This document appears to be a lesson plan for a class on comparing the past and present ("Then and Now"). The objectives are for students to make a differences poster, use the simple past tense, describe a leader's biography, report past events, and describe historic places using relative pronouns. The lesson covers grammar like the simple past tense and relative pronouns. It includes vocabulary, skills building, and practice activities. The teacher invites students to describe how a city has changed from the colonial period to present. Sample dialogues are provided to practice using "used to" to talk about past habits.

1. Teacher : Mrs. FB Kh
herif School Sidi Ali
Cheikh Moulay Bencherif School Sidi Ali
: Mrs. FB Kh
Sidi AliTeacher : Mrs. FB KhEl Cheikh Moulay Bencherif Sch
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The ultimate objective :
By the end of this file, students will be able:
1- to make a differences poster
2-to use the simple past to narrate
3-to describe a famous person’s biography ( leader)
4-to report past events
5-to describe historic places using relative pronouns

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Functions and Notions
-Remembering
-Expressing surprise
-Asking for and giving information
-Describing people
Language learning Grammar
-The simple past tense
-The semi modal verb « used to »
-The relative pronouns: who, that,
which,where, whose, that
-The suffixes: ist, ian, er
-The sequencers
(Consolidation)
Words and Sounds
-Vocabulary related to
Old crafts, antiques,
History and Geography
-The Diphthongs
-Stress shift
Skills Building
Social Skills
-Doing a class presentation
-Solving riddles
-Writing a short biography
-Singing nursery rhymes
-Writing a letter of opinion for
publication
Primary Skills
-Deducing the meaning of words from context
-Coping with interruptions in a conversation
-Asking for clarification
-Correcting oneself
-Avoiding repetition in writing

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Invite your students to describe the pictures about Bab ElOued city on
page 91 and through which they’ll spot what has changed in the same city
from the colonial period tothe present day.
“We’re waiting for the city to
come to us”

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Listen and Consider
Aim : By the end of this lesson, students will be able to -Identify celebrities
- discriminate between their former jobs and current jobs using: used to be
-complete a dialogue
-recognize the sound of final”d” in “used to”
Before you listen: Presentation
-Students’ books open on page 92 and ask them to identify the people in
the pictures.
-Are they ordinary people? -No, they are not. They are very famous
artists. They are celebrities
What do they do now?/What are they now?What are their current jobWhat
What did they do then? What did they used to be?What were their jobs?
People Now Then : in the past
Brad Pitt
Whoopi Goldberg
Lounis Ait Menguelat
Clint Eastwood
Nicole Kidman
Cheb Mami
Harrison Ford
Schwarzenegger
Actor
Actress
Singer
Actor
Actress
Singer
Actor
Actor
Journalist
Teacher
Cabinet maker
Gas station attendant
unemployed
shoemaker
Carpenter
Bodybuilder
Brad Pitt Whoopie Goldberg L . Ait Menguelat Clint Eastwood
Nicole Kidman Chek Mami Harrison Ford A Schwarzenegger

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Look at the pictures of the stars, then ask and answer questions about what they did for
a living before they became actors or acresses
You: What did Whoopi Goldberg for a living before she became an actress?
Your partner: She was a teacher, wasn’t she?
You: That’s right. In fact she was a teacher.
Ask your students to work in pairs: ask and answer about one of
the stars above
As you listen: 1- Listen and check your answers to question one above.
Goldberg was a teacher.
2-listen to your teacher again and note how the letter “d” in “used to”
is pronounced in the following sentences
a-I used to be a teacher. b-I used to teach in….c-They used to be wonderful
You: What did Brad Pitt do for a
living before he became an actor?
Your partner: He was a journalist,
wasn’t he?
You: Yes, you are right. He was a
journalist.
/t/
The letter « d » in modal
« used to » is pronounced
/t/ because of the
assimilation of the sound
/d/ in used to and the
sound /t/ in to.

