SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 13
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
Complete Guide
Roy Braybrook
F
or the purposes of the following
discussion, it is understood that
Shorads (short-range air defence
systems, discussed in Armada 2/2002)
typically engage incoming aircraft and
missiles at around ten kilometres,
although some may stretch to 20 km. It
is also given that long-range air defence
systems are capable of more than 75
km, and that medium-range systems fill
the gap, intercepting at 20 to 75 km.
Hawk
The classic Western medium-range
Sam is the Raytheon MIM-23B Hawk
(Homing All-the-Way Killer), which is
believed to have a maximum range in
the region of 40 km.The Hawk is wide-
ly used, serving with the US Army and
Marine Corps and the services of 20
other nations,including seven members
of Nato. The Hawk is a semi-active
radar homing missile launched from a
wheeled trailer. The standard US
Marine Corps battery or US Army pla-
toon has four three-round launchers.
Either unit can fire its missiles at an
average interval of less than five sec-
onds, but in its initial form can engage
only two targets simultaneously.
The basic Hawk system employs
four different radars.Search is conduct-
ed by a pulse acquisition radar (Par) in
the case of medium or high altitude tar-
gets,and a continuous-wave acquisition
radar (Cwar) for low-flying targets. If
either of these is subjected to jamming
that denies target range information, it
can be supported by a range-only radar.
The designated targets are tracked and
illuminated by a high-power illumina-
tor (HPI) radar.
The Hawk entered service in 1960,
and has been used operationally in the
1967 and 1973 Arab-Israeli wars, and
the Iran-Iraq war. The US Marine
Corps deployed two Hawk battalions
in the 1991 Persian Gulf War. The
Hawk has gone through a series of
major upgrades. The Phase I upgrade
that began in 1977 brought improve-
ments to the Par and Cwar. The Phase
II of 1983 introduced a series of R&M
(reliability and maintainability)
improvements, with special reference
to the HPI.
The current Phase III is described as
providing increased firepower, further
enhanced R&M and integrated air
defence capability through the use of
digital computers. The associated
changes include the removal of the
range-only radar. Developed for the US
Army and Marine Corps, the Phase III
can provide some defence capability
against short-range ballistic missiles, if
45armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002
The effective defence of both fixed and mobile ground targets against the
threats posed by missiles and aircraft favours a multi-layered approach.
The need for improvements in medium- and long-range interception capa-
bility is emphasised by the growing use of stand-off radar platforms and
jamming aircraft, stealth bombers, and by the abandoning of direct attacks
by manned aircraft in favour of stand-off, cruise and ballistic missiles.
Launch, Intercept,
Destroy –
Land-based Air Defence
Complete Guide
linked to a long-range 3D radar such as
the Raytheon MPQ-64, and if the
weapon used is the Hawk ILM
(improved lethality modification) with
larger (35 gram) warhead fragments.
The Phase III treatment is also being
applied to the Hawk systems of some
existing international customers, such
as France and Greece. The Phase III
Cwar provides single-scan target detec-
tion, reducing the time required to find
the target by over 50 per cent. The
upgrade kit for the HPI radar
(Raytheon MPQ-61) includes a new
Low Altitude Simultaneous Hawk
Engagement (Lashe) antenna, which
allows the system to engage twelve tar-
gets at the same time.US Marine Corps
Hawk batteries have an improved
Lockheed Martin TPS-59(V)3 3D sur-
veillance radar that can track tactical
ballistic missiles at 750 km. Egyptian
Hawk radars have also been upgraded
to -59(V)3 standard.
In the case of the Greek Phase III
upgrade,Raytheon is teamed with Nor-
way’s Kongsberg, which is responsible
for the new fire direction centre (FDC)
that replaces the current Hawk com-
mand post. This improves interoper-
ability with the Raytheon Patriot long-
range air defence system,which Greece
has also selected. Denmark is introduc-
ing the Danish Enhanced Hawk
(Dehawk), developed by Terma, as an
interim system, pending a switch to
either the Raytheon AIM-120 or
MBDA Aster 30 missile.
US Marine Corps Hawks have an
upgraded video tracker based on a CCD
(charge-coupled device) that can lock on
to aircraft at over 100 km. German and
Dutch Hawk batteries have been sup-
plied with an Atlas electro-optical
day/night acquisition and tracking sys-
tem to overcome radar jamming and
increase effectiveness against multiple
targets. In a joint mobility-enhancement
programme by the US and the Nether-
lands (later adopted by Sweden), the
launcher has been modified to allow it to
be towed with missiles in place, the tow-
ing vehicle is a new transporter/loader
based on a five-tonne truck carrying
three further missiles and a crane.
Amraam
Future plans for the Hawk centre on
combining it with Raytheon’s AIM-120,
as in the case of the Raytheon/Kongs-
berg Hawk-Amraam air defence sys-
tem, which has been offered to the
Royal NetherlandsAir Force andArmy.
This retains the Hawk on some three-
round launchers, while other launchers
in the same battery are modified to
mount eight AIM-120s. The AIM-120s
are employed to intercept multiple
high-speed low-level targets, and pro-
vide a minimum firing interval of less
than two seconds and a range of around
20 km. This combination of missiles
retains the longer range and higher alti-
tude capabilities of the Hawk, as well as
the superior terminal effectiveness of
the Hawk ILM round against targets of
low radar cross-section. The Hawk-
Amraam system employs the Raytheon
MPQ-64 3D pencil-beam radar and the
MPQ-61 HPI.
46 armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002
The Raytheon MIM-23 Hawk medium-range surface-to-air missile is still widely
used. It is represented here by a German Air Force firing unit at ILA-2002.
(Armada/RB)
Test firing of a
Hawk missile,
using target data
supplied by the
Raytheon TPQ-
36A Low Altitude
Surveillance
Radar (right), first
adopted by the
Royal Norwegian
Air Force.
(Raytheon)
Complete Guide
48 armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002
Complete Guide
In the case of Nasams (Norwegian
advanced surface-to-air missile sys-
tem), the AIM-120 is employed in
six-round canisters without the Hawk
but with the Kongsberg FDC referred
to earlier (also used in the Hawk-
Amraam system). It employs the
Raytheon MPQ-64 surveillance radar
and the TPQ-36A acquisition and
tracking radar, together with the vehi-
cle-mounted Norwegian Tracking
Adjunct System using infrared cam-
eras.The system is operated by both the
Royal Norwegian Air Force (Nasams-
I) and the Army (Nasams-II). In 2000,
Kongsberg was contracted to supply
four similar fire units for the Spanish
Air Force.
Mounted on the M1097 Hummer,
the Raytheon AIM-120 is also to be
used in the US Marine Corps Comple-
mentary Low Altitude Weapon System
(Claws), which will be employed in
conjunction with the Raytheon Stinger-
armed Boeing Avenger Vshorads. In
April 2001, Raytheon (having previ-
ously demonstrated a five-missile vehi-
cle prototype) was awarded the Claws
development and pre-production con-
tract by the US Marine Corps Systems
Command. This 24-month programme
is to produce two production-represen-
tative launchers to validate perform-
ance and integration requirements.The
launch vehicle is equipped with a GPS
receiver, and in the US Marine Corps
case will take target data from the
Raytheon Multi-Role Radar System,
which is also Hummer-mounted. The
US Marine corps website refers to the
launcher having “a minimum of four”
Amraams. The Claws is intended to
provide beyond-visual range defence
against cruise missiles, UAVs and other
advanced threats.
Kub/Kvadrat
The closest Russian equivalent of
Hawk is the 9K12 Kub (SA-6) system
and its descendants, although the Kub
(Cube) family is based on tracked vehi-
cles, rather than trailers. The Kub was
developed by NIIP at Zhukovsky, but
was produced by the Ulyanovsk
Mechanical Plant. The first units
appeared in 1967 and entered service
around 1970. The missile is boosted to
supersonic speed by a rocket motor and
then switches to ramjet propulsion. It is
directed toward the target by command
guidance, with semi-active radar hom-
ing for the terminal phase. In the 1973
Yom Kippur War,The Kub was respon-
sible for the destruction of many Israeli
aircraft, that is, until the Israelis discov-
ered that the four 2P25 Tel (trans-
porter-erector-launcher) vehicles, each
carrying three ready-to-fire rounds,
could be put out of action by destroying
the battery’s 1S91 (Straight Flush)
radar vehicle. Syrian forces also
employed the Kub during the Israeli
invasion of Lebanon in 1982, but its
radars are believed to have been
jammed successfully.
The Kub was exported to at least 23
countries as the Kvadrat. The Soviets
appear to have allocated to this initial
version of the series a low security clas-
sification, as several countries (includ-
ing Israel, the United Kingdom and
United States) are believed to have
acquired examples for testing. Britain,
for example,reportedly test-fired eleven
SA-6s in the late 1980s.
Although the Kub is being replaced
by the Buk-1M (described below),
many examples remain in service and
Ulyanovsk is marketing upgrades for
these older systems. Upgrade options
include a 9Sh38 electro-optical tracker
mounted on the 1S91M1/M2 control
system vehicle, allowing targets to be
engaged at up to 25 km without radar
surveillance and tracking. The control
system is upgraded from analogue to
digital data processing, and automati-
cally classifies targets as air breathing
(AB), ballistic missile (BM) or helicop-
ters (H). Ulyanovsk also offers the
improved 3M9M3 missile, which pro-
vides 20 to 25 per cent more range and
doubles the maximum intercept alti-
tude to 46,000 ft. Demonstrating that
the SA-6 is still a viable system, an F-16
was shot down by a Kub unit (in
Bosnia) as recently as 1995.
Buk
In 1979, production at Ulyanovsk
switched to the 9K37M Buk (SA-11),
which was designed to replace both the
Kub and the longer range (70 km) 9M8
Krug (Circle) or SA-4, which also orig-
inated in the early 1960s. The Buk
(Beech) entered service in the mid-
The 9A310M1 firing unit of the Ulyanovsk-built 9K37M1 Buk-M1 (SA-11) air
defence system in road configuration is illustrated by this scale-model.
(Armada/RB)
The Buk-M1 firing
unit in operational
configuration,
with turret rotated
to face the threat,
and the four
9M38M1 missiles
raised to the firing
position.
(Armada/EHB)
Complete Guide
50 armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002
1980s and overcame the fundamental
vulnerability of its predecessor by
equipping each firing unit with its own
tracking and illumination radar.
The missile for the 9K37M1 Buk-M1
system is the rocket-powered 9M38M1,
designed by the Dolgoprudny Research
Production Enterprise (DNPP). It
boasts a top speed of Mach 3.5, an outer
limit range of 32 km and a maximum
altitude of 72,000 ft. The system has a
launch weight of 690 kg and carries a
70 kg warhead.
The Buk system is based on the use of
the MT-S tracked chassis.A Buk battery
normally consists of a 9S470M1 com-
mand post, a 9S18M1 target acquisition
radar, six 9A310M1 firing units with
four ready-to-fire missiles and three
9A39M1 reloader/launcher vehicles,
each carrying eight missiles. The
9A39M1 can be used as a supplemen-
tary fire unit, but has no radar, and thus
relies for missile guidance on a nearby
9A310M1.A battery is equipped with 72
rounds, the remainder being carried on
KrAZ-255B 6 ϫ 6 trucks,which can each
supply up to eight missiles. Four batter-
ies form a regiment, which normally has
a long-range surveillance radar such as
the Nitel Nebo-SV (1L13-3).
The 9K37M1-2 or Buk-M1-2 (SA-17),
which was recently exhibited at Asian
Aerospace 2002, represents a major
advance, combining the new DNPP-
designed 9M317 missile with a new fire
control system developed by Tikho-
mirov NIIP, and including a laser ranger
for passive operation. The new com-
mand post is designated 9S470M1-2.This
combination allows the Buk-M1-2 to
also defend against tactical ballistic
missiles with a range up to 150 km and
anti-radiation missiles such as the Harm.
The 9M317 is a 715 kg missile with a
70 kg warhead. It has a maximum alti-
tude of 82,000 ft and an outside range of
45 km against airborne targets and
20 km against ballistic missiles. Com-
pared to the 9M38M1 missile, it also
provides improvements in manoeuvra-
bility and ECM resistance.
referred to as the Land Saam AD.
Eurosam was established in 1989 as a
joint venture by Aerospatiale, Alenia
Marconi Systems and Thomson-CSF,
and is thus now owned by MBDA and
Thales.The Samp-T (Sol-Air Moyenne
Portée – Terrestre) is a member of the
Future Surface-to-Air Family (FSAF)
of ADS that is being developed for the
French and Italian governments. It is a
truck-mounted, air-transportable sys-
tem based on MBDA Aster 30 missiles
fired from vertical launchers,theThales
Arabel radar and the Alenia Zebra
monopulse low-frequency high-angle
radar. The command module controls
up to six launchers, located up to ten
kilometres distant and each with eight
missiles.The trucks used are the French
Renault TRM and the Italian
Astra/Iveco.
The Aster 30 has a weight of 445 kg,
most of which is associated with a larg-
er tandem boost motor.This launches a
100 kg‘dart’ carrying a 15 kg blast-frag-
mentation warhead. It has a maximum
range of 70 km against surveillance air-
craft, up to 100 km against a jammer
and 15 to 25 km against a supersonic
manoeuvring aircraft. The Samp-T
employs Sagem inertial mid-course
guidance with target updates provided
by datalink, and active radar terminal
homing. The dart’s Pif/Paf (pilotage en
force/pilotage aérodynamique fort) of
