from 版畫 (ban hua) to English, there are quite a few different English
translations based on various sources:

138

版畫 (ban hua) as woodblock print ：
[References]
Taiwan Folklore Museum
Objects Facet
.... Visual and Verbal Communication
........ Visual Works (Hierarchy Name)
............ <visual works (Guide Term)>
................ <visual works by medium or technique>
.................... prints (visual works)
........................ <prints by process or technique>
............................ <prints by process: transfer method>
................................ relief prints
.................................... woodcuts (prints)

139
Ban hua as non-preferred term
This Chinese term 版畫 (ban hua)
has broader meanings

140
Objects Facet
.... Visual and Verbal Communication
........ Visual Works (Hierarchy Name)
............ <visual works (Guide Term)>
................ <visual works by medium or technique>
.................... prints (visual works)
........................ <prints by process or technique>
............................ <prints by process: transfer method>
................................ relief prints
.................................... woodcuts (prints)
木刻版畫
Activities Facet
.................... graphic arts 平面藝術
Activities Facet
.................... printmaking 版畫複製
Q: Should we address the
multiple meanings of 版畫
(ban hua) by making it the
non-preferred term of
printmaking, graphic arts,
and woodcuts (prints) ?
A: Use different qualifiers to
distinguish.

141

ID: 300056172
tint (<color-related effects>, color (perceived attribute), ... Color)
Note: Color produced by mixing a basic hue with white in order to lighten it.
色調（ < 色彩相關作用 > ，色彩（知覺特質），… 色彩）
範圍註：指混合基本色相與白色以提高明度所產生的色彩。

ID: 300056173
tone (color effect) (<color-related effects>, color (perceived attribute), ... Color)
Note: The variation of color produced by changes in intensity or value.
色調（色彩作用）（ < 色彩相關作用 > ，色彩（知覺特質），… 色彩）
註釋：改變色彩的強度或明度所產生的色彩變化。
Both terms
translate
into 色調
(se diao)
Reference:
[tint]
Mayer, Ralph. Harper Collins Dictionary of
Art Term and Techniques. P.456
Longman Dictionary of English Language &
Culture,
Longman English-Chinese Science &
Technology Dictionary, p.1686
[tone] :
Longman Dictionary of English Language &
Culture, p. 1854
The New Oxford Illustrated English-Chinese
Dictionary, p.1923
tint
tone (color effect)

142

Changing the tint percentage :
more whiteLess white

Changing the tone percentage :

143

ID: 300056172
tint (<color-related effects>, color (perceived attribute), ... Color)
Note: Color produced by mixing a basic hue with white in order to lighten it.
色調（ < 色彩相關作用 > ，色彩（知覺特質），… 色彩）
範圍註：指混合基本色相與白色以提高明度所產生的色彩。

ID: 300056173
tone (color effect) (<color-related effects>, color (perceived attribute), ... Color)
Note: The variation of color produced by changes in intensity or value.
色調（色彩作用）（ < 色彩相關作用 > ，色彩（知覺特質），… 色彩）
註釋：改變色彩的強度或明度所產生的色彩變化。

Both terms are commonly known as 色調 (se diao), as
suggested by most dictionaries. In order to distinguish the
two, tint is translated into 淡色調 (dan se diao) based on
less authoritative reference
(http://www.pokok.edu.hk/engvocabulary/HE.htm).
淡色調
Q: Under such circumstance, is this approach acceptable?
A: It’s up to TELDAP team to decide, and this approach is acceptable to the
Getty team.

144
Insufficient information – similar terms & scope notes (1/1)

ID: 300265024
Deianeira lekythoi (lekythoi, jugs (vessels), ... Furnishings and
Equipment)
Note: An early black-figure form of lekythoi featuring an ovoid
body.
德雅涅拉萊基托斯陶瓶（萊基托斯陶瓶，罐（貯存容器），…
…裝飾與設備）
範圍釋：一種早期的黑彩萊基托斯陶瓶，瓶身為卵圓形。

ID: 300264935
deianira lekythoi (squat lekythoi, lekythoi, ... Furnishings and
Equipment)
Note: Early black-figure form of the squat lekythoi with an
ovoid body.
德雅涅拉萊基托斯陶瓶（矮胖型萊基托斯陶瓶，萊基托斯陶瓶
，……裝飾與設備）
範圍註：一種早期的黑彩矮胖型萊基托斯陶瓶，瓶身為卵圓形。
http://www2.ocn.
ne.jp/~greekart/va
se/s_oil.html
http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details
.aspx?intObjectID=4688737
> Because of the similarity between the spellings of Deianeira lekythoi and deianira
lekythoi, the transliteration is the same. Han Yu Pin In of the two terms is “de ya nie
la lai ji tuo si tao ping” 　
Q: Since the scope notes and the spellings of the terms are nearly identical. are these
terms describing the same thing? Is it necessary to contribute Han Yu Pin In of these
terms to AAT?
A: They are the same things and should be integrated into one record. There is no
need for Han Yu Pin In here.

145
Insufficient information – definition problem (1/3)

nautilus shell (seashell, shell (animal material), ... Materials)
Note: The shell of the pearly nautilus, Nautilus macromphalus, native to the
tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans, used to make decorative objects such as
cups, salts, and jewelry, and as carving material.
鸚鵡螺貝 ( 海貝，貝殼 ( 動物材料 ) ， ... 材料 )
註釋：圓珠般的深臍鸚鵡螺的貝殼，原生於太平洋與印度洋熱帶地區，常用來
製作裝飾物品，如杯、鹽、珠寶首飾，也用來作為雕刻材料。

The English scope note mentioned this shell can be used “to make
decorative objects such as cups, salts, and jewelry.” But the translators
are unsure about the connection between nautilus shell and salts.
Q: Is there an error in the English scope note? If not, how can we prevent this
type of translation setback from happening in the future?
A: “Salts” here means “the container of salt”, which can be looked up in AAT
to verify the meaning.

146

ID: 300041668
mirlitons (<sound device components>, <components by specific
context>, ... Components (Hierarchy Name))
Note: Membranes used in musical instruments and other sound
devices to modify the sound made by that device or by the human
voice; their vibrations color the tone with a buzzing nasal timbre.

According to Wiki, mirliton is a type of membranophone, and the
Free Dictionary defines it as “a kind of musical toy into which one
sings, hums, or speaks, producing a coarse, reedy sound.”
Q: Is there an error in the scope note? Should mirlitons be classified as “a
type of musical instrument” or merely “the membrane part of certain
instruments”?
MIRLITON: a pseudomusical instrument, it
produces the sound when the player’s voice
makes a membrane vibrate.

147

ID: 300014136
cartridge paper (Manila paper, wood pulp paper, ... Materials (Hierarchy
Name))
Note: Fifty- to eighty-pound Manila paper, waxed on one side, originally used
for muzzle-loading cartridges, but now employed where a stiff, waterproof
material is needed.

Generally “cartridge paper” is translated into 繪圖紙 or 圖畫紙 ,
designating its current use for drawing. Many major English dictionaries also
refer to this kind of paper as “thick drawing paper,” but this feature is not
mentioned in the scope note, which makes the Chinese translation 繪圖紙 or
圖畫紙 look weird in the context.
Q: Is it necessary to add some explanations about its drawing purpose?

Insufficient information – vague scope note (1/2)

ID: 300311062
copen blue (<variable blue colors>, <blue colors>, ... Color)
Note: Range of light, strong shades of blue.
哥本哈根藍色（ < 各種藍色 > ， < 藍色 > ，…色彩）
範圍註：指色澤深淺不同的各種藍色。

The Chinese translation of the scope note does not identify
any specific characteristic of this color, and the internet
search results vary as follows:
Q: Is the content of the scope note complete?
A: Yes, it’s the correct scope note.
Q: But the scope note is still vague and not specific, so is it possible to add
more descriptions about its use and origins?
http://www.colourlovers.com/color/5173B0/copen_blue http://www.michaels.com/art/online/displayProductPage?
productNum=cp0055
http://mor-micronpaints.co.za/colour_chart.html

149
Insufficient information – vague scope note (2/2)

ID: 300055593
cultural property (property (legal concept), <property and
related concepts>, ... Associated Concepts)
Note: Part or whole of an object of archaeological interest or
an object of ethnological interest which was first discovered
within, and is subject to export control by the State Party.