7. Being a bodybuilder is no longer Arnold’s job. It is not anymore Arnold’s job.
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Get your students’ attention back to the pictures p92
Example
Grammar Window
Used to is a semi modal or quasi-
modal.
It is used in different ways
-Who are the pictures about?
-They’re about Arnold Scharzenegger.
-Are the 2 pictures completely the same?
-No, they are not.
Compare the two pictures
Picture1: Arnold was young (in his twenties)
Picture2: Arnold is a bit older.
What about his job?
Picture1: When Arnold was young, he was a
bodybuilder.
And now, is he still a bodybuilder?
No, he is not. Now, Arnold is an actor.
Being a bodybuilder is no longer Arnold’s job. It is not anymore Arnold’s
job.
Arnold Scharzenegger used to be a bodybuilder, but now he is an actor.
Nichole Kidman used to be unemployed,
but now she is an actress.
Harrison Ford used to be a carpenter, but
now he is an actor.
Lounis Ait Menguelat used to be a cabinet
maker, but now he is singer.

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We use « used to » to express a habit, an activity or
situation that existed in the past but no longer
exists.
It’s used only in the past and it has not a present
form.
OR“Used to” refers to something that you regularly
did in the past but you don’t do anymore in the
present.
Remember:
 We use ‘used to’ with the base form of the verb to say that
someone did something in the past,but no longer does it.
E.g: I used to play football a lot,but now I’m too old to play.
 We also use ‘used to’ for past situations that no longer exist.
E.g: This building is now a museum.It used to be a church.
 The question form is : did + subject + use to…?
E.g:Did you use to eat at the school canteen?
 The negative form is: didn’t use to…(or never used to)
E.g:I didn’t use to go out very often.
People used to think that Earth was flat.

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Did you use to believe in vampires?
In the 19th century, people did not use to
watch TV.
In the past, the Inuits used to travel by dogsled. Now, they don’t any more, they
travel by snowmobile
When I was five, I used to be afraid of the
dark.
Did you use to use to be afraid of the dark,
too,
In the past, people used to travel by
camels, but now they travel by
trains, planes, boats,……
What did youuse to play ?
-I used to play hide and seek, but
now I play computer games.
-Did you use to watch cartoons ?
-Yes I did, but now I watch football
matches.

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Practice Activities
Are the following sentences right or wrong?
Spot the mistakes and correct
1-Peter didn’t used to study hard but now he’s an
excellent student.
2-Paul has got a job in a new factory. He is used to
run his own buisiness.
3-Did your brother used to go out with you?
4-My friends are used to got up early.
5-Was your father used to be a good student?
6-They usedn’t to like vegetables but now they love
them.
7-Frank uses to eat pizza once or twice a week.
8-My neighbour didn’t used to have a pet but now
he has small turtles.
-When I was young, I used to drink
milk, but now I drink coke.
-Years ago, we used to eat fresh and
healthy food, but now we eat junk
food.
-In his thirties, Louis used to smoke
three packer of cigarettes a day, but
now he doesn’t smoke anymore

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Look at the prompts and make sentences using the
words in brackets. Make any necessary changes.
Peter / get/ a lot of toys/in his birthday (USED TO)
Dave / drink / coffee/ in the mornings ( USED TO)
Frank/ not like reading/ now/ he / likes it ( USED TO)
Joe /lived/in Alaska/so he /cold weather ( USED TO)
Little Jim/ not like/ have a bath. Now/he love/ it
( NOT USED TO)
Anna/ take/her dog for a walk/ after lunch ( USED TO)
My cousin/ the cleverest boy/ at school ( USED TO)
Jim/wash his hair/ every day/? (USED TO)
Complete the sentences
using : used to or didn’t
used to and a suitable verb
1-Tony ………………. take a taxi to work. Now he drives his car.
2-Mrs. Wilson retired three years ago. She ………………… in a
chocolate factory.
3-Sandy ………………… until midnight in order to get high grades in
the exams.
4-Jane ……………… poems when she was a teenager, but now she is
too busy to write anything.
5-My teachers never scolded me. I always ………….. my home work
on time.
6-My brother …………….. with the other boys in the neighbourhood,
but now he plays with them.
Scolded