lateral jets acting around the centre of
Test firing of the
MBDA Aster 30
missile, which arms
the truck-mounted,
air-transportable
Eurosam Samp-T,
a member of the
Franco-Italian
Future Surface-to-
Air Family. (DGA-
CEL)
The massive S-300 PMU1 air defence system uses the equally massive 64N6E
long-range surveillance and acquisition radar seen here. (Armada/EHB)
The Buk M1-2 was fielded by the
Russian Army in 1998 and is marketed
internationally both as a completely
new system and as firing units that can
be integrated with the older Kvadrat.
Options include the Orion passive
radar system. The 9K40 Ural system
(also produced by Ulyanovsk) is
reported to be an upgraded Buk, but
this may simply be a new designation
for the 9K37M1-2.
Samp-T
The systems so far discussed are
already in service. The next ground-
based medium-range ADS is expected
to be the Eurosam Samp-T, sometimes
Complete Guide
51armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002
gravity provides a load factor of up to
62 G. The battery can engage up to ten
targets simultaneously.
The Samp-T can provide an anti-
tactical ballistic missile capability
against weapons such as the MITT 9K52
Luna-M (Frog-7) and KBM 9K79
Tochka (SS-21a Scarab), i.e., missiles of
less than 100 km range. The Block 1 is
being developed to deal with ballistic
missiles of 500 to 600 km range, i.e., the
Makeyev 9K72 (SS-1 Scud). Service
entry is scheduled for 2005.The Block 2
is being studied to counter ballistic mis-
siles in the 1000 to 2000 km range.
The initial Samp-T production
orders are expected to cover 15 units
for the French Army, 15 for the Italian
Army (likewise replacing the Hawk)
and 14 for the French Air Force, replac-
ing the Crotale in airfield defence.
Meads
Despite the Italian Army’s apparent
commitment to the Franco-Italian
Samp-T, the Italian Air Force supports
the Meads (pronounced Me-Ads) pro-
gramme, which formally began in 1996
with an agreement between the US,
Germany and Italy to collaborate on
the development of this easily
deployed Medium Extended Air
Defence System, sharing the costs on a
60-28-17 basis. In US Army service, the
Meads is to replace the Patriot.The tri-
lateral agreement marked the start of a
27-month project definition and valida-
tion phase in which two teams were
awarded $ 80 million contracts.
For the second (risk-reduction)
phase, in May 1999 the Meads Interna-
tional team led by Lockheed Martin
was awarded a $ 216 million 32.5-
month contract by the Nato Meads
Management Agency (Nameadsma).
Meads International is owned on a
50:50 basis by Lockheed Martin and
EuroMeads, which is a joint venture
comprised of Italy’s MBDA-I and Ger-
many’s Eads/LFK.
The award of the risk-reduction con-
tract followed the political decision to
reduce the cost of the Meads pro-
gramme by adopting the Pac-3 missile
(developed by Lockheed Martin Mis-
siles and Fire Control – Dallas for the
Raytheon Patriot system) in combina-
tion with an improved mobility launch-
er. The Raytheon Patriot programme
was discussed in some detail inArmada
5/99.The Pac-2 was introduced in early
1991 and was used to intercept Iraqi
Scud ballistic missiles during Desert
Storm.The Pac-3 is a much smaller hit-
to-kill missile, allowing a launcher to
carry 16 weapons in place of four Pac-
2s.This body-to-body kill is achieved by
a battery of 180 small attitude-control
rockets in the front fuselage, used in
Meads is a joint development by the US, Germany and Italy, aimed at
producing a Medium Extended Air Defence System that can be deployed by
the C-130 and C.160. (Eads/LFK)
The Inertial Heart That Beats Within...
www.systron.com ( 800) 227-1625
Concord, California
Not much escapes its capabilities. Using our
state-of-the-art Quartz MEMS technology, this
small MEMS inertial cluster serves as the heart of
our C-MIGITSTM
and DQI-NP Navigation systems.
Our MEMS GPS/INS provides high accuracy,
tactical grade performance and is ruggedized to
handle missile environments.
As the first to provide production capabilities,
BEI Systron Donner can provide unprecedented
system navigation, even with loss of GPS, to give
you robust, affordable navigation and guidance
solutions. Visit our website for complete details and
applications information.
MEMS GPS/INS
6 DoF Quartz Technology
Qualified
Mature
High Reliability
C-MIGITSTM
(C/A Code - Miniature
Integrated GPS/INS
Inertial Tactical
System)
Light Weight
(1.1 kilograms/2.4 Lbs.)
DQI-NP
(Digital Quartz IMU
with Navigational
Processor)
Light Weight
(1.2 kilograms / 2.65 Lbs.)
Complete Guide
52 armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002
conjunction with the fixed tail surfaces
that give a three-Hertz roll-rate.
Development testing of the Pac-3 was
completed in October 2001. It entered
low-rate initial production (Lrip) for the
US Army in late 1999. Some 154 missiles
have been contracted for in this phase
and the first unit was equipped in Sep-
tember 2001. A decision for full-rate
production is expected in September
2002. The US Army plans to equip each
Patriot fire unit with six Pac-2 and two
Pac-3 launchers. Earlier Patriot systems
have been sold to Egypt, Germany,
Greece, Israel, Japan, Kuwait, the
Netherlands, Saudi Arabia and Taiwan.
It may be added that Taiwan is reported
to have developed and placed in service
a silo-housed Patriot derivative known
asTien Kung (Sky Bow).At time of writ-
ing, Raytheon is working to conclude a
Patriot sale to South Korea based on the
improved Pac-3, the stumbling-block
being funding shortfalls resulting from
that country’s F-15K purchase.
During the testing of the new Pac-3
there have been eleven consecutive
successful firings,five of which involved
body-to-body intercepts of tactical bal-
listic missiles, three represented cruise
missile kills and one destroyed a target
representing an attack aircraft.
Following statements of intent to
purchase by Germany and the Nether-
lands (for 200 and 128 PAC-3s respec-
tively), Lockheed Martin placed offset
work in those countries, and the first
German components were shipped to
the United States during Lrip-1. To
manage the offset programme and sup-
port the Pac-3 in German Air Force
service, Lockheed Martin and Eads/
LFK have formed a joint company,
Gesellschaft für Luftverteidigungs Sys-
teme (GLVS). German work on the
Pac-3 includes Thomson travelling
wave tubes,Diehl thermal batteries and
a joint effort by LFK and TDW on the
‘lethality enhancer’, which expands the
255 mm diameter of the missile as a
hedge against last-minute manoeuvres
by air-breathing threats.
A German Parliamentary decision
taken in June 2001 to support the Meads
risk-reduction effort has delayed that
nation’s procurement of the Pac-3
(which was to have covered 200 rounds
and 13 launch station modification kits
in Calendar 2002),perhaps by two years.
The Dutch decision to purchase has yet
to be confirmed.
The goals of the second phase are to
demonstrate the validity of the chosen
concept,investigate whether the concept
is achievable on a realistic timescale,
investigate critical areas of technology
and establish reliable cost data for devel-
opment and procurement, providing the
basis for a decision on whether or not to
continue the project.
The US Army has requested $ 150.8
million for Meads R&D in FY2003, but
(as the programme is currently envis-
aged) the seven-year engineering and
manufacturing development phase will
not start until early 2004, leading to
production beginning around 2012.
Although Germany probably wel-
comes the delay in funding demand,
this timescale does not meet the needs
of the Italian Army, which plans to
acquire at least six Meads batteries to
replace the elderly Nike Hercules and
is considering leasing the Patriot from
the German Air Force or US Army as
an interim system, or acquiring the
Samp-T Block 1.
Lockheed Martin has proposed that
the Meads programme should be com-
pressed to bring service entry forward
by several years, with four battalions
delivered to the US Army between
2012 and 2014 and the remaining seven
in the following four years. Raytheon,
which failed to be selected for Meads,
has proposed an alternative Patriot
Light system designed to allow deploy-
ment in the C-130 rather than the C-5.
As part of this redesign, the command
and radar modules would be moved
from five-tonne trucks to the HMMWV,
and the antenna would be redesigned to
fit inside the C-130. The Patriot Light
could be fielded relatively quickly but
depends on the US Army funding its
development.
Assuming the Meads programme
goes forth,the standard battery will con-
sist of six launch trucks (each with
twelve vertically-launched missiles),
two tactical operations centres, a UHF
surveillance radar and two X-band fire
control radars. Both types of radar have
rotatable active phased-array antennas,
whereas the Patriot radars are fixed and
scan only a 90-degree azimuth sector.
As a cost-saving measure, it has been agreed that the Meads will employ the
Pac-3 missile (shown being test-fired) developed to upgrade the Patriot system.
(Lockheed Martin)
Full-scale mock-up of the Lockheed Martin Pac-3 missile, as shown at ILA-
2002. A smaller model underneath illustrates firing from a Patriot launcher.
(Armada/RB)
Complete Guide
54 armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002
Deployment will require 38 C.160, 20
C-130 or 5 C-17 sorties.
The Meads is intended to deal with a
wide range of targets, many of which do
not justify the relatively high cost of the
Pac-3 missile. Based on a production
rate of 20 missiles per month, Lockheed
Martin is aiming to reduce unit cost
below $ two million, but it would still be
an expensive way to deal with (for
example) a UAV or decoy drone. Sever-
al companies (including Meads Interna-
tional) are considering less expensive
complements for the Pac-3, using the
same fire control system as the Patriot
the Meads. These projects include the
surface-launched Amraam (Slamraam),
a ground-launched MBDA Meteor and
a vertically launched BGT Iris-T with an
enlarged rocket motor.
Despite the on-going Samp-T and
Meads programmes, Nato is considering
a means to field a layered theatre missile
defence system for its deployed forces
by 2010, forming part of the alliance’s
Extended Air Defence/Theatre Air and
Missile Defence (Ead/Tamd) Concept.
Feasibility study contracts have been
awarded for 18-month investigations by
two transatlantic industry teams, which
began work in July 2001. Team Janus is
led by Lockheed Martin, the other
members being Astrium, BAE Systems,
Eads-LFK, MBDA and TRW. The sec-
ond team, led by Science Applications
International Corp (SAIC), includes
Boeing, Diehl, Eads, Britain’s QinetiQ
and the Dutch company TNO. It is
planned to produce one (or more) Nato
Staff Requirement(s) by 2004 with a
view to achieving initial operational
capability (IOC) by 2010.
Older Russian Systems
Most of the systems so far discussed have
been relatively modern developments.
However, it should be noted that there
are still some old medium- and long-
range Russian Sams in service, which
provide a market for upgrades and main-
tain a degree of effectiveness.
For example, the Almaz S-75M
Volkhov (SA-2F) is a relatively heavy
system, based on a 2400 kg Fakel-
designed radio command-guided missile
with a solid propellant tandem booster,
a liquid fuel sustainer motor and with a
range of 30 km. The S-75, exported
under the name Dvina, attained IOC
with Soviet forces in 1958 and was first
employed operationally over North
Vietnam in 1966. Iraqi SA-2 systems are
believed to have introduced a longer
range missile in the late 1990s, and
recent reports indicate that Chinese
assistance has been provided to upgrade
the Iraqi ADS with fibre-optic links,
improved radars and boost motors and
infrared terminal guidance seekers.
The Almaz S-125 Neva-M (SA-3B) is
a much lighter system, using a 950 kg
Fakel radio command-guided missile
with a solid fuel booster and sustainer.
Two rounds (increased to three or four
in later systems) are carried by the same
type of truck that acts as a tractor for the
single-round SA-1 or SA-2 trailer.Some
400 S-125 systems were exported under
the name Pechora to 35 countries,
including Cuba, Egypt, India, Iraq,
Libya, Peru, Syria and Vietnam.
Almaz was part of an industrial con-
sortium designated IFIG-OS (Interstate
Financial and Industrial Group – Defen-
sive Systems/Oboronitelnye Sistemy),
until 23 April 2002, but is now integrat-
ed in the Almaz-Antey Defence group.
IFIG-OS will from now on be responsi-
ble for the joint Russian-Belarus devel-
opment of, inter alia, an upgraded
Pechora-2. The missiles used are the
improved 5V24 (V-600) and the 5V27
(V-601),with a redesigned booster using
a new type of propellant that increases
range to 27 km, a new warhead that
N
ews of a recent development involving Rheinmetall’s Oer-
likon Contraves and Lockheed Martin reached Armada
International too late for inclusion in our last supplement
on ‘Land-based Vshorad and Shorad Systems’. The Swiss and
American companies have decided to join forces in view of pro-
ducing and marketing the Millennium gun. As part of this agree-
ment, the revolver cannon-based Millennium turret seen here
being assembled at Oerlikon Contraves’ last May,
will be demonstrated during the US Navy’s ‘Fleet Battle Experi-
ment-Juliet’ in July and August. For the purpose of the demon-
stration the MillenniumTurret will be fitted to Lockheed Martin’s
Sea Slice advanced technology high-speed vessel.Besides demon-
strating the abilities of the 35 mm, 1000 round-per-minute
revolver cannon and the lethality of the programmable Ahead
rounds it can fire, the exercise should also highlight the relatively
simple installation of the turret on an existing ship. Primarily intended as an air defence system, the combination of the air-
bursting Ahead munition and the high rate of fire revolver cannon also provides a useful means of defence against sea-