Does it mean the state party ( 締約國 ) to the “Convention
Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural
Heritage” 《世界文化與自然遺產保護公約》 ?
Q: If so, is it necessary to add more information about the Convention to the
scope note in order to prevent confusion?

150
Insufficient information – confusing words (1/2)

ID: 300056351
sight lines (<visual and representational concepts>, <formal
concepts>, ... Associated Concepts)
Note: Lines that define an unimpeded field of vision,(RHDEL2)
as within rooms or open spaces or along city streets.

RHDEL2 could be Random House Dictionary of English
Language 2?
Q: What does the abbreviation mean?

151
Insufficient information – confusing words
(2/2)

ID: 300012875
gum thus (gum, organic material, ... Materials (Hierarchy
Name))
Note: The oleoresin or balsam from pine trees of the
southern United States, from which turpentine and rosin are
obtained;(MAYER) used especially in oil paints.
松脂 ( 樹膠 , 有機材料 , ... 材料 ( 層級名稱 ))
範圍註：一種取自美國南部松樹的油性樹脂或香脂，可製成松
節油及松香；（ MAYER ）特別用於油畫。
Q: What does (MAYER) in the scope note mean?

152
Insufficient information - term (1/2)

ID: 300183644
Carborundum (TM)
Note: Sharp, hard, artificial abrasive in solid or powdered
form composed of silicon carbide. Available in several
degrees of coarseness, it is often used for polishing by
abrasion. The finest particles are useful for grinding
glass.
金剛砂 ( 商標 TM)
範圍註：固體或粉狀碳化矽中又尖又硬的人工研磨料。有
多種不同粗細度，常用作研磨拋光。最細微的顆粒對研磨玻
璃很有用。

ID: 300190283
Plastic Wood (TM)
Note: A paste of wood flour or wood cellulose
compounded with a synthetic resin used for filling
cavities or seams in wood products.
塑性填料 ( 商標 TM)
範圍註：一種漿糊，由木粉或木材纖維素及人造樹脂混合
而成，用來填補木製品內的蛀孔或縫隙。
Q: TM currently is translated into 商標 (trademark) , is this translation
correct?

153
Insufficient information - term (2/2)

ID: 300265654
Mixografia (R)
Note: Embossed print process developed by Rufino Tamayo, Lea Remba and Luis Remba
that produces textured prints in color on handmade paper.
米索格拉斐亞版畫 ( 註冊商標 R)
範圍註：由魯菲諾‧塔馬約（ Rufino Tamayo ）、李亞．瑞巴（ Lea Remba ）、路易斯．
瑞巴（ Luis Remba ）共同研發之浮雕版畫程序，這種版畫程序是將彩色紋理版畫印製於手工
紙張上。

ID: 300265623
Piezography (( 註冊商標 R)
Note: Process invented in the late 20th century by Jon Cone, where special,
monochromatic inks are used in conjunction with software to produce black and white
inkjet prints using consumer printers.

ID: 300265622
Piezo (R) prints
Note: Inkjet prints made using the Piezography (R) process, which utilizes
monochromatic inks developed by photographers, and software that works in
conjunction with consumer printers.
Piezo ( 註冊商標 R ）版畫
範圍註：意指以 Piezography （ R ）程序印製的噴墨版畫，這種印刷程序使用的是攝影
師研發的單色墨水，以及一般印表機使用的軟體。
Q: (R) currently is translated into 註冊商標 (registered trademark) , is this
correct? And should these trademarks be transliterated or translated?