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When we want to talk about things we
are not still used to doing but are about
to get familiar in our lives, we use the
structure “get used to + the –ing form
of a verb”
Ex: I’m getting used to living in the
country.
Get used to can be followed by a noun
or pronoun,too:
I didn’t like vegetables but now I’m
getting used to them ( or to eating
them).
We use “be used to + the –ing form of a
verb” when we want to express things
we are already accustomed to doing.
Ex: My mother is used to getting up
early.
“Be used to”, like “get used to” can
also be followed by a noun or a
pronoun.
My bedroom is always in a mess.
Fortunately, my mum is used to it.
C- Complete the sentences with used to,
would, be used to or get used to,
affirmative or negative. Match the
sentences to the pictures.
Bob ……….… smoke but he gave it up
last year.
Lisa and Sue were friends. They
………………… be together most of the
time.
Jim was very shy. He ………………………..
have many friends.
Ben’s just got his first mobile phone. He
……………… …………… sending text
messages.
D- Choose the right alternative.
My parents ...... let me go to parties when I was a teenager.
a- were used to b- got used to c- didn’t use to d- are used to
After living in London for over 25 years, he finally ...... to the foggy weather.
a- used to b- is getting used c- got used d- would use
...... have long blond hair when you first met her?
a- Would Linda b- Was Linda used to c- Used Linda to d- Did Linda use to
My best friend always arrives late. I’ll never ...... it.
a- be used to b- get used to c- used to d- be getting used
to
My parents are teachers. They ...... correcting lots of exams.
a- is used to b- used to c- are used to d- were used to
There ...... be a cinema at the end of this street. Now there is a supermarket.
a- used to b- is used to c-was used to d- would
...... do his homework every day when he was at High School?
a- Used Paul to b- Was Paul used to c-Did Paul use to d- Did Paul get used to

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Aim : Students will be able to
1-Express surprise 2- Interview each other
Pair work: Use the information in the box to express surprise at the news
which your partner reports about a friend of yours
2-Interview each other using the questionnaire below
Practice
You :Have you heard, Karim plays in
major films.
Your partner:Really? He used to be so
shy.
You :Have you heard, Souad ranks first in
Mathematics.
Your partner:Really? She used to have
bad marks in Geometry and Algebra.
You :Have you heard, Ron runs faster
than anyone else.
Your partner:Really? He used to lag
behind everybody.
A : Which primary school did you use to go to ?
B: I used to go to Sahraoui Mohamed Primary
School.
A: Who used to be your teacher of Arabic?
B: Just a minute. Mrs. …………………. Used to be
my teacher of Arabic.
A: What about your teacher of French?
B: I just can’t remember her name.
A: How did you use to go to school?
B: I used to walk to school.
A: Did you use to eat at the canteen?
B: No, I never used to eat at the canteen.
A: What used to be your favourite subject?
B: I used to love History and Biology.
A: Did your teachers use to punish you?
B: Yes, they did.
The human brain is
special. It starts
working as soon as you
get up and it doesn’t
stop until you get to
school
My History teacher was so old
that he taught from memory
Henny Youngman

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Aim : students will be able to
-Use the simple past with “used to” and produce a passage about past
habits (what students used to do when they were younger.
Write it Up
When I was younger, I used to walk to school.
After school, I used to revise my lessons
before watching TV. My favourite TV program
used to be “Follow Me”. My friends used to
come to my house to play games. At school, I
didn’t used to like Maths and Physics. I used
to prefer to study History, Biology and
English. The season I liked most was summer.
During the summer holidays, I used to go to
the beach. I used to be a good swimmer. I
remember that I could swim for a thirty
metres to a huge rock in the sea. I used to
spend the whole summer days there fishing
and enjoing the fresh air coming from all the
north.

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Aim : Students should be able to -Use “used to” appropriately
-Interpret a picture / Use words to complete a dialogue
-Interpret the same picture and try to improvise
-Read and check predictions /-Produce more statements from a picture
Before you read: activate your students’s minds towards what they will read
about through the description of the picture page95
Ask them about the period of time before history that the picture
represents, the place, the people and their activities
1-period of time: The stone age
2-The place: The cave
3-The people: Cavemen / old people /early humans/ Neanderthals
4-The activities: wall painting / playing music
Read and Consider
Man first appeared on Earth about 2 million years ago.
The first humans were called “Hominids”.
2 million years ago, our planet was teeming with life!
There were deer, giraffes, hyenas, sheep, goats, horses,
elephants, camels, beavers, cave lions, ants, termites,
woolly mammoths, saber-toothed tigers, giant sharks,
dogs with huge teeth, and all kinds of birds plants and
fish.
It was during this time that the higher primates,
including apes and early man, first appeared.
Hominids are the family of mankind and his or her
relatives.
There was a difference between apes and man: Early
human-like hominids could stand upright. Apes could
not.
Their hands were different, too. Ape hands were
made for climbing and clinging. Man’s hands were
jointed differently, which allowed them to make and
use tools.

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Very Early Humans How do scientists know about an
early man who lived 2 million years
ago? Lucy solved the Mystery
In 1974, a skeleton was found in
Africa (Hadar in Ethiopia). The bones
were those of a female, about 20
years old or so when she died.
Scientists named her Lucy. About 2
million years ago, when Lucy was
alive, she was about 4 feet tall and
weighed about 50 pounds. Scientists
suspect that she fell into a lake or
river and drowned.
Scientists are like detectives. They
can tell a great deal from a skeleton,
whether it's one year old or 2 million
years old!
What is Stone Age ?
One of the most important advances in
human history was the development and
use of tools.
WHY?
Tools allowed hominids to become the
masters of their environments, to hunt,
to build, and to perform important tasks
that made life easier for them. The first
tools were made out of stone. Thus,
historians refer to the period of time
before written history as the Stone Age.
Cave Painting
The purpose of cave paintings is
not known. The evidence suggests
that they were not merely for
decoration. Also, they are often in
areas of caves that are not easily
accessed. Some theories hold that
they may have been a way of
communicating with others, while
other theories describe them a
religious or ceremonial purpose.

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1-Pair work : Look at the picture below. Then ask and answer questions
about what life used to be like in the Sahara 5.000 years ago. Use the words
in the box to answer the questions
2-Look at the picture again and guess which of the following statements
might be true. Circle the letters of the correct answer. Justify your answer
Read the letter again and find two or therr pieces of information in the
picture (95) that are not mentioned in the letter above
Stone tools - caves - animals - animal skins - spears - play the flute
You : Where did in the Sahara use to live ?
Your partner: They used to live in caves.
You: What did they use to do to live?
Your partner: They used to hunt animals.
You: With what did they use to hunt?
Your partner: They used to hunt with spears.
You: Did they use to make stone tools?
Your partner: Yes, they did.
You: What did they use to wear?
Your partner: They used to wear animal skins.
You:Did they use to paint on rocks?
Your partner: Yes, they did.
a-The Sahara used to be a desert land.
The Sahara used to be a green land.
The Sahara used to be dangerous there
d-Life used to be very safe there
b
-
c-
The cave people used to play music.
(the bone flute)
Tha cane people used to light fires at the
entry of the cave to frighten animals away .

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Grammar Window
Aim: Students should be able to identify the relative clauses and
pronouns and use them correctly
Presentation
The Relative Pronouns
whom
I can speak five languages.
I met a woman. She can speak five languages
Sentence1 sentence2
Person (who)
I met a woman who can speak five languages.
Relative clause
This is the town. I was born there.(in it)
Place (where)
This is the town where I was born.
Relative clause
This is the cat. It belongs to Tom .
Animal
This is the cat that/which belongs to Tom.
Relative clause

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This is the house. Bob built it.
Object
This is the house that/ which Bob built.
Relative clause
This is the man. I want to meet him.
Person object pronoun
This is the man whom I want to meet.
Relative clause
I want to meet
this man
man.
Whom
A man was found dead in the street. His name is unknown.
Person possession
Whose
A man whose name is unknown was found dead in the street
Relative clause
What is are relative clauses ?
They are subordinate sentences which identify and give essentials
information on the person, object or place they refer to(antecedent).
What is a relative pronoun
We use the relative pronouns when we want to define, or give
additional information about the person, thing or place mentioned in a
text. They join a relative clause to the main clause.
THAT/WHICH
to define
a thing/ /an
animal
WHERE
to define
a place
WHOSE
To define
possessive
adjective
His, her, their
WHOM
To define
object
pronoun
WHO/THAT
to define
person,people

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Further Practice
Complete the sentences with WHO OR
WHICH.
1. Who’s the young lady……………….. is
standing out there?
2. An atlas is a book ……………….is full of
different maps.
3. The teenagers……………… are queuing
want tickets for next week’s concert.
4. What was the name of the
man…………… discovered Machu
Picchu?
5. A compass is a device……… shows
direction.
6. Shakespeare was a British writer……
wrote Romeo and Juliet.
B-Choose the correct relative pronoun:
1-That man who/which comes from
London speaks a very good accent.
2-John Smith is an old man
where/whose house was robbed last
night.
3-This is the restaurant where/when is
served fast food.
4-Liverpool won the match which/who
was very exciting.
5-She´s the actress which/who is
married to a millionaire.
Match the two parts of the sentences:
1) The hospital is the place …
2) What is the name of the teacher …..
3) Shakespeare is the playwright …
4) Do you like the present …
5) What is the name of the town …
6) Do you know the girl …
7) I like the dress …
8) I can’t find the book …
9) Do you already know …
which Josh has lent me.
which I gave you for your birthday?
where you go when you are ill.
who is new to our class?
where you will go on holiday?
who wrote Hamlet.
where you were born?
who teaches you Maths
which you were wearing at the
party.
Choose the correct relative pronoun to the sentences below:
1. A nurse is a person ………. helps the doctor.
2. Art is the subject ……….. I like most.
3. Have you ever been to the house …………… they live?
4. Who is the girl ………… is talking to your brother?
5. The man ………... was driving the car was taken to hospital.
6. The book …………... I am reading is very adventurous.
7. This is the village …………. I grew up.
8. I really don’t know ………… answer is the correct one.
9. I don’t know the people …………. have just come.
10. Peter is the person ………. can help you with your work.
11. This is the shop ………… I bought my bike.
12. J.R.R. Tolkien is the writer ……… wrote The Lord of the Rings.
13. The CDs ………… are on the desk are mine.

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The postman is a
person ………
is a man ……
A petshop is a
place ………
…………………
…………….……
Aim : To provide more practice activities on the structure « used to » and
the relative pronouns
1-Imagine you are an archeologist. Explain to Ann what the names of the
objects written in bold are and what cavemen used them for. Use the
relative pronouns which and that. Make sure that your students don’t
confuse “usedto” with “to use for” meaning employ for a purpose
The giraffe is an
animal……………
The map is a thing
…………..
The changing room is
a place ………………
A friend is a
person……..
The restaurant is a
place ……………
Key answers to Grammar Window p97
A-The sentences which have the same meaning are
1-It used to be a green land with large rivers and big lakes, which contained a lot
of fish.
2-It had large forests, which were full of dangerous animals.
3-The people who used to live in the Sahara were cave people.
4-They painted many beautiful pictures of animals and hunters in the cave where
they lived.
D-Completion of the rule:
Which, who, where are relative pronouns. They refer to the words which come
before them.
Practice

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4 65321
Ann : Excuse me,what is this ?
You: This is astone ax
Ann: What did cavemen use it for?
You: They used it for hunting wild
animals.
Ann : And what is that ?
You: That is a stone jar.
Ann: What did cavemen use it for?
You: They used it for storing fat.
Ann : Sorry, what is this ?
You: This is a spear.
Ann: What did cavemen use it for?
You: They used it for killing animals.
Ann: And what is that?
You: That is a skin bag.
Ann: What did cavemen use it for?
You: They used it for keeping tools.
Ann : And what is that ?
You: That is a flute.
Ann: What did cavemen use it for?
You: They used it for playing music.
Ann : What is this ?
You : This is a stone pot.
Ann: What did cavemen use it for?
You: They used it for drinking water.
Tourist : Excuse me, what did cavemen
use to do here ?
Tourist guide: This is the corner of the
cave where cavemen used to keep their
musical instruments.
Tourist : Excuse me, what did cavemen
use to do here ?
Tourist guide: This is the back of the
cave where cavemen used to sleep on
animal skins.
Tourist: Excuse me, what did cavemen
use to do here?
Tourist guide: This is the front of the
cave where cavemen used to keep a fire
to frighten wild animals.

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Aim : Students will be able to write a short note for tourist guide about
what life used to be like in the Sahara long time ago.
Write it Out
Life used to be dangerous in
the Sahara. You know, tigers,
dears and lions which lived near
the caves, used to attack cave
people. Today all you can see are
these beautiful camels, which
have carried you here from the
hotel. Life was even more
dangerous for children. The
children who used to stay close
to the open fire often got burnt.
The children who often fetched
water to drink fell into the deep
lakes and died….

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Words and Sounds
Aim : Students should be able to
1-Identify vowel sounds 2-Recognize the phonetic symbole of vowels
3-Interpret a picture 4-Identify words corresponding to phonetic
symbols
Presentation
The English language has 26 letters in its alphabet, but it has doubled
that number of sounds 52.
Recycle with your students the consonant and vowel sounds learned during
the four years of English study.
Write on the board
Your students will soon recognize that each word begins with a vowel sound
and changes into another vowel sound in the same syllable.
take buy boyThen read the words and
ask your students to
identify the sound of each
word. Ask them to find
whether the sound which
is heard in each word is a
single sound or compound
sound
fear care
go poor
cow
« boy » starts with the
vowel sound // and
changes into the vowel
sound /i/
« buy » begins with the
vowel sound /a/ and
changed into the vowel
sound /i/
Eg : “take” starts with
the vowel sound /e/ and
changes into the vowel
sound /i/
/i//ai//ei/
« go » begins with the
vowel sound /ə/ and ends
in the vowel sound/ /ʊ
//ʊ
« care » starts with the
vowel sound /e/ and ends
in the vowel sound /ə/
« fear » begins with the
vowel sound /i/ and ends
in the vowel sound / /ə
/iə/ /ə /ʊ/eə/

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Each of the above words contains two different vowel sounds.
According to the IPA, these sounds are called
Diphthongs
T-How many diphthongs are there in English phonetic alphabet?
Std-There are eight.
T-What are they?
Std-They are:
« poor » begins with the
vowel sound / /ʊ and
ends in the vowel sound
/ə/
« cow » starts with the
vowel sound /a/ ands in
the vowel sound / /ʊ
/a /ʊ/ʊə/
The diphtong is the association of two vowel sounds pronounced in
one syllable
The
diphtongs
The Diphtongs are :
/eɪ/, /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/, /ɪǝ/, /eǝ/
/ǝʊ/ /ʊǝ/, /aʊ/
Which vowel sound do you hear in each word ?
-now …………… -fair …………….
-grow …………… -fly ……………..
-say …………… -near …………….
-oil ………….. -moor ……………

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Arrange the words below according to the pronunciation of the letter in
bold type
/ǝʊ/ /aʊ/ /aɪ/ /eɪ/ /ɪǝ/ /eǝ/ /ɔɪ/ /ʊǝ/
Nose
No
Boat
Know
Stone
Now
House
Town
Buy
Five
Bay Here
Spear
Hear
Air
There
Chair
Bear
Oil Sure
Tour
Pure
hair
eye
eye
/eə//eə/
i
ə
ear ear/ai//ai/ ə
u
ʊau
i
ə
nose
mouth
Stone – air – no – now – buy – bay – boat – house – know – here – there
– oil – spear – sure- chair – bear – tour – pure – hear – town - five
Research and Report

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Aim : students should be able to
1-make a complete fact file about India / 2-do a research to make a
history file about India / 3-write a short presentation about a famous
monument “Taj Mahal” using the relative pronouns / 4-produce a short
biography about Haroun Al Rashid
Presentation
Make a fact file about India
National name : Hindi Bharat
Area : 3,166,829 sq/ 1,22,396 sq mi
Bording countries: Nepal, China, Afghanistan,
Bangladesh, Pakistan
Official Languages: Hindi, English
Religion: Hindou 83%, Muslim 11%, Christian
2,5%, Sikh 2%
Capital city: New Delhi
Main towns: Mombay, Bangalore, Calcutta,
Hyderabad
Currency: Rupee
Monuments: Kesava Temple, Taj Mahal
Representational animal: Royal Bangal Tiger
Famous Indian leaders: Mahatma Ghandi,
Nehru, Indira Ghandi
National Symbols of India
Flag Tricolour
Emblem Sarnath Lion Capital
Anthem Jana Gana Mana
Song Vande Mataram
Animal Royal Bengal Tiger
Bird Indian Peacock
Aquatic
animal
Dolphin
Flower Lotus
Tree Banyan
Fruit Mango