skimming anti-ship missiles, fast patrol boats and shore based targets. Each Ahead round violently disperses 152 sharp-edged
tungsten carbide particles. Recent demonstrations have proved that a properly concentrated cloud of such pellets emanating
from a burst of eight rounds made it an insurmountable obstacle for an incoming missile. (Armada/EHB)
Shorad Late News
Guidance of the Lockheed Martin Pac-3 is effected by a battery of 180
attitude-control rockets in the front fuselage, which work to produce a body-to-
body kill. (Armada/RB)
Complete Guide
55armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002
Complete Guide
triples lethality and an improved radar
proximity fuze with greater ECM resist-
ance and improved effectiveness against
low-flying targets. The analogue avion-
ics of the original Pechora are replaced
by solid-state hardware from the
S-300PMU-1 system (discussed later),
providing improved reliability and a
reduction in maintenance. The addition
of a thermal imager makes possible pas-
sive night engagements.The new system
includes a 5P73-2M self-propelled
launcher, which is based on the MZKT-
8021 chassis. The upgraded UNK-2M
command post vehicle can accept target
data from the basic or modernised P-12
(1RL14), P-15 (1RL13), P-18 (1RL131)
or P-19 (1RL134) radars.The Pechora-2
upgrade programme has been launched
by an Egyptian order worth up to $ 200
million and involving 27 companies in
Russia and Belarus.
An indigenous upgrade has been
developed for Poland’s S-125s by the
Warsaw Military Academy of Technol-
ogy, with emphasis on increased mobil-
ity.In this improved system (designated
Newa-SC), a quadruple SA-3 launcher
is mounted on a modified T-55 chassis,
and the SNR-125M tracking radar,
equipped with a licence-produced
Thales IFF interrogator, is mounted on
a Maz-543 truck, formerly used as an
R-300 (Scud) launcher.
In June 2001, it was announced that
there would be a series of joint exercis-
es by the United Air Defence System
(UADS) of the Commonwealth of
Independent States (a service formed
in 1995), represented by units from
Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia
and Tajikistan. The exercises were to
include live firings of the Grushin
S-200V (SA-5) and Almaz S-300P (SA-
10). On 4 October 2001, a Tu-154 of
Sibir Airlines, while en route from Tel
Aviv to its base at Novosibirsk, crashed
into the Black Sea with the loss of 78
lives, evidently having been shot down
by a stray Ukrainian S-200 fired from
Opuk in the Crimea.
Although generally credited to
Grushin, the S-200 Angara (SA-5) was
developed by Almaz. It is believed that
it was deployed as a long-range air
defence system for Leningrad and
Tallinn (Estonia) in the early 1960s,and
that the version delivered to Syria after
the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon
was an anti-radiation missile, devel-
oped to destroy AEW&C aircraft such
as the E-2C.A similar system deployed
in Eastern Europe in 1985 is thought to
have been intended as a counter to the
Nato E-3 Awacs, deliveries of which
began in 1982. The S-200 is a massive
weapon, weighing around 7000 kg with
four wrap-around boost motors and
providing a firing range in the region of
250 km. It has command guidance for
the mid-course phase, and active or
passive radar for terminal homing.
S-300P
In their late-1960s planning for next-
generation long-range air defences, the
Soviets decided to develop three
systems to suit fixed, battlefront an
maritime applications.The system devel-
opped for the Air Defence Forces to
protect fixed targets was the wheeled
vehicle Almaz S-300P (SA-10).
The initial production system was
built as both the trailer-mounted towed
S-300PT and the self-propelled S-300PS.
Deliveries began in 1978, and IOC was
attained in 1980.Around 100 S-300P air
defence sites were constructed in the
Soviet Union, primarily to protect com-
mand and control centres and industrial
complexes. The S-300P employed the
vertically launched, 1450 kg command-
guided Fakel 5V55K, a single-stage
solid propellant missile that provided
an outward range of approximately
50 km. The missile’s standard warhead
was a 100 kg fragmentation device, but
a low-yield tactical nuclear warhead
was also available.
A major advancement was provided
by the introduction in the mid-1980s of
the Fakel 5V55R missile with semi-
active radar guidance and a maximum
range of 75 km. The modified system
was accordingly redesignated S-300PM
(SA-10B). In 1994, at least one
S-300PM system was obtained by the
US Army for testing.
As a result of the US Army’s use of
the Raytheon Patriot to intercept Iraqi
Scud ballistic missiles during the 1991
Gulf War, Russia evaluated the
S-300PM against theatre ballistic mis-
siles. Some improvements were subse-
quently introduced and it was claimed
that the upgraded S-300PMU (SA-10C)
is superior to Patriot in the ATBM con-
text.The principal change was the devel-
opment of the Fakel 5V55U missile, in
which the normal concept of semi-active
radar guidance is replaced by a track-
via-missile system, as pioneered by
Patriot. In essence, the target radar
reflections received by the missile are
data-linked to the ground for processing
by a more sophisticated computer.Max-
Test firing of the earlier (and still
current) Patriot Pac-2 missile, as
used by the US Army during the
Gulf War to intercept Iraqi Scud
ballistic missiles. (Raytheon)
A German Air Force Patriot launch unit jacked up on outriggers. Germany has
stated an intention to buy 200 Pac-3 rounds and 13 launcher modification
kits. (Armada/RB)
Complete Guide
56 armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002
Complete Guide
imum effective range was simultaneous-
ly increased to 90 km.
The S-300PMU1 (SA-10D, report-
edly now redesignated SA-20) is the
principal version currently offered for
international sales by Rosoboronex-
port. Based on the new Fakel 48N6E
missile with a 143 kg warhead, it pro-
vides a maximum firing range of 150
km. The S-300PMU1 may well have
been the model ordered by China in
1994 and redesignated HQ-9. It is
believed that at least 100 missiles were
delivered and deployed around Beijing.
Reports indicate that there have been
discussions of licence-production in
China of a later model under the desig-
nation HQ-10 or HQ-15.
The S-300PMU1 was demonstrated
successfully at Idex ‘93, and was the
subject of a $ 437 million Greek Cypriot
contract that was signed in January
1996. Following threats from Turkey to
destroy the missiles by air strikes at the
port of delivery, and intense diplomatic
pressure from the United States, the
Cypriot missiles were installed 600 km
away in Crete, where they pose a threat
to no one. In 1995, India began negoti-
ating to buy the S-300PMU1. Some
sources indicate that this led to a $ one
billion purchase of six batteries with 48
missiles each, deliveries beginning in
June 1996. Iran has been discussing the
purchase of the S-300PMU1 since 2001.
Other potential customers include
Libya and Syria, although the US
would certainly oppose such sales.
In mid-2001 there was a report that
Israel, fearing that neighbouring Arab
countries would acquire the
S-300PMU1 system, had assisted Croat-
ia financially in acquiring what eventu-
ated as an incomplete system for use in
its struggle for independence from the
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Some
radar elements of the system were deliv-
ered to Croatia by air in late 1994, and
Israel obtained key components that
allowed Rafael and IMI to develop
countermeasures, including the
Improved Tactical Air-Launched
Decoy. The US Air Force director of
requirements, Major General ‘Dan’
Leaf, is reported as having said that the
service may face “an adversary with SA-
20-class capabilities before 2010”.
In Russian service, an S-300PMU1
regiment consists of three batteries and
an 83M6E control centre, linked to a
64N6E three-dimensional long-range
search radar, which can track up to 100
targets at up to 300 km range. The
64N6E was developed by the Measuring
Instruments Research Institute (NIIIP)
at Novosibirsk. The control centre may
also be linked to a 36D6 surveillance
radar. A typical battery has a 30N6E1
illumination and guidance radar and
eight (although some batteries have
twelve) 5P85ME/SE launchers, each
with four ready-to-fire 48N6E missiles.
The battery can simultaneously engage
up to six aircraft targets, guiding up to
twelve missiles. It can also engage air-
borne targets as high as 88,600 ft and as
low as 33 ft.It can defend against theatre
ballistic missiles with a speed of up to
2800 metres/sec, providing intercepts at
up to an altitude of 82,000 ft and out to
a range of 40 km. Another system men-
tioned in the context of the S-300PMU
series is the Lianozovo Electromechan-
ical Plant (Lemz) 96L6E low-altitude
search and track radar and command
post. Mounted on a Maz-7930 chassis,
the phased array antenna operates by
rotating mechanically in azimuth, while
three beams scan 60 degrees in eleva-
tion. The 96L6E radar has a range of
300 km and can automatically track up
to 100 targets.
The S-300PMU2 (SA-20 Follow-
On) was first tested in 1995 and was
unveiled at Maks ‘97. It introduced a
new 3D radar (Lira 96L6E) and the
improved Fakel 48N6E2 Favorit mis-
sile. This new weapon weighs 1800 kg
and carries a 145 kg warhead that is
optimised for destroying ballistic mis-
siles. It has a range of 200 km and a
maximum altitude of 88,600 ft. In early
2001, it was stated that air defences in
the Moscow district would be shortly
upgraded by means of the Favorit-S
missile system.
There have been references to an
S-300PMU3, which may be the
S-300PMU2 upgraded with the missiles
from the S-400 Triumph system. The
latter was test-fired at the KapustinYar
range in early 1999. It appears to use
much smaller missiles: the 300 kg
9M96E with a range of 40 km, and the
400 kg 9M96E2 with a range of 120 km.
The launcher can accommodate 16 mis-
siles. This new weapon series has side-
acting jets for increased manoeuvrabil-
ity and a directional fragmentation
warhead. The lighter version is report-
The current US
Army Patriot
fire unit, with
eight launching
stations, each
with four
missiles. The
system’s
deployment
requires special
transports such
as the C-5 or
the C-17.
(Raytheon)
The Almaz S-300PMU1 (SA-20) with Fakel 48N6E missiles is the principal
export version of the series originally developed for the Soviet Union’s Air
Defence Force. (Armada/YL)
Complete Guide
57armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002
Complete Guide
ed to use active radar guidance while
the longer-range model can use either
active or passive radar homing. There
have been suggestions that the 9M96
series will later be replaced by a new
missile with a range of up to 400 km. In
early 2001, when the S-400 was still
going through field trials, it was
announced that one of the Moscow dis-
trict air defence units was to be
equipped with the Triumph system, but
that large-scale deliveries would begin
only after 2007.
There have also been some reports
of an S-500 project as an upgraded
S-400,capable of engaging ballistic mis-
siles with a range of up to 3500 km.
However, the high development cost of
the S-500 is said to be beyond Russia’s
means, leading to a proposal that it
should proceed as a joint programme
with America.
S-300V
Whereas the Almaz/IFIG-OS S-300P
series was developed for the Air
Defence Forces to protect fixed installa-
tions, the S-300V system was developed
by Niemi (later Antey) for the Army to
provide defence over the battle area. It
was therefore based on tracked (rather
than wheeled) vehicles, and – unlike the
S-300P – it was required from the outset
to have some capability against theatre
ballistic missiles.
The S-300V was designed to employ
two types of missile, both designed by
Novator. The Type I or 9M82 (SA-12B)
was developed for use against theatre
ballistic missiles with speeds up to 3000
metres/sec and docile aircraft targets at
ranges up to 100 km, while the much
lighter and shorter Type II or 9M83
(SA-12A), which entered service in
1986, was intended to deal with
manoeuvring (8.0 G) targets at up to 75
km. Both designs are two-stage missiles
with a largely common second stage,but
different tandem boost motors.The war-
head weight is approximately 150 kg in
both cases,but theType I has larger frag-
ments for enhanced effectiveness
against ballistic missiles.Both have iner-
tial mid-course guidance with data-
linked target updates and semi-active
radar terminal homing.The two types of
TEL are basically similar, but the 9A82
carries two 9M82 missiles, while the
9A83 carries four of the smaller 9M83s.
In the case of the 9A82, the command
guidance radar is mounted over the cab,
providing 90-degree cover on either side
in azimuth and 100 degrees in elevation.
For the 9A83, the antenna is mounted
on a folding mast, providing full hemi-
spherical cover.
At the heart of an S-300V regiment
is a 9S457M command station, which
can simultaneously engage 24 aircraft
targets out of 200 detected and 70
tracked, guiding up to 48 missiles
against them. It can control up to four
batteries, located ten kilometres dis-
tant.The command post is fed with tar-
get data from a 9S15MTZ surveillance
radar (developed by NIIIP), which can
detect aircraft out to 320 km. Its anten-
na sweeps through 360 degrees in
azimuth in less than nine seconds, cov-
ering 55 degrees in elevation. Its inputs
are augmented by those from a 9S19ME
sector-scan radar, with a phased-array
antenna producing a beam that moves
through 75 degrees in elevation and 60
degrees in azimuth, illuminating any
target once per second. It can track 20
targets out to 175 km and can identify
three jammers.
Each battery has a 9S32-1 phased-
array missile guidance radar, which can
track up to twelve aircraft and serve up
to six Tels (typically two 9A82s and four
9A83s) and six 9A84/9A85 launcher/
loader vehicles, which have cranes to
transfer their missiles, and lack the
radars of the Tels. Rosoboronexport
