This document discusses radioisotopes and their biological effects. It defines radioactive isotopes as unstable elements that emit radiation to become stable. Some examples of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes are provided. The document then summarizes the discovery of radioactivity by scientists like Roentgen, Becquerel, and the Curies. It also discusses the nature of radioactive decay and emissions, half-life, and the uses and effects of various radioisotopes in areas like medicine, agriculture, dating techniques. Both the positive applications and potential negative health effects of radioisotope usage are outlined.
2. RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE
• DEFINITION:
The elements having atomic number greater than 83
are unstable and emit radiation to be stable.
• RADIONUCLEIODS:
e.g. Uranium (92), Radium ( 88),Palladium (91),
Francium(87), Radon (86), Iodine (131)
• At least with one stable and
• one unstable isotope.
3. DISCOVERY
• Roentgen (X-rays)
• Henry Becquerel (Radioactivity
Phenomenon)
• Curie Family(radium , Polonium)
• Rutherford (Nature Of Radiation)
4. DISCOVERY
• HENRY BECQUEREL:
He was checking the emition of X-rays. He wrapped
photographic plates with black paper and fluorescent salts
and place them In sunlight. Due to cloudy weather he
postponed his experiment. when he return back he
observed outlines in photographic film showing that salt
emit some radiations and thus he discovered phenomenon
radioactivity.
6. NATURAL VS ARTIFICIAL SOURCES
NATURAL
• Radiation in big bang
• Radioactive in earth planet
• All human were born
slightly radioactive
• Rocks (K-40, Rb-87)
• From cosmic radiation
(C-14,Tritium)
ARTIFICIAL
Artificially radioactive elements can
be formed by the bombardment of
alpha, beta, neutron or positron
etc.
7. RADIO ACTIVE DECAY
• Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear
decay or radioactivity) is the process by which
the nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy by emitting
radiation, including alpha particles, beta particles, and
gamma rays, . A material that spontaneously emits such
radiation is considered radioactive.
• Decay constant of any elements equal to the fraction of
decaying atoms per unit time
• λ=∆N/N
∆t
8. HALF LIFE
• Half-life (abbreviated t1⁄2) is the time required for a quantity to reduce
to half its initial value. The term is commonly used in nuclear
physics to describe how quickly unstable atoms undergo radioactive
decay, or how long stable atoms survive. It has its specific use in
radioactive dating. Which is used to detect the age of fossils and dead
organisms
12. USEFUL RADIOISOTOPES
• Treatment of
Alzheimer
disease
• Identify
malignant
tumor due to
most
absorption
• Brachytherapy
• Diagnosis
kidney filtration
And Embolus
• Thyroid
Cancer
Destruction,
IODINE-
131
IODINE-
125
FLOURIN-
E-18
PHOSPHO
-RUS-32
13. USEFUL RADIOISOTOPES
COBALT-60:
Radioisotope cobalt-60 is
used for external beam
radiotherapy, now almost
universally used for
sterilizing. High specific –
activity (HSA) Co-60 is used
for brain cancer treatment.
CHROMIUM-51:
This isotope is used as a
tracer in studies on blood. A
common use of chromium-
51 is in studies of red blood
cells.
15. NEGATIVE EFFECTS
OF ALPHA
RADIATIONS
• ALPHA PARTICLES:
•Due to massive nuclei
these radiations are most
ionizing than other
radiations causing severe
problems
•Cancer
•Kidney damage
•DNA/Genetic damage
•Acute radiation syndrome
ARS
16. NEGATIVE
EFFECTS
Beta particles are produced
when an atom undergoing
radioactive activity releases an
electron - either a positron
(with a charge of +1e).
•Radiation sickness
•burns
•Nausea
•Extreme weakness
•Hair loss
•Diminished organ function
• BETA PARTICLES:
17. NEGATIVE
EFFECTS
• GAMMA RADIATIONS:
Gamma radiation is a form of
nuclear radiation produced by
certain radioactive elements as
they decay. These are highly
penetrating radiations.
•diarrhea,
•headache, hair loss
•skin burns
• poor healing
•Severe radiation sickness
•bone marrow failure
•Disturbing production of
blood cells
20. PROTECTIVE MEASURES
• Time: The less time that people are exposed to a radiation source, the
less the absorbed dose.
• Distance: The farther away that people are from a radiation source, the
less the absorbed dose.
• Shielding: Barriers of lead, concrete or water can stop radiation or
reduce radiation intensity.
21. SOME SIDE EFFECTS OF
RADIOISOTOPES
IODINE 129:
Cause cancer
mainly in
thyroid
STRONTIUM
90:
Brain Tumors
Blood cell
cancer
22. SOME SIDE EFFECTS OF RADIOISOTOPES
URANIUM
238:
Kidney
Damage
ground water
contaminant
Cancer
causing
Food
contamination
CARBON 14:
