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10 -fungi
- 1. BOT3015L Fungi Presentation created by Danielle Sherdan All photos from Raven et al. Biology of Plants except when otherwise noted
- 2. Tree of Life www.tolweb.org Plants (embryophytes) Angiosperms Gymnosperms, seedless, and non-vascular Animals Fungi (today) Protists Endosymbiosis Molecular evidence that both animals and fungi diverged from a common ancestor, likely a colonial protist Choanoflagellate, colonial protist
- 3. Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes
- 4. Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes
- 5. Fungi are important Cooking and baking Beer and wine production Cheese production Antibiotics Toxic waste cleanup Antibiotic production (cyclosporin, penicillin) Medical benefits (anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory) Parasites and diseases in animals (ringworm, aflatoxins) Parasites and diseases in plants (powdery mildew, smuts, rot) Decomposition and nutrient cycling Mycorrhizal associations
- 6. Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes
- 7. Fungus Theme Slide BOT 3015 Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Zygomycetes From Outlaw lecture Notice that, based on molecular data, fungi are more closely related to animals than plants
- 8. Zygomycete Basidiomycete Ascomycete Similar * Formation of spores within zygosporangium. * No cross walls between cells. Formation of spores in ascus. Formation of spores on basidium. Classification using sexual reproduction (more later) Modified from Outlaw lecture
- 9. Some important characteristics of fungi • Eukaryotes • Cell walls of chitin (not found in plants, found in animals) • Heterotrophic absorption • Secretion of digestive enzymes • Active transport
- 10. Fungi secrete enzymes (red symbol), which break complex molecules into smaller building blocks, such as simple sugars and amino acids (yellow symbols). The simple molecules are absorbed by the fungus. MEMBRANE INSIDE OUTSIDE Absorption is the Fungal Mode of Nutrition Thanks to Robert Hebert for assistance in the preparation of this slide. Nutrients dilute relative to inside Secondary active transport Modified from Outlaw lecture
- 11. Some important characteristics of fungi • Eukaryotes • Cell walls of chitin (not found in plants, found in animals) • Heterotrophic absorption • Secretion of digestive enzymes • Active transport • Filamentous hyphae (some unicellular forms)
- 12. Rhizopus (zygomycete) on strawberries Filamentous hyphae Mycelium - mass of hyphae Growth occurs at tips of hyphae Some have partitions called septa May be specialized e.g. rhizoids anchor to substrate and haustoria absorb from living cells
- 13. Some important characteristics of fungi • Eukaryotes • Cell walls of chitin (not found in plants, found in animals) • Heterotrophic absorption • Secretion of digestive enzymes • Active transport • Filamentous hyphae (some unicellular forms) • Spores produced sexually and asexually • Sexual reproduction by zygotic meiosis
- 14. Characteristics of phyla of fungi Phylum Type of sexual spores Representatives Common plant diseases Zygomycota Zygospore in zygosporangium Bread mold, endomycorrhizal fungi Soft rot Ascomycota Ascospore in ascus as part of ascocarp Powdery mildews, morels, truffles Powdery mildew, chestnut blight, Dutch elm disease Basidiomycota Basidiospore in basidium as part of basidiocarp Mushrooms, stinkhorns, puffballs, shelf fungi, rusts, smuts Black stem rust of cereals, corn smut, root rot
- 15. Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes
- 16. Zygomycete life cycle Zygospore, distinguishing characteristic, is only diploid cellModified from Outlaw lecture
- 17. Example of the asexual sporangiophore Pilobolus (zygomycete)
- 18. Zygospores of Rhizopus nigricans Thanks to Robert Hebert and Kim Riddle for this image. Gametangia Zygospores
- 19. Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes
- 20. Ascomycete life cycle Distinguishing characteristics Plasmogamy Karyogamy Conidia of Nomuraea
- 21. Asci lining the fruiting body of Peziza Ascospores Modified from Outlaw lecture
- 22. Appearance of prototypical ascomycete From Outlaw lecture
- 23. Xylaria sp. From Outlaw lecture
- 24. Common edible morel, Morchella esculenta (ascomycete)
- 25. World’s most expensive truffle White Alba Almost 3 pounds $112, 000 Photo from Wikipedia Truffles Black truffle (Tuber melanosporum) ascocarp (pictured) found beneath the soil surface
- 26. Botryosphaeria dothidea on Adina apple Thanks to Robert Hebert and Kim Riddle for this image. From Outlaw lecture
- 27. Today Importance of fungi Kingdom Fungi Classification Characteristics Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes
- 28. Basidiomycete life cycle From Outlaw lecture
- 29. Basidia and basidiospores Cross section of basidiocarp showing gills Coprinus (basidiomycete) with vital stain ~200µm ~100µm ~50µm
- 30. Basidia of Coprinus pileus From Outlaw lecture
- 31. SEM inky cap mushroom, Coprinus cinereus (basidiomycete) Basidia at time of basidospore release Basidia and basidiospores 4 basidiospores atop a single basidium ~25µm ~10µm
- 33. Shelf fungus example Ganoderma applanatum
- 39. For a local collection go to Outlaw’s collection in the lecture series
- 40. The yeast growth form Present in ascomycetes, zygomycetes, and basidiosmycetes Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ascomycete) Single-cell formFilamentous form Budding, a form of asexual reproduction ~25µm ~2.5µm