gives a single-shot kill probability of 70
These vehicles of the Antey S-300V system carry the 9S32-1 guidance radar
(left), two 9M82 (Type I) missiles (centre), and four 9M83 (Type II) missiles
(right). (Armada/YL)
The Israel Aircraft Industries Arrow II anti-ballistic missile system, as presented
at the Paris Air Show of 2001, showing one of the two-stage missiles out of its
canister. (Armada/RB)
Complete Guide
58 armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002
Complete Guide
to 90 per cent against airborne targets
and 40 to 70 per cent against ballistic
missiles.
Efforts to sell the S-300V system to
Kuwait,South Korea and the UAE have
been unsuccessful, but reports suggest
that India is now negotiating the pur-
chase or lease of a small number of
S-300V systems. It is believed that Rus-
sia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and the
Ukraine all have the system, but that
only Russia has the Type I missile.There
have been unconfirmed reports of an
HQ-18 Chinese copy of the S-300V.
After the 1991 Gulf War the Type I was
tested successfully against modified
Makeyev 9K72 (SS-1C Scud-Bs) with a
range of 600 km, to simulate Iraq’s Al
Hussein missile.Antey’s general design-
er has stated that two S-300V batteries
were sold to a small US company in late
1994, but that only a few missiles and intercept airborne early warning and
stand-off jamming aircraft. Some
observers are of the belief that China is
planning to produce the S-300PMU1
under licence, retaining the HQ-9 des-
ignation of missiles delivered directly
from Russia.
Going Ballistic
Some of the systems so far described
have an anti-ballistic missile (ABM)
capability in addition to their original
objective of defending against airborne
threats. However, other missile systems
have been designed from the outset
specifically for the ABM role.
The 1972 ABM Treaty between
America and the Soviet Union restrict-
ed each side to a single 100-weapon
point defence system. America briefly
installed the Safeguard system with
Spartan and Sprint nuclear-tipped mis-
siles to defend an ICBM site near Grand
Forks, North Dakota. The unit was
decommissioned in 1976, partly due to
concern over the effects of the warheads
exploding over US territory.
In 1968, the Soviet Union had
installed the 64-silo ABM-1 system at
four sites around Moscow, using SH-01
Galosh missiles.This was replaced in the
1980s by the ABM-3 or A-135 Moscow
Industrial Area ABM Defense System
at seven sites, using 36 exo-atmospheric
three-stage Vympel 51T6/SH-11 Gor-
gon (Russian name Baton) and 64
quick-reaction two-stage Vympel
53T6/SH-08 Gazelle endo-atmospheric
missiles in combination with new
phased-array radars. Both missile types
are silo-fired and equipped with solid
fuel motors. They initially had nuclear
warheads (550 and ten kilotons respec-
tively), but in 1997-98 the A-135 system
was stood down briefly, reportedly so
the nuclear devices could be replaced by
conventional warheads.
Arrow
The third nation to field an ABM sys-
tem was Israel, whose first IAI Arrow
II battery was declared operational in
October 2000. A second battery was
formed hastily in September 2001, in
The EL/M-2080 ‘Green Pine’ fire control radar for Israel’s Arrow Weapon
System was developed by the Elta division of IAI. The system became
operational in October 2000. (IAI/Elta)
Both Eads/LFK (shown here) and BGT are involved in studies of HFK
(Hyperschall-Flugkörper) projectiles, which may form the basis for future
medium-range Sams. (Armada/RB)
“The 1972 ABM Treaty
between America and the
Soviet Union restricted
each side to a single
100-weapon point
defence system.”
launchers were delivered, not the
phased-array sector-scan radar.
In marketing the S-300V in competi-
tion with the Patriot with Pac-3
missiles, it is claimed that the Russian
system defends a larger area (2000 vs.
1200 square kilometres) and is
deployed more quickly (5 vs. 30 min-
utes).Conversely,it is admitted that the
Pac-3 missile has a longer range against
aircraft (150 vs. 100 km).
The S-300VM represents a major
upgrade, with 9M82M and 9M83M mis-
siles and the improved 9S15M2 surveil-
lance and 9S19M sector-scan radar. The
missiles have larger boosters, giving
increased peak speeds and manoeuvra-
bility (up from 20 to 30 G).The range of
the 9M82M is 200 km, and the defended
area is increased to 2500 square kilome-
tres.The export version of the S-300VM
is designated Antey-2500.
China
China’s only long-range air defence
missile is thought to be the FT-2000,
with a range of 100 km and a launch
weight of 1300 kg. Marketed by the
China National Precision Machinery
Import & Export Company
(CNPMIEC), the FT-2000 is a passive
radar homing weapon, developed to
Complete Guide
59armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002
Complete Guide
the light of the possibility of US strikes
against certain Arab countries. A third
battery is to be fielded before 2010.
Israeli work on the Arrow Weapon
System (AWS) to defend against TBMs
began in 1986 and was accelerated after
the 1991 Gulf War, with America paying
roughly half the cost of what is estimat-
ed to be a $ 2.2 billion programme. The
basic elements of the AWS are the two-
stage Arrow II missile, produced by the
Programme), which is intended to deal
with manoeuvring warheads, decoys
and specifically Iran’s Shahab-4. The
latter, having a range of 2000 km, is a
much faster target than the 1000 km
Shahab-3,which the presentArrow II is
intended to defend against.Asip devel-
opment began in 2000 and should be
completed around 2007.
In an effort to reduce missile cost
and increase production rate, IAI
began discussions on possible co-pro-
duction with US contractors in early
2000. Boeing is the favoured partner;
although in January 2001 that company
announced that discussions had been
put on hold pending the resolution of
technology transfer issues. In March
this year,Turkey began fresh talks with
Israel about the possible procurement
of the AWS. India and South Korea are
also reported to be interested.
Son of Star Wars
America’s efforts to develop a system
for defence against ballistic missiles
began in 1983 with President Reagan’s
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI).This
relied on space-based sensors and
weapons, hence SDI was informally
dubbed ‘Star Wars’. However, the
concept of Global Protection Against
Limited Strikes (Gpals) proved over-
This artist’s impression illustrates a ballistic missile defence scenario under
consideration by Eads, with satellite-based sensors guiding a kill vehicle.
(Eads – Launch Vehicles)
«America’s efforts to
develop a system for
defence against ballistic
missiles began in 1983 with
President Reagan’s Strategic
Defense Initiative (SDI).»
Engineering and Manufacturing Development (EMD) of the US Army/Lockheed
Martin Theater High Altitude Area Defense (Thaad) system is due to begin in
2003. (Lockheed Martin)
MLM Division of IAI, the Elta EL/
M-2080 Green Pine L-band fire control
radar (FCR), and the IAI/MLM Hazel-
nut Tree launch control centre (LCC).
IAI is responsible for the Tel, a towed
wheeled vehicle with six vertically-
launched missiles, housed in a cluster of
sealed canisters.
Unlike the Pac-3, the Arrow II is a
two-stage,high endo-atmospheric area-
coverage missile with a limited shoot-
look-shoot capability. It has thrust-vec-
tor control and a gimbal-mounted
fragmentation warhead.
The next stage of development is the
Asip (Arrow Systems Improvement
Complete Guide
60 armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002
Complete Guide
ambitious, and the Ballistic Missile
Defense Organisation (BMDO, recent-
ly renamed the Missile Defense Agency
or MDA) switched its attention to
theatre BMD and focused its efforts on
developing the technology for a Nation-
al Missile Defense (NMD) system that
requires no space-based missiles.
Effective defence relies on a multi-
phase approach, combining systems to
destroy attacking missiles in the boost,
mid-course and terminal phases.Amer-
ica’s next ground-based BMD system
to enter service may well be the US
Army’s Theater High Altitude Area
Defense (Thaad), for which Lockheed
Martin Missiles and Fire Control is
prime contractor. The project defini-
tion and risk-reduction phase began in
1995, and the engineering and manu-
facturing development (EMD) phase is
due to begin in 2003, followed by the
resumption of flight tests in 2004, low-
rate initial production of up to 40 mis-
siles per year around 2006 and full-rate
production of up to 320 missiles per
year from 2008. A test firing in August
1999 provided the first successful exo-
atmospheric intercept, the target being
destroyed at over 100 km altitude.
Thaad, described as the world’s first
endo/exo-atmospheric system,will pro-
vide much higher intercepts and will
cover a far larger area than the Patriot
point defence system.A truck-mounted
system, Thaad is designed to be easily
deployed, only the launcher requiring
the outsize hold of a C-141, C-17 or
C-5, while all other modules will fit in a
C-130. The US Army is particularly
interested in high endo-atmospheric
(40 to 100 km) intercepts, where the air
is so thin that the target cannot
manoeuvre effectively, but thick
enough for an infrared sensor to dis-
criminate the warhead from associated
decoys.The baseline C-1 Thaad is to be
fielded in FY2007,and is expected to be
superseded by the improved C-2 with a
more powerful Raytheon radar from
FY2012.The US Army plans to acquire
around 1250 Thaad missiles.
President Clinton’s National Missile
Defense (NMD) Act of 1995 paved the
way for the US to withdraw from the
1972 ABM Treaty in June 2002 and to
develop a ground-based interceptor
(GBI), which, in combination with
advanced ground- and space-based
sensors, may at some stage provide mid-
course protection for America, its allies
and deployed forces against a limited
number of ballistic missiles (but not the
thousands available to Russia). Boeing
is the prime contractor in the Ground-
based Midcourse Defense (GMD) pro-
gramme, which is expected to cost
around $ 64 billion by 2015. Raytheon is
responsible for its exo-atmospheric Kill
Vehicle (EKV), and TRW supplies the
command and control system.
The EKV is launched by a two-stage
booster adapted from a decommissioned
Minuteman ICBM. It is guided initially
by a ground-based X-band radar, but for
the terminal phase employs on-board
visual and dual infrared sensors. Lock-
heed Martin and Orbital Sciences are
designing alternative boosters,and a sur-
rogate EKV design is under considera-
tion. Other options include a Multiple
Miniature Kill Vehicle (MMKV), for
which Schafer was awarded a develop-
ment and demonstration contract in Jan-
uary 2002.
In the first deployment phase (Cap I)
of the GBI programme, ten missiles are
to be installed at Fort Greely, Alaska,
which may later become the opera-
tional command centre. In a worst-case
scenario (presumably meaning that
North Korea posed a serious threat to
the US), Fort Greely could go opera-
tional as soon as 2004.Cap II is planned
to deploy 100 missiles by 2007, leading
to an eventual Cap III total of 250 mis-
siles at multiple US sites.
The first successful GBI test firing
took place in October 1999, and the
fourth success (in six attempts)
occurred in March 2002, when an EKV
launched from Kwajalein Atoll in the
Marshall Islands destroyed the simulat-
ed warhead of a Minuteman fired from
VandenbergAFB in California,7700 km
away. The intercept took place at an
altitude of over 220 km. a
Volume 26, No. 4, August/September 2002
ARMADA INTERNATIONAL
is published bimonthly in Zurich, Switzerland.
Copyright 2002 by Internationale Armada Aktien-
gesellschaft,Aeulestrasse 5, FL-9490 Vaduz,
Principality of Liechtenstein
Head Office: ARMADA INTERNATIONAL
Thurgauerstrasse 39, CH-8050 Zurich/Switzerland
Phone: (+41 1) 308 50 50, Fax: (+41 1) 308 50 55
e-mail: mail@armada.ch
Web Site: www.armada.ch
Publisher: Caroline Schwegler
Publishing Director: Peter Stierlin
Editor-in-Chief: Eric H. Biass
Editor: Johnny Keggler
Art Work: Johnny Keggler
Regular Contributors: RoyBraybrook, Doug Richardson,
Brian Walters
Administration: Thomas Schneider, Pia Kraft
Advertising offices:
Austria,Finland,Germany,Scandinavia,Switzerland,Spain
Hans-Ruedi Fröhlich, Franz-Rittmeyer-Weg 5,
CH-6300 Zug/Switzerland
Phone:(+4141)760 72 78, Fax:(+4141)760 72 79
e-mail: fairspace@topweb.ch
France, Belgium,The Netherlands, Luxemburg
Peter Stierlin,Thurgauerstrasse 39, CH-8050 Zurich
Contact Head Office
Israel Commercial News Distribution, David Kreizelman,
PO Box 51, Kfar Bin Nun 99780;
Phone/Fax: (08) 9 797 008, e-mail: cndil@netvision.net.il
United Kingdom Aerospace Media, Michael Elmes,
Flatford Lane, East Bergholt, Colchester CO7 6UJ, England
Phone: +44 (0) 1206 299211, Fax: +44 (0) 1206 299212
e-mail: mike.elmes.@aerospacemedia.co.uk
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
LAGUK Co. Ltd.,Yuri Laskin, Novoriazanskaya Street 31/7,
App. 96, RF-107060 Moscow, Russian Federation; Phone:
(+7 095) 912 1346, Fax: (+7 095) 912 1260
e-mail: ylarm-lml@mtu-net.ru
Western USA – West of the Mississippi River
Diane Stevenson,
810 Val Sereno Drive
Olivenhain, CA 92024,
Phone:(858) 759 3557,Fax:(858) 759 3552
e-mail: dianestevenson@cox.net
Eastern USA – East of the Mississippi River
Margie Brown & Associates, Margie Brown,
4775 Mallard Court,
Warrenton,Virginia 20187-2500
Phone: (540) 341 7581, Fax: (540) 341 7582,
e-mail: margiespub@erols.com
All other countries: contact the Head Office.
Annual subscription rates: Europe: SFr. 132 + 24 (post)
Overseas: US$ 132 + 24 (post)
Controlled circulation: 21 449,
certified by ABC/WEMF, valid from
13 June 2001
Printed by Karl Schwegler AG, CH-8050 Zurich
ISO 9002 certified
ISSN: 0252-9793 USPS 574450
The centrepiece of America’s Ground-based Midcourse Defense (GMD)
programme is the Raytheon exo-atmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV), guided by
visual and dual infrared sensors. (Raytheon)
ABC