154
No scope note available (1/1)

We have translated several terms without scope notes. Sometimes it’s
difficult to determine the accuracy of the translation, when the terms are
western-oriented, for example:
................................ plays (document genre)   戲劇 ( 文件類型 )
.................................... morality plays   道德劇
.................................... mystery plays   神秘劇
.................................... passion plays 受難劇

And also corporate collections 共同收藏 , pairs 雙 , elem 邊 , knots 結 ,
berber knots 柏柏爾結 , jufti knots 菊孚體結 , Tibetan knots 西藏結…
etc.
http://www.duke.edu/web/rpc/pastti
mes/theatre/theatre/theatre.html
http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Libra
ry/SLT/stage/mysteries.html
http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/reso
urces/drama.html
Q: Is it possible to receive notices when AAT update the scope notes? When we
contribute new terms to AAT, does it always have to include the scope notes or can it
be added later?
A: The scope notes will be added afterwards, and it’s necessary to give scope notes
when contributing new terms.

Japanese terms (1/1)

ID: 300183795
gasenshi (Japanese paper (handmade paper), <paper by form>, ... Materials
(Hierarchy Name))
Note: Handmade Japanese paper, made of 10% mitsumata.
畫仙紙（日本紙（手工紙）， < 依形式區分之紙張 > ，…材料）
範圍註：手工和紙，含有 10 ％的三椏。

ID: 300183813
hosho (Japanese paper (handmade paper), <paper by form>, ... Materials)
Note: Thick, absorbent, handmade paper made primarily of kozo.
奉書紙（日本紙（手工紙）， < 依形式區分之紙張 > ，…材料）
範圍註：厚且吸水的手工紙，主要原料為楮皮。

ID: 300041502
beni-e (woodcuts (prints), relief prints, ... Visual and Verbal Communication)
Note: Japanese prints on which the principal hand coloring was executed with beni, a
red pigment.
紅繪（木刻版畫，凸版版畫，…視覺與語言傳達）
範圍註：一種以紅色顏料為主要手繪色彩的日式版畫。

Kanji ( 漢字 ) are the Chinese characters used in modern Japanese writing
system, but after its own local development, now there may be significant
differences between kanji used in Japanese and Chinese characters used in
Chinese. Such differences include simplification or variant forms of the
characters, as shown in the 3 examples.
Japanese: 紅絵 (different)
Japanese: 奉書紙 (same)
Japanese: 画仙紙 (different)
Q: Is it necessary to add the Japanese kanji (borrowed term) as the non-
preferred term?

156
References in the scope notes (1/1)

ID: 300056206
tensile strength (mechanical strength, mechanical properties, ... Attributes
and Properties)
Note: The maximum pulling or ductile stress that a material can be
subjected too without breakage. It is usually measured by taking a bar of the
material and stretching it to destruction. The ultimate tensile strength is the
maximum load divided by the bar's cross-sectional area and is measured in
newtons per square meter. Macmillan Encyclopedia 2001 (2000)

ID: 300056190
electrical conductivity (electrical properties, <electrical attributes and
properties>, ... Attributes and Properties)
Note: The ease with which an electrical current will pass through a material.
Dictionary of Earth Sciences (1999)

ID: 300010338
zoomorphic (<figure-derived form attributes>, <form attributes>, ...
Attributes and Properties)
Note: Representing or imitating animal forms, as in decorative art or
symbolism. Oxford English Dictionary Online
Q: Why is the reference (ex: Oxford English Dictionary Online) displayed in
the scope note instead of the Sources column? Should we just translate it into
“ 牛津線上英文字典” and leave it there or move it into the Sources column?

157
Ritual vs. Ceremonial

Both “ritual” and “ceremonial” are translated into 儀式 (yi shi) in
Chinese
• ritual objects is the
non-preferred term of
ceremonial objects
• But ritual vessels and
<ceremonial vessels>
become two separate
terms
(1/2)

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