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The song Jana-gana-
mana, composed originally
in Bengali by
Rabindranath Tagore, was
adopted in its Hindi
version by the Constituent
Assembly as the national
anthem of India on 24
January 1950.
India is a country
in South Asia. It is
the seventh-largest country
by geographical area,
the second-most
populous country with over
1.2 billion people, and the
most populous democracy in
the world.
The Peacock, Pavo
cristatus (Linnaeus), the
national bird of India. It is
symbolic of qualities like
beauty, grace, pride and
mysticism
The capital of India is New
Delhi and its largest city is
Mumbai.
The national emblem of
India is an adaptation of
the Buddhist Lion Capital
of Asoka at Sarnath, near
Banaras in the north Indian
state of Uttar Pradesh.
Lotus scientifically known
as Nelumbo Nucifera is the
National Flower of India.
The tiger is the symbol of
India's wealth of wildlife.
The Mango is the national
fruit. It has been cultivated
in India since time
immemorial. There are
over 100 varieties of
mangos in India, in a range
of colors, sizes, and shapes
Bollywood is the
largest film producer
in India and one of
the biggest centers
of film production in
the world.
Bollywood comes
from “Bombay”, the
former name of
“Mombay” and the
American cinema
city “Hollywood”
The National flag is a
horizontal tricolor of
deep saffron (kesari) at
the top, white in the
middle and dark green
at the bottom in equal
proportion.

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From the British Raj to India
The Raj is the period of British rule in India before independence
in 1947.
India, Pakistan and Bengladesh used to be part of the British Raj.
But just six months after independence what used to be the
British Raj was patitioned between Pakistan and India. After
partition, some 15 million Hindous, Sikhs and Moslems moved to
live among their own. At least a million people were massacred on
all side during the migration. Fighting over the region of Kashmir
continuous to this day.
Between 1947 and 1971, Pakistan used to have two parts, one
part situated to the west of India and another to the east of the
same country. East Kakistan had a larger population than the
West Pakistan. In 1971, the people of East Kakistan declared
their independence as Bangladesh.
The Raj is the period of British rule in India before independence
in 1947.
India, Pakistan and Bengladesh used to be part of the British Raj.
But just six months after independence what used to be the
British Raj was patitioned between Pakistan and India. After
partition, some 15 million Hindous, Sikhs and Moslems moved to
live among their own. At least a million people were massacred on
all side during the migration. Fighting over the region of Kashmir
continuous to this day.
Between 1947 and 1971, Pakistan used to have two parts, one
part situated to the west of India and another to the east of the
same country. East Kakistan had a larger population than the
West Pakistan. In 1971, the people of East Kakistan declared
their independence as Bangladesh.

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What do you know about this monument ?
This is the white marble mosolium which
was built by Shah Jahan in the memory of
his wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It is called the
Taj Mahal. It took 20,000 workers and
more than 23 years to built. They
finished building it in 1653. It is a famous
example of Indou Islamic architecture
which fuses the Muslim and Hindou
styles.
This is an amazing love story with a sad ending. It is situated in Agra, India. It is a
perfect architectural creation. Since the 17th
century, travellers cross continents to come
and see this magnificent memorial of love. It was built in the memory of the beautiful
Arjumand Bano Begun, the wife of a Mugal emperor called Shah Jahan. In fact, he had
other wives, but Arjumand was his favorite. They met when they were 15 years old, but
they had to wait 5 years before getting married. The Queen died in 1612, giving birth to
their fourteenth child when she was 39 years old. Of their 14 children only four sons and
three daughters survived. Their love was so big, that he named her Mumtaz Mahal, that
is, “Jewel of the Palace”. She used to go with him everywhere, even on military
campaigns. When his wife passed away, the King felt so heartbroken that he ordered
mourning for 2 years. During that period, there was no music, no feasting, and no
celebrations of any kind.
The king was a passionate builder, and decided to build a memorial to his lover in
precious marble. 20.000 builders worked for 23 years to build the Taj Mahal.
The King Shah Jahan (King of the World) died in 1666, when he was 74 years old. In
1658 he became ill, and was imprisoned by his son Aurangzeb in the city of Agra until his
death taking his place in the throne. His body was entombed next to his beloved wife
Arjumand Bano Begun inside the Taj Mahal. Nowadays, visitors need more than a day to go
around this wonderful Islamic Tomb.