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Syring MDA Briefing
Syring MDA BriefingSyring MDA Briefing
Syring MDA BriefingLsquirrel
 
171214 radm hill_csis_usni
171214 radm hill_csis_usni171214 radm hill_csis_usni
171214 radm hill_csis_usniLsquirrel
 
Airspace (Groups B/D)
Airspace (Groups B/D)Airspace (Groups B/D)
Airspace (Groups B/D)Logan Nielsen
 
Light combact aircraft tejas
Light combact aircraft tejasLight combact aircraft tejas
Light combact aircraft tejasTeja Tms
 
AIM-120, USA - Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile
AIM-120, USA - Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air MissileAIM-120, USA - Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile
AIM-120, USA - Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missilehindujudaic
 
Airspace Classification
Airspace ClassificationAirspace Classification
Airspace Classificationalpha_sherdil
 
Combat Aircraft F-18 Article April 2011
Combat Aircraft F-18 Article April 2011Combat Aircraft F-18 Article April 2011
Combat Aircraft F-18 Article April 2011Dan Goodwin
 
Light combact aircraft tejas tms
Light combact aircraft tejas tms Light combact aircraft tejas tms
Light combact aircraft tejas tms TEJA TMS
 
Seminar report on hal tejas(2)
Seminar report on hal tejas(2)Seminar report on hal tejas(2)
Seminar report on hal tejas(2)SaurabhGupta912
 
The Armies After Fcs
The Armies After FcsThe Armies After Fcs
The Armies After Fcsgueste9603b
 
[Mason] transonic aerodynamics of airfoils and wings
[Mason] transonic aerodynamics of airfoils and wings[Mason] transonic aerodynamics of airfoils and wings
[Mason] transonic aerodynamics of airfoils and wingsCamila Santos
 
Sea-launched TacSats for Responsive Space (STaRS)
Sea-launched TacSats for Responsive Space (STaRS)Sea-launched TacSats for Responsive Space (STaRS)
Sea-launched TacSats for Responsive Space (STaRS)Bob Carneal IV
 
B 08 Mpf(F) Ship Studies
B 08 Mpf(F) Ship StudiesB 08 Mpf(F) Ship Studies
B 08 Mpf(F) Ship Studiesguest9455a7
 
Sectionals (Groups B/D)
Sectionals (Groups B/D)Sectionals (Groups B/D)
Sectionals (Groups B/D)Logan Nielsen
 
Aerial refueling
Aerial refuelingAerial refueling
Aerial refuelinghindujudaic
 
National airspace system (NAS)
National airspace system (NAS)National airspace system (NAS)
National airspace system (NAS)Todd Shellnutt
 
A darter, south africa fifth-generation short range, air-to-air missile
A darter, south africa   fifth-generation short range, air-to-air missile A darter, south africa   fifth-generation short range, air-to-air missile
A darter, south africa fifth-generation short range, air-to-air missile hindujudaic
 
What Our Army Needs is a True Aero Scout
What Our Army Needs is a True Aero ScoutWhat Our Army Needs is a True Aero Scout
What Our Army Needs is a True Aero ScoutWilliam Nuckols
 

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Syring MDA Briefing
Syring MDA BriefingSyring MDA Briefing
Syring MDA Briefing
 
171214 radm hill_csis_usni
171214 radm hill_csis_usni171214 radm hill_csis_usni
171214 radm hill_csis_usni
 
Airspace (Groups B/D)
Airspace (Groups B/D)Airspace (Groups B/D)
Airspace (Groups B/D)
 
Light combact aircraft tejas
Light combact aircraft tejasLight combact aircraft tejas
Light combact aircraft tejas
 
AIM-120, USA - Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile
AIM-120, USA - Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air MissileAIM-120, USA - Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile
AIM-120, USA - Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile
 
Tejas light combat aircraft
Tejas light combat aircraftTejas light combat aircraft
Tejas light combat aircraft
 
Airspace Classification
Airspace ClassificationAirspace Classification
Airspace Classification
 
Combat Aircraft F-18 Article April 2011
Combat Aircraft F-18 Article April 2011Combat Aircraft F-18 Article April 2011
Combat Aircraft F-18 Article April 2011
 
Light combact aircraft tejas tms
Light combact aircraft tejas tms Light combact aircraft tejas tms
Light combact aircraft tejas tms
 
Seminar report on hal tejas(2)
Seminar report on hal tejas(2)Seminar report on hal tejas(2)
Seminar report on hal tejas(2)
 
The Armies After Fcs
The Armies After FcsThe Armies After Fcs
The Armies After Fcs
 
[Mason] transonic aerodynamics of airfoils and wings
[Mason] transonic aerodynamics of airfoils and wings[Mason] transonic aerodynamics of airfoils and wings
[Mason] transonic aerodynamics of airfoils and wings
 
Sea-launched TacSats for Responsive Space (STaRS)
Sea-launched TacSats for Responsive Space (STaRS)Sea-launched TacSats for Responsive Space (STaRS)
Sea-launched TacSats for Responsive Space (STaRS)
 
B 08 Mpf(F) Ship Studies
B 08 Mpf(F) Ship StudiesB 08 Mpf(F) Ship Studies
B 08 Mpf(F) Ship Studies
 
Sectionals (Groups B/D)
Sectionals (Groups B/D)Sectionals (Groups B/D)
Sectionals (Groups B/D)
 
Aerial refueling
Aerial refuelingAerial refueling
Aerial refueling
 
National airspace system (NAS)
National airspace system (NAS)National airspace system (NAS)
National airspace system (NAS)
 
A darter, south africa fifth-generation short range, air-to-air missile
A darter, south africa   fifth-generation short range, air-to-air missile A darter, south africa   fifth-generation short range, air-to-air missile
A darter, south africa fifth-generation short range, air-to-air missile
 
FAST Ship Slides B
FAST Ship Slides BFAST Ship Slides B
FAST Ship Slides B
 
What Our Army Needs is a True Aero Scout
What Our Army Needs is a True Aero ScoutWhat Our Army Needs is a True Aero Scout
What Our Army Needs is a True Aero Scout
 

Andere mochten auch

Amphenol LTW Industrial Ethernet M12 to RJ45 Adaptor
Amphenol LTW Industrial Ethernet M12 to RJ45 AdaptorAmphenol LTW Industrial Ethernet M12 to RJ45 Adaptor
Amphenol LTW Industrial Ethernet M12 to RJ45 AdaptorAmphenol LTW
 
Radsok Presentation Ipe
Radsok Presentation IpeRadsok Presentation Ipe
Radsok Presentation Ipemistybeals
 
E M C Ionix Overview 2010
E M C  Ionix Overview 2010E M C  Ionix Overview 2010
E M C Ionix Overview 2010Suhela Dighe
 
Amphenol_Backplane_Systems_UHD_NAFI_BROFinalWeb_1Apr2014
Amphenol_Backplane_Systems_UHD_NAFI_BROFinalWeb_1Apr2014Amphenol_Backplane_Systems_UHD_NAFI_BROFinalWeb_1Apr2014
Amphenol_Backplane_Systems_UHD_NAFI_BROFinalWeb_1Apr2014Candice Tsang
 
Global Ethernet Network
Global Ethernet NetworkGlobal Ethernet Network
Global Ethernet NetworkMalard St
 
Predstavitev izobraževanja odraslih na Kosovem, dr. Rame Likaj, Konferenca Gr...
Predstavitev izobraževanja odraslih na Kosovem, dr. Rame Likaj, Konferenca Gr...Predstavitev izobraževanja odraslih na Kosovem, dr. Rame Likaj, Konferenca Gr...
Predstavitev izobraževanja odraslih na Kosovem, dr. Rame Likaj, Konferenca Gr...AndragoskiCenterSlovenije
 
ŠTIKY ČESKÉHO BYZNYSU
ŠTIKY ČESKÉHO BYZNYSU ŠTIKY ČESKÉHO BYZNYSU
ŠTIKY ČESKÉHO BYZNYSU AgenturaHelas
 
Job offer tpil commercial manager-surabaya
Job offer tpil commercial manager-surabayaJob offer tpil commercial manager-surabaya
Job offer tpil commercial manager-surabayaBambang Eko Cahyono
 
VSE JE OK! Dr. Rok Stritar, Ekonomska fakulteta v Ljubljani, MQ konferenca, 1...
VSE JE OK! Dr. Rok Stritar, Ekonomska fakulteta v Ljubljani, MQ konferenca, 1...VSE JE OK! Dr. Rok Stritar, Ekonomska fakulteta v Ljubljani, MQ konferenca, 1...
VSE JE OK! Dr. Rok Stritar, Ekonomska fakulteta v Ljubljani, MQ konferenca, 1...Zdruzenje_Manager
 
China mobile communication antenna industry report, 2011
China mobile communication antenna industry report, 2011China mobile communication antenna industry report, 2011
China mobile communication antenna industry report, 2011ResearchInChina
 
Keynote Presentation - The Power of Storytelling with Andrew Griffiths
Keynote Presentation - The Power of Storytelling with Andrew GriffithsKeynote Presentation - The Power of Storytelling with Andrew Griffiths
Keynote Presentation - The Power of Storytelling with Andrew GriffithsAndrew Griffiths Enterprises
 
Ect english company profile v3.0
Ect english company profile v3.0Ect english company profile v3.0
Ect english company profile v3.0Nam Truong
 
Lessons Learned: Implementing VoLTE Roaming APAC
Lessons Learned: Implementing VoLTE Roaming APAC Lessons Learned: Implementing VoLTE Roaming APAC
Lessons Learned: Implementing VoLTE Roaming APAC Syniverse
 
Introduction - A STUDY ON EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT IN FCI OEN CONNECTORS, MULAMTHU...
Introduction - A STUDY ON EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT IN FCI OEN CONNECTORS, MULAMTHU...Introduction - A STUDY ON EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT IN FCI OEN CONNECTORS, MULAMTHU...
Introduction - A STUDY ON EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT IN FCI OEN CONNECTORS, MULAMTHU...JINSE PARACKAL
 
David Fei - Session 1: The Global Airport Cities Report: The Latest Project N...
David Fei - Session 1: The Global Airport Cities Report: The Latest Project N...David Fei - Session 1: The Global Airport Cities Report: The Latest Project N...
David Fei - Session 1: The Global Airport Cities Report: The Latest Project N...Global Airport Cities
 
Digital Omnichannel Customer Acquisition
Digital Omnichannel Customer AcquisitionDigital Omnichannel Customer Acquisition
Digital Omnichannel Customer AcquisitionIntercon Systems
 

Andere mochten auch (20)

Media_Pack16
Media_Pack16Media_Pack16
Media_Pack16
 
Amphenol LTW Industrial Ethernet M12 to RJ45 Adaptor
Amphenol LTW Industrial Ethernet M12 to RJ45 AdaptorAmphenol LTW Industrial Ethernet M12 to RJ45 Adaptor
Amphenol LTW Industrial Ethernet M12 to RJ45 Adaptor
 
Radsok Presentation Ipe
Radsok Presentation IpeRadsok Presentation Ipe
Radsok Presentation Ipe
 
InnerWireless Distributed Antenna Brochure
InnerWireless Distributed Antenna BrochureInnerWireless Distributed Antenna Brochure
InnerWireless Distributed Antenna Brochure
 
E M C Ionix Overview 2010
E M C  Ionix Overview 2010E M C  Ionix Overview 2010
E M C Ionix Overview 2010
 
Amphenol_Backplane_Systems_UHD_NAFI_BROFinalWeb_1Apr2014
Amphenol_Backplane_Systems_UHD_NAFI_BROFinalWeb_1Apr2014Amphenol_Backplane_Systems_UHD_NAFI_BROFinalWeb_1Apr2014
Amphenol_Backplane_Systems_UHD_NAFI_BROFinalWeb_1Apr2014
 
Global Ethernet Network
Global Ethernet NetworkGlobal Ethernet Network
Global Ethernet Network
 
Predstavitev izobraževanja odraslih na Kosovem, dr. Rame Likaj, Konferenca Gr...
Predstavitev izobraževanja odraslih na Kosovem, dr. Rame Likaj, Konferenca Gr...Predstavitev izobraževanja odraslih na Kosovem, dr. Rame Likaj, Konferenca Gr...
Predstavitev izobraževanja odraslih na Kosovem, dr. Rame Likaj, Konferenca Gr...
 
ŠTIKY ČESKÉHO BYZNYSU
ŠTIKY ČESKÉHO BYZNYSU ŠTIKY ČESKÉHO BYZNYSU
ŠTIKY ČESKÉHO BYZNYSU
 
Suman Resume
Suman ResumeSuman Resume
Suman Resume
 
Job offer tpil commercial manager-surabaya
Job offer tpil commercial manager-surabayaJob offer tpil commercial manager-surabaya
Job offer tpil commercial manager-surabaya
 
VSE JE OK! Dr. Rok Stritar, Ekonomska fakulteta v Ljubljani, MQ konferenca, 1...
VSE JE OK! Dr. Rok Stritar, Ekonomska fakulteta v Ljubljani, MQ konferenca, 1...VSE JE OK! Dr. Rok Stritar, Ekonomska fakulteta v Ljubljani, MQ konferenca, 1...
VSE JE OK! Dr. Rok Stritar, Ekonomska fakulteta v Ljubljani, MQ konferenca, 1...
 
China mobile communication antenna industry report, 2011
China mobile communication antenna industry report, 2011China mobile communication antenna industry report, 2011
China mobile communication antenna industry report, 2011
 
Keynote Presentation - The Power of Storytelling with Andrew Griffiths
Keynote Presentation - The Power of Storytelling with Andrew GriffithsKeynote Presentation - The Power of Storytelling with Andrew Griffiths
Keynote Presentation - The Power of Storytelling with Andrew Griffiths
 
Ect english company profile v3.0
Ect english company profile v3.0Ect english company profile v3.0
Ect english company profile v3.0
 
Lessons Learned: Implementing VoLTE Roaming APAC
Lessons Learned: Implementing VoLTE Roaming APAC Lessons Learned: Implementing VoLTE Roaming APAC
Lessons Learned: Implementing VoLTE Roaming APAC
 
Introduction - A STUDY ON EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT IN FCI OEN CONNECTORS, MULAMTHU...
Introduction - A STUDY ON EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT IN FCI OEN CONNECTORS, MULAMTHU...Introduction - A STUDY ON EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT IN FCI OEN CONNECTORS, MULAMTHU...
Introduction - A STUDY ON EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT IN FCI OEN CONNECTORS, MULAMTHU...
 
David Fei - Session 1: The Global Airport Cities Report: The Latest Project N...
David Fei - Session 1: The Global Airport Cities Report: The Latest Project N...David Fei - Session 1: The Global Airport Cities Report: The Latest Project N...
David Fei - Session 1: The Global Airport Cities Report: The Latest Project N...
 
Digital Omnichannel Customer Acquisition
Digital Omnichannel Customer AcquisitionDigital Omnichannel Customer Acquisition
Digital Omnichannel Customer Acquisition
 
It's time for some "Old School Marketing"
It's time for some "Old School Marketing"It's time for some "Old School Marketing"
It's time for some "Old School Marketing"
 

Ähnlich wie [Military] [article] [armada international] land based air defence

Island Air Defence: Challenges, Novel Surveillance Concepts and Advanced Rada...
Island Air Defence: Challenges, Novel Surveillance Concepts and Advanced Rada...Island Air Defence: Challenges, Novel Surveillance Concepts and Advanced Rada...
Island Air Defence: Challenges, Novel Surveillance Concepts and Advanced Rada...Ashwin Samales
 
Equipment Analysis - MBDA UK and its Common Anti-Air Modular Missile (CAMM)
Equipment Analysis - MBDA UK and its Common Anti-Air Modular Missile (CAMM) Equipment Analysis - MBDA UK and its Common Anti-Air Modular Missile (CAMM)
Equipment Analysis - MBDA UK and its Common Anti-Air Modular Missile (CAMM) Misovsky2013
 
Anti ballistic missiles ii
Anti ballistic missiles iiAnti ballistic missiles ii
Anti ballistic missiles iiSolo Hermelin
 
Brandenburg class frigate
Brandenburg class frigateBrandenburg class frigate
Brandenburg class frigatehindujudaic
 
AEW Market Report
AEW Market ReportAEW Market Report
AEW Market ReportImaad_Ahmed
 
UAE's C4ISR Transformation
UAE's C4ISR TransformationUAE's C4ISR Transformation
UAE's C4ISR TransformationMatthew Hedges
 
A Presentation About U.S. Hypersonic Weapons and Alternatives
A Presentation About U.S. Hypersonic Weapons and AlternativesA Presentation About U.S. Hypersonic Weapons and Alternatives
A Presentation About U.S. Hypersonic Weapons and AlternativesCongressional Budget Office
 
Essay On Operation Desert Shield
Essay On Operation Desert ShieldEssay On Operation Desert Shield
Essay On Operation Desert ShieldSarah Griego
 
AIM-9 Sidewinder, USA - Short Range Air-To-Air Missile - Gem in US Air Force'...
AIM-9 Sidewinder, USA - Short Range Air-To-Air Missile - Gem in US Air Force'...AIM-9 Sidewinder, USA - Short Range Air-To-Air Missile - Gem in US Air Force'...
AIM-9 Sidewinder, USA - Short Range Air-To-Air Missile - Gem in US Air Force'...hindujudaic
 
The market for an IR&D 127 mm PGM
The market for an IR&D 127 mm PGMThe market for an IR&D 127 mm PGM
The market for an IR&D 127 mm PGMjhasik
 
Apache helicopter seminar
Apache helicopter seminarApache helicopter seminar
Apache helicopter seminarMU
 
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLEUNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLEThirumal Aero
 
The Future Of Battlefield Ma Vs
The Future Of Battlefield Ma VsThe Future Of Battlefield Ma Vs
The Future Of Battlefield Ma Vsstephen40
 
Armed Forces of the Commonwealth - United Kingdom the Royal Air Force
Armed Forces of the Commonwealth - United Kingdom the Royal Air ForceArmed Forces of the Commonwealth - United Kingdom the Royal Air Force
Armed Forces of the Commonwealth - United Kingdom the Royal Air ForceCharlie
 
Stealth Technology Details and Market Report
Stealth Technology Details and Market ReportStealth Technology Details and Market Report
Stealth Technology Details and Market ReportKritika370139
 
TCM-RA AAAA (FEB 17)
TCM-RA AAAA (FEB 17)TCM-RA AAAA (FEB 17)
TCM-RA AAAA (FEB 17)Jeff White
 

Ähnlich wie [Military] [article] [armada international] land based air defence (20)

Island Air Defence: Challenges, Novel Surveillance Concepts and Advanced Rada...
Island Air Defence: Challenges, Novel Surveillance Concepts and Advanced Rada...Island Air Defence: Challenges, Novel Surveillance Concepts and Advanced Rada...
Island Air Defence: Challenges, Novel Surveillance Concepts and Advanced Rada...
 
Equipment Analysis - MBDA UK and its Common Anti-Air Modular Missile (CAMM)
Equipment Analysis - MBDA UK and its Common Anti-Air Modular Missile (CAMM) Equipment Analysis - MBDA UK and its Common Anti-Air Modular Missile (CAMM)
Equipment Analysis - MBDA UK and its Common Anti-Air Modular Missile (CAMM)
 
Anti ballistic missiles ii
Anti ballistic missiles iiAnti ballistic missiles ii
Anti ballistic missiles ii
 
Missile tom
Missile tomMissile tom
Missile tom
 
Brandenburg class frigate
Brandenburg class frigateBrandenburg class frigate
Brandenburg class frigate
 
AEW Market Report
AEW Market ReportAEW Market Report
AEW Market Report
 
Stealth Planes
Stealth PlanesStealth Planes
Stealth Planes
 
UAE's C4ISR Transformation
UAE's C4ISR TransformationUAE's C4ISR Transformation
UAE's C4ISR Transformation
 
A Presentation About U.S. Hypersonic Weapons and Alternatives
A Presentation About U.S. Hypersonic Weapons and AlternativesA Presentation About U.S. Hypersonic Weapons and Alternatives
A Presentation About U.S. Hypersonic Weapons and Alternatives
 
Cruise missile
Cruise missileCruise missile
Cruise missile
 
Essay On Operation Desert Shield
Essay On Operation Desert ShieldEssay On Operation Desert Shield
Essay On Operation Desert Shield
 
AIM-9 Sidewinder, USA - Short Range Air-To-Air Missile - Gem in US Air Force'...
AIM-9 Sidewinder, USA - Short Range Air-To-Air Missile - Gem in US Air Force'...AIM-9 Sidewinder, USA - Short Range Air-To-Air Missile - Gem in US Air Force'...
AIM-9 Sidewinder, USA - Short Range Air-To-Air Missile - Gem in US Air Force'...
 
The market for an IR&D 127 mm PGM
The market for an IR&D 127 mm PGMThe market for an IR&D 127 mm PGM
The market for an IR&D 127 mm PGM
 
Apache helicopter seminar
Apache helicopter seminarApache helicopter seminar
Apache helicopter seminar
 
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLEUNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE
UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE
 
The Future Of Battlefield Ma Vs
The Future Of Battlefield Ma VsThe Future Of Battlefield Ma Vs
The Future Of Battlefield Ma Vs
 
Zinger
ZingerZinger
Zinger
 
Armed Forces of the Commonwealth - United Kingdom the Royal Air Force
Armed Forces of the Commonwealth - United Kingdom the Royal Air ForceArmed Forces of the Commonwealth - United Kingdom the Royal Air Force
Armed Forces of the Commonwealth - United Kingdom the Royal Air Force
 
Stealth Technology Details and Market Report
Stealth Technology Details and Market ReportStealth Technology Details and Market Report
Stealth Technology Details and Market Report
 
TCM-RA AAAA (FEB 17)
TCM-RA AAAA (FEB 17)TCM-RA AAAA (FEB 17)
TCM-RA AAAA (FEB 17)
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...Aggregage
 
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdfVideogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdfinfogdgmi
 
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPAAnypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPAshyamraj55
 
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?IES VE
 
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024D Cloud Solutions
 
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptxBuilding AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptxUdaiappa Ramachandran
 
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a WebsiteCOMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Websitedgelyza
 
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintEmpowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintMahmoud Rabie
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaborationbruanjhuli
 
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarAI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarPrecisely
 
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxCybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxGDSC PJATK
 
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesAI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesMd Hossain Ali
 
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.YounusS2
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfJamie (Taka) Wang
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8DianaGray10
 
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxIntroduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxMatsuo Lab
 
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDEADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDELiveplex
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
 
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdfVideogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
Videogame localization & technology_ how to enhance the power of translation.pdf
 
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPAAnypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
Anypoint Code Builder , Google Pub sub connector and MuleSoft RPA
 
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
How Accurate are Carbon Emissions Projections?
 
20150722 - AGV
20150722 - AGV20150722 - AGV
20150722 - AGV
 
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
Artificial Intelligence & SEO Trends for 2024
 
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptxBuilding AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
Building AI-Driven Apps Using Semantic Kernel.pptx
 
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a WebsiteCOMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
COMPUTER 10 Lesson 8 - Building a Website
 
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership BlueprintEmpowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
Empowering Africa's Next Generation: The AI Leadership Blueprint
 
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online CollaborationCOMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
COMPUTER 10: Lesson 7 - File Storage and Online Collaboration
 
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity WebinarAI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
AI You Can Trust - Ensuring Success with Data Integrity Webinar
 
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptxCybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
Cybersecurity Workshop #1.pptx
 
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just MinutesAI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
AI Fame Rush Review – Virtual Influencer Creation In Just Minutes
 
20230104 - machine vision
20230104 - machine vision20230104 - machine vision
20230104 - machine vision
 
201610817 - edge part1
201610817 - edge part1201610817 - edge part1
201610817 - edge part1
 
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.
Basic Building Blocks of Internet of Things.
 
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
activity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdfactivity_diagram_combine_v4_20190827.pdf
 
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
UiPath Studio Web workshop series - Day 8
 
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptxIntroduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
Introduction to Matsuo Laboratory (ENG).pptx
 
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDEADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
ADOPTING WEB 3 FOR YOUR BUSINESS: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
 

[Military] [article] [armada international] land based air defence

  • 1. Complete Guide Roy Braybrook F or the purposes of the following discussion, it is understood that Shorads (short-range air defence systems, discussed in Armada 2/2002) typically engage incoming aircraft and missiles at around ten kilometres, although some may stretch to 20 km. It is also given that long-range air defence systems are capable of more than 75 km, and that medium-range systems fill the gap, intercepting at 20 to 75 km. Hawk The classic Western medium-range Sam is the Raytheon MIM-23B Hawk (Homing All-the-Way Killer), which is believed to have a maximum range in the region of 40 km.The Hawk is wide- ly used, serving with the US Army and Marine Corps and the services of 20 other nations,including seven members of Nato. The Hawk is a semi-active radar homing missile launched from a wheeled trailer. The standard US Marine Corps battery or US Army pla- toon has four three-round launchers. Either unit can fire its missiles at an average interval of less than five sec- onds, but in its initial form can engage only two targets simultaneously. The basic Hawk system employs four different radars.Search is conduct- ed by a pulse acquisition radar (Par) in the case of medium or high altitude tar- gets,and a continuous-wave acquisition radar (Cwar) for low-flying targets. If either of these is subjected to jamming that denies target range information, it can be supported by a range-only radar. The designated targets are tracked and illuminated by a high-power illumina- tor (HPI) radar. The Hawk entered service in 1960, and has been used operationally in the 1967 and 1973 Arab-Israeli wars, and the Iran-Iraq war. The US Marine Corps deployed two Hawk battalions in the 1991 Persian Gulf War. The Hawk has gone through a series of major upgrades. The Phase I upgrade that began in 1977 brought improve- ments to the Par and Cwar. The Phase II of 1983 introduced a series of R&M (reliability and maintainability) improvements, with special reference to the HPI. The current Phase III is described as providing increased firepower, further enhanced R&M and integrated air defence capability through the use of digital computers. The associated changes include the removal of the range-only radar. Developed for the US Army and Marine Corps, the Phase III can provide some defence capability against short-range ballistic missiles, if 45armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002 The effective defence of both fixed and mobile ground targets against the threats posed by missiles and aircraft favours a multi-layered approach. The need for improvements in medium- and long-range interception capa- bility is emphasised by the growing use of stand-off radar platforms and jamming aircraft, stealth bombers, and by the abandoning of direct attacks by manned aircraft in favour of stand-off, cruise and ballistic missiles. Launch, Intercept, Destroy – Land-based Air Defence
  • 2. Complete Guide linked to a long-range 3D radar such as the Raytheon MPQ-64, and if the weapon used is the Hawk ILM (improved lethality modification) with larger (35 gram) warhead fragments. The Phase III treatment is also being applied to the Hawk systems of some existing international customers, such as France and Greece. The Phase III Cwar provides single-scan target detec- tion, reducing the time required to find the target by over 50 per cent. The upgrade kit for the HPI radar (Raytheon MPQ-61) includes a new Low Altitude Simultaneous Hawk Engagement (Lashe) antenna, which allows the system to engage twelve tar- gets at the same time.US Marine Corps Hawk batteries have an improved Lockheed Martin TPS-59(V)3 3D sur- veillance radar that can track tactical ballistic missiles at 750 km. Egyptian Hawk radars have also been upgraded to -59(V)3 standard. In the case of the Greek Phase III upgrade,Raytheon is teamed with Nor- way’s Kongsberg, which is responsible for the new fire direction centre (FDC) that replaces the current Hawk com- mand post. This improves interoper- ability with the Raytheon Patriot long- range air defence system,which Greece has also selected. Denmark is introduc- ing the Danish Enhanced Hawk (Dehawk), developed by Terma, as an interim system, pending a switch to either the Raytheon AIM-120 or MBDA Aster 30 missile. US Marine Corps Hawks have an upgraded video tracker based on a CCD (charge-coupled device) that can lock on to aircraft at over 100 km. German and Dutch Hawk batteries have been sup- plied with an Atlas electro-optical day/night acquisition and tracking sys- tem to overcome radar jamming and increase effectiveness against multiple targets. In a joint mobility-enhancement programme by the US and the Nether- lands (later adopted by Sweden), the launcher has been modified to allow it to be towed with missiles in place, the tow- ing vehicle is a new transporter/loader based on a five-tonne truck carrying three further missiles and a crane. Amraam Future plans for the Hawk centre on combining it with Raytheon’s AIM-120, as in the case of the Raytheon/Kongs- berg Hawk-Amraam air defence sys- tem, which has been offered to the Royal NetherlandsAir Force andArmy. This retains the Hawk on some three- round launchers, while other launchers in the same battery are modified to mount eight AIM-120s. The AIM-120s are employed to intercept multiple high-speed low-level targets, and pro- vide a minimum firing interval of less than two seconds and a range of around 20 km. This combination of missiles retains the longer range and higher alti- tude capabilities of the Hawk, as well as the superior terminal effectiveness of the Hawk ILM round against targets of low radar cross-section. The Hawk- Amraam system employs the Raytheon MPQ-64 3D pencil-beam radar and the MPQ-61 HPI. 46 armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002 The Raytheon MIM-23 Hawk medium-range surface-to-air missile is still widely used. It is represented here by a German Air Force firing unit at ILA-2002. (Armada/RB) Test firing of a Hawk missile, using target data supplied by the Raytheon TPQ- 36A Low Altitude Surveillance Radar (right), first adopted by the Royal Norwegian Air Force. (Raytheon)
  • 3. Complete Guide 48 armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002 Complete Guide In the case of Nasams (Norwegian advanced surface-to-air missile sys- tem), the AIM-120 is employed in six-round canisters without the Hawk but with the Kongsberg FDC referred to earlier (also used in the Hawk- Amraam system). It employs the Raytheon MPQ-64 surveillance radar and the TPQ-36A acquisition and tracking radar, together with the vehi- cle-mounted Norwegian Tracking Adjunct System using infrared cam- eras.The system is operated by both the Royal Norwegian Air Force (Nasams- I) and the Army (Nasams-II). In 2000, Kongsberg was contracted to supply four similar fire units for the Spanish Air Force. Mounted on the M1097 Hummer, the Raytheon AIM-120 is also to be used in the US Marine Corps Comple- mentary Low Altitude Weapon System (Claws), which will be employed in conjunction with the Raytheon Stinger- armed Boeing Avenger Vshorads. In April 2001, Raytheon (having previ- ously demonstrated a five-missile vehi- cle prototype) was awarded the Claws development and pre-production con- tract by the US Marine Corps Systems Command. This 24-month programme is to produce two production-represen- tative launchers to validate perform- ance and integration requirements.The launch vehicle is equipped with a GPS receiver, and in the US Marine Corps case will take target data from the Raytheon Multi-Role Radar System, which is also Hummer-mounted. The US Marine corps website refers to the launcher having “a minimum of four” Amraams. The Claws is intended to provide beyond-visual range defence against cruise missiles, UAVs and other advanced threats. Kub/Kvadrat The closest Russian equivalent of Hawk is the 9K12 Kub (SA-6) system and its descendants, although the Kub (Cube) family is based on tracked vehi- cles, rather than trailers. The Kub was developed by NIIP at Zhukovsky, but was produced by the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant. The first units appeared in 1967 and entered service around 1970. The missile is boosted to supersonic speed by a rocket motor and then switches to ramjet propulsion. It is directed toward the target by command guidance, with semi-active radar hom- ing for the terminal phase. In the 1973 Yom Kippur War,The Kub was respon- sible for the destruction of many Israeli aircraft, that is, until the Israelis discov- ered that the four 2P25 Tel (trans- porter-erector-launcher) vehicles, each carrying three ready-to-fire rounds, could be put out of action by destroying the battery’s 1S91 (Straight Flush) radar vehicle. Syrian forces also employed the Kub during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982, but its radars are believed to have been jammed successfully. The Kub was exported to at least 23 countries as the Kvadrat. The Soviets appear to have allocated to this initial version of the series a low security clas- sification, as several countries (includ- ing Israel, the United Kingdom and United States) are believed to have acquired examples for testing. Britain, for example,reportedly test-fired eleven SA-6s in the late 1980s. Although the Kub is being replaced by the Buk-1M (described below), many examples remain in service and Ulyanovsk is marketing upgrades for these older systems. Upgrade options include a 9Sh38 electro-optical tracker mounted on the 1S91M1/M2 control system vehicle, allowing targets to be engaged at up to 25 km without radar surveillance and tracking. The control system is upgraded from analogue to digital data processing, and automati- cally classifies targets as air breathing (AB), ballistic missile (BM) or helicop- ters (H). Ulyanovsk also offers the improved 3M9M3 missile, which pro- vides 20 to 25 per cent more range and doubles the maximum intercept alti- tude to 46,000 ft. Demonstrating that the SA-6 is still a viable system, an F-16 was shot down by a Kub unit (in Bosnia) as recently as 1995. Buk In 1979, production at Ulyanovsk switched to the 9K37M Buk (SA-11), which was designed to replace both the Kub and the longer range (70 km) 9M8 Krug (Circle) or SA-4, which also orig- inated in the early 1960s. The Buk (Beech) entered service in the mid- The 9A310M1 firing unit of the Ulyanovsk-built 9K37M1 Buk-M1 (SA-11) air defence system in road configuration is illustrated by this scale-model. (Armada/RB) The Buk-M1 firing unit in operational configuration, with turret rotated to face the threat, and the four 9M38M1 missiles raised to the firing position. (Armada/EHB)
  • 4. Complete Guide 50 armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002 1980s and overcame the fundamental vulnerability of its predecessor by equipping each firing unit with its own tracking and illumination radar. The missile for the 9K37M1 Buk-M1 system is the rocket-powered 9M38M1, designed by the Dolgoprudny Research Production Enterprise (DNPP). It boasts a top speed of Mach 3.5, an outer limit range of 32 km and a maximum altitude of 72,000 ft. The system has a launch weight of 690 kg and carries a 70 kg warhead. The Buk system is based on the use of the MT-S tracked chassis.A Buk battery normally consists of a 9S470M1 com- mand post, a 9S18M1 target acquisition radar, six 9A310M1 firing units with four ready-to-fire missiles and three 9A39M1 reloader/launcher vehicles, each carrying eight missiles. The 9A39M1 can be used as a supplemen- tary fire unit, but has no radar, and thus relies for missile guidance on a nearby 9A310M1.A battery is equipped with 72 rounds, the remainder being carried on KrAZ-255B 6 ϫ 6 trucks,which can each supply up to eight missiles. Four batter- ies form a regiment, which normally has a long-range surveillance radar such as the Nitel Nebo-SV (1L13-3). The 9K37M1-2 or Buk-M1-2 (SA-17), which was recently exhibited at Asian Aerospace 2002, represents a major advance, combining the new DNPP- designed 9M317 missile with a new fire control system developed by Tikho- mirov NIIP, and including a laser ranger for passive operation. The new com- mand post is designated 9S470M1-2.This combination allows the Buk-M1-2 to also defend against tactical ballistic missiles with a range up to 150 km and anti-radiation missiles such as the Harm. The 9M317 is a 715 kg missile with a 70 kg warhead. It has a maximum alti- tude of 82,000 ft and an outside range of 45 km against airborne targets and 20 km against ballistic missiles. Com- pared to the 9M38M1 missile, it also provides improvements in manoeuvra- bility and ECM resistance. referred to as the Land Saam AD. Eurosam was established in 1989 as a joint venture by Aerospatiale, Alenia Marconi Systems and Thomson-CSF, and is thus now owned by MBDA and Thales.The Samp-T (Sol-Air Moyenne Portée – Terrestre) is a member of the Future Surface-to-Air Family (FSAF) of ADS that is being developed for the French and Italian governments. It is a truck-mounted, air-transportable sys- tem based on MBDA Aster 30 missiles fired from vertical launchers,theThales Arabel radar and the Alenia Zebra monopulse low-frequency high-angle radar. The command module controls up to six launchers, located up to ten kilometres distant and each with eight missiles.The trucks used are the French Renault TRM and the Italian Astra/Iveco. The Aster 30 has a weight of 445 kg, most of which is associated with a larg- er tandem boost motor.This launches a 100 kg‘dart’ carrying a 15 kg blast-frag- mentation warhead. It has a maximum range of 70 km against surveillance air- craft, up to 100 km against a jammer and 15 to 25 km against a supersonic manoeuvring aircraft. The Samp-T employs Sagem inertial mid-course guidance with target updates provided by datalink, and active radar terminal homing. The dart’s Pif/Paf (pilotage en force/pilotage aérodynamique fort) of lateral jets acting around the centre of Test firing of the MBDA Aster 30 missile, which arms the truck-mounted, air-transportable Eurosam Samp-T, a member of the Franco-Italian Future Surface-to- Air Family. (DGA- CEL) The massive S-300 PMU1 air defence system uses the equally massive 64N6E long-range surveillance and acquisition radar seen here. (Armada/EHB) The Buk M1-2 was fielded by the Russian Army in 1998 and is marketed internationally both as a completely new system and as firing units that can be integrated with the older Kvadrat. Options include the Orion passive radar system. The 9K40 Ural system (also produced by Ulyanovsk) is reported to be an upgraded Buk, but this may simply be a new designation for the 9K37M1-2. Samp-T The systems so far discussed are already in service. The next ground- based medium-range ADS is expected to be the Eurosam Samp-T, sometimes
  • 5. Complete Guide 51armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002 gravity provides a load factor of up to 62 G. The battery can engage up to ten targets simultaneously. The Samp-T can provide an anti- tactical ballistic missile capability against weapons such as the MITT 9K52 Luna-M (Frog-7) and KBM 9K79 Tochka (SS-21a Scarab), i.e., missiles of less than 100 km range. The Block 1 is being developed to deal with ballistic missiles of 500 to 600 km range, i.e., the Makeyev 9K72 (SS-1 Scud). Service entry is scheduled for 2005.The Block 2 is being studied to counter ballistic mis- siles in the 1000 to 2000 km range. The initial Samp-T production orders are expected to cover 15 units for the French Army, 15 for the Italian Army (likewise replacing the Hawk) and 14 for the French Air Force, replac- ing the Crotale in airfield defence. Meads Despite the Italian Army’s apparent commitment to the Franco-Italian Samp-T, the Italian Air Force supports the Meads (pronounced Me-Ads) pro- gramme, which formally began in 1996 with an agreement between the US, Germany and Italy to collaborate on the development of this easily deployed Medium Extended Air Defence System, sharing the costs on a 60-28-17 basis. In US Army service, the Meads is to replace the Patriot.The tri- lateral agreement marked the start of a 27-month project definition and valida- tion phase in which two teams were awarded $ 80 million contracts. For the second (risk-reduction) phase, in May 1999 the Meads Interna- tional team led by Lockheed Martin was awarded a $ 216 million 32.5- month contract by the Nato Meads Management Agency (Nameadsma). Meads International is owned on a 50:50 basis by Lockheed Martin and EuroMeads, which is a joint venture comprised of Italy’s MBDA-I and Ger- many’s Eads/LFK. The award of the risk-reduction con- tract followed the political decision to reduce the cost of the Meads pro- gramme by adopting the Pac-3 missile (developed by Lockheed Martin Mis- siles and Fire Control – Dallas for the Raytheon Patriot system) in combina- tion with an improved mobility launch- er. The Raytheon Patriot programme was discussed in some detail inArmada 5/99.The Pac-2 was introduced in early 1991 and was used to intercept Iraqi Scud ballistic missiles during Desert Storm.The Pac-3 is a much smaller hit- to-kill missile, allowing a launcher to carry 16 weapons in place of four Pac- 2s.This body-to-body kill is achieved by a battery of 180 small attitude-control rockets in the front fuselage, used in Meads is a joint development by the US, Germany and Italy, aimed at producing a Medium Extended Air Defence System that can be deployed by the C-130 and C.160. (Eads/LFK) The Inertial Heart That Beats Within... www.systron.com ( 800) 227-1625 Concord, California Not much escapes its capabilities. Using our state-of-the-art Quartz MEMS technology, this small MEMS inertial cluster serves as the heart of our C-MIGITSTM and DQI-NP Navigation systems. Our MEMS GPS/INS provides high accuracy, tactical grade performance and is ruggedized to handle missile environments. As the first to provide production capabilities, BEI Systron Donner can provide unprecedented system navigation, even with loss of GPS, to give you robust, affordable navigation and guidance solutions. Visit our website for complete details and applications information. MEMS GPS/INS 6 DoF Quartz Technology Qualified Mature High Reliability C-MIGITSTM (C/A Code - Miniature Integrated GPS/INS Inertial Tactical System) Light Weight (1.1 kilograms/2.4 Lbs.) DQI-NP (Digital Quartz IMU with Navigational Processor) Light Weight (1.2 kilograms / 2.65 Lbs.)
  • 6. Complete Guide 52 armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002 conjunction with the fixed tail surfaces that give a three-Hertz roll-rate. Development testing of the Pac-3 was completed in October 2001. It entered low-rate initial production (Lrip) for the US Army in late 1999. Some 154 missiles have been contracted for in this phase and the first unit was equipped in Sep- tember 2001. A decision for full-rate production is expected in September 2002. The US Army plans to equip each Patriot fire unit with six Pac-2 and two Pac-3 launchers. Earlier Patriot systems have been sold to Egypt, Germany, Greece, Israel, Japan, Kuwait, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia and Taiwan. It may be added that Taiwan is reported to have developed and placed in service a silo-housed Patriot derivative known asTien Kung (Sky Bow).At time of writ- ing, Raytheon is working to conclude a Patriot sale to South Korea based on the improved Pac-3, the stumbling-block being funding shortfalls resulting from that country’s F-15K purchase. During the testing of the new Pac-3 there have been eleven consecutive successful firings,five of which involved body-to-body intercepts of tactical bal- listic missiles, three represented cruise missile kills and one destroyed a target representing an attack aircraft. Following statements of intent to purchase by Germany and the Nether- lands (for 200 and 128 PAC-3s respec- tively), Lockheed Martin placed offset work in those countries, and the first German components were shipped to the United States during Lrip-1. To manage the offset programme and sup- port the Pac-3 in German Air Force service, Lockheed Martin and Eads/ LFK have formed a joint company, Gesellschaft für Luftverteidigungs Sys- teme (GLVS). German work on the Pac-3 includes Thomson travelling wave tubes,Diehl thermal batteries and a joint effort by LFK and TDW on the ‘lethality enhancer’, which expands the 255 mm diameter of the missile as a hedge against last-minute manoeuvres by air-breathing threats. A German Parliamentary decision taken in June 2001 to support the Meads risk-reduction effort has delayed that nation’s procurement of the Pac-3 (which was to have covered 200 rounds and 13 launch station modification kits in Calendar 2002),perhaps by two years. The Dutch decision to purchase has yet to be confirmed. The goals of the second phase are to demonstrate the validity of the chosen concept,investigate whether the concept is achievable on a realistic timescale, investigate critical areas of technology and establish reliable cost data for devel- opment and procurement, providing the basis for a decision on whether or not to continue the project. The US Army has requested $ 150.8 million for Meads R&D in FY2003, but (as the programme is currently envis- aged) the seven-year engineering and manufacturing development phase will not start until early 2004, leading to production beginning around 2012. Although Germany probably wel- comes the delay in funding demand, this timescale does not meet the needs of the Italian Army, which plans to acquire at least six Meads batteries to replace the elderly Nike Hercules and is considering leasing the Patriot from the German Air Force or US Army as an interim system, or acquiring the Samp-T Block 1. Lockheed Martin has proposed that the Meads programme should be com- pressed to bring service entry forward by several years, with four battalions delivered to the US Army between 2012 and 2014 and the remaining seven in the following four years. Raytheon, which failed to be selected for Meads, has proposed an alternative Patriot Light system designed to allow deploy- ment in the C-130 rather than the C-5. As part of this redesign, the command and radar modules would be moved from five-tonne trucks to the HMMWV, and the antenna would be redesigned to fit inside the C-130. The Patriot Light could be fielded relatively quickly but depends on the US Army funding its development. Assuming the Meads programme goes forth,the standard battery will con- sist of six launch trucks (each with twelve vertically-launched missiles), two tactical operations centres, a UHF surveillance radar and two X-band fire control radars. Both types of radar have rotatable active phased-array antennas, whereas the Patriot radars are fixed and scan only a 90-degree azimuth sector. As a cost-saving measure, it has been agreed that the Meads will employ the Pac-3 missile (shown being test-fired) developed to upgrade the Patriot system. (Lockheed Martin) Full-scale mock-up of the Lockheed Martin Pac-3 missile, as shown at ILA- 2002. A smaller model underneath illustrates firing from a Patriot launcher. (Armada/RB)
  • 7. Complete Guide 54 armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002 Deployment will require 38 C.160, 20 C-130 or 5 C-17 sorties. The Meads is intended to deal with a wide range of targets, many of which do not justify the relatively high cost of the Pac-3 missile. Based on a production rate of 20 missiles per month, Lockheed Martin is aiming to reduce unit cost below $ two million, but it would still be an expensive way to deal with (for example) a UAV or decoy drone. Sever- al companies (including Meads Interna- tional) are considering less expensive complements for the Pac-3, using the same fire control system as the Patriot the Meads. These projects include the surface-launched Amraam (Slamraam), a ground-launched MBDA Meteor and a vertically launched BGT Iris-T with an enlarged rocket motor. Despite the on-going Samp-T and Meads programmes, Nato is considering a means to field a layered theatre missile defence system for its deployed forces by 2010, forming part of the alliance’s Extended Air Defence/Theatre Air and Missile Defence (Ead/Tamd) Concept. Feasibility study contracts have been awarded for 18-month investigations by two transatlantic industry teams, which began work in July 2001. Team Janus is led by Lockheed Martin, the other members being Astrium, BAE Systems, Eads-LFK, MBDA and TRW. The sec- ond team, led by Science Applications International Corp (SAIC), includes Boeing, Diehl, Eads, Britain’s QinetiQ and the Dutch company TNO. It is planned to produce one (or more) Nato Staff Requirement(s) by 2004 with a view to achieving initial operational capability (IOC) by 2010. Older Russian Systems Most of the systems so far discussed have been relatively modern developments. However, it should be noted that there are still some old medium- and long- range Russian Sams in service, which provide a market for upgrades and main- tain a degree of effectiveness. For example, the Almaz S-75M Volkhov (SA-2F) is a relatively heavy system, based on a 2400 kg Fakel- designed radio command-guided missile with a solid propellant tandem booster, a liquid fuel sustainer motor and with a range of 30 km. The S-75, exported under the name Dvina, attained IOC with Soviet forces in 1958 and was first employed operationally over North Vietnam in 1966. Iraqi SA-2 systems are believed to have introduced a longer range missile in the late 1990s, and recent reports indicate that Chinese assistance has been provided to upgrade the Iraqi ADS with fibre-optic links, improved radars and boost motors and infrared terminal guidance seekers. The Almaz S-125 Neva-M (SA-3B) is a much lighter system, using a 950 kg Fakel radio command-guided missile with a solid fuel booster and sustainer. Two rounds (increased to three or four in later systems) are carried by the same type of truck that acts as a tractor for the single-round SA-1 or SA-2 trailer.Some 400 S-125 systems were exported under the name Pechora to 35 countries, including Cuba, Egypt, India, Iraq, Libya, Peru, Syria and Vietnam. Almaz was part of an industrial con- sortium designated IFIG-OS (Interstate Financial and Industrial Group – Defen- sive Systems/Oboronitelnye Sistemy), until 23 April 2002, but is now integrat- ed in the Almaz-Antey Defence group. IFIG-OS will from now on be responsi- ble for the joint Russian-Belarus devel- opment of, inter alia, an upgraded Pechora-2. The missiles used are the improved 5V24 (V-600) and the 5V27 (V-601),with a redesigned booster using a new type of propellant that increases range to 27 km, a new warhead that N ews of a recent development involving Rheinmetall’s Oer- likon Contraves and Lockheed Martin reached Armada International too late for inclusion in our last supplement on ‘Land-based Vshorad and Shorad Systems’. The Swiss and American companies have decided to join forces in view of pro- ducing and marketing the Millennium gun. As part of this agree- ment, the revolver cannon-based Millennium turret seen here being assembled at Oerlikon Contraves’ last May, will be demonstrated during the US Navy’s ‘Fleet Battle Experi- ment-Juliet’ in July and August. For the purpose of the demon- stration the MillenniumTurret will be fitted to Lockheed Martin’s Sea Slice advanced technology high-speed vessel.Besides demon- strating the abilities of the 35 mm, 1000 round-per-minute revolver cannon and the lethality of the programmable Ahead rounds it can fire, the exercise should also highlight the relatively simple installation of the turret on an existing ship. Primarily intended as an air defence system, the combination of the air- bursting Ahead munition and the high rate of fire revolver cannon also provides a useful means of defence against sea- skimming anti-ship missiles, fast patrol boats and shore based targets. Each Ahead round violently disperses 152 sharp-edged tungsten carbide particles. Recent demonstrations have proved that a properly concentrated cloud of such pellets emanating from a burst of eight rounds made it an insurmountable obstacle for an incoming missile. (Armada/EHB) Shorad Late News Guidance of the Lockheed Martin Pac-3 is effected by a battery of 180 attitude-control rockets in the front fuselage, which work to produce a body-to- body kill. (Armada/RB)
  • 8. Complete Guide 55armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002 Complete Guide triples lethality and an improved radar proximity fuze with greater ECM resist- ance and improved effectiveness against low-flying targets. The analogue avion- ics of the original Pechora are replaced by solid-state hardware from the S-300PMU-1 system (discussed later), providing improved reliability and a reduction in maintenance. The addition of a thermal imager makes possible pas- sive night engagements.The new system includes a 5P73-2M self-propelled launcher, which is based on the MZKT- 8021 chassis. The upgraded UNK-2M command post vehicle can accept target data from the basic or modernised P-12 (1RL14), P-15 (1RL13), P-18 (1RL131) or P-19 (1RL134) radars.The Pechora-2 upgrade programme has been launched by an Egyptian order worth up to $ 200 million and involving 27 companies in Russia and Belarus. An indigenous upgrade has been developed for Poland’s S-125s by the Warsaw Military Academy of Technol- ogy, with emphasis on increased mobil- ity.In this improved system (designated Newa-SC), a quadruple SA-3 launcher is mounted on a modified T-55 chassis, and the SNR-125M tracking radar, equipped with a licence-produced Thales IFF interrogator, is mounted on a Maz-543 truck, formerly used as an R-300 (Scud) launcher. In June 2001, it was announced that there would be a series of joint exercis- es by the United Air Defence System (UADS) of the Commonwealth of Independent States (a service formed in 1995), represented by units from Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and Tajikistan. The exercises were to include live firings of the Grushin S-200V (SA-5) and Almaz S-300P (SA- 10). On 4 October 2001, a Tu-154 of Sibir Airlines, while en route from Tel Aviv to its base at Novosibirsk, crashed into the Black Sea with the loss of 78 lives, evidently having been shot down by a stray Ukrainian S-200 fired from Opuk in the Crimea. Although generally credited to Grushin, the S-200 Angara (SA-5) was developed by Almaz. It is believed that it was deployed as a long-range air defence system for Leningrad and Tallinn (Estonia) in the early 1960s,and that the version delivered to Syria after the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon was an anti-radiation missile, devel- oped to destroy AEW&C aircraft such as the E-2C.A similar system deployed in Eastern Europe in 1985 is thought to have been intended as a counter to the Nato E-3 Awacs, deliveries of which began in 1982. The S-200 is a massive weapon, weighing around 7000 kg with four wrap-around boost motors and providing a firing range in the region of 250 km. It has command guidance for the mid-course phase, and active or passive radar for terminal homing. S-300P In their late-1960s planning for next- generation long-range air defences, the Soviets decided to develop three systems to suit fixed, battlefront an maritime applications.The system devel- opped for the Air Defence Forces to protect fixed targets was the wheeled vehicle Almaz S-300P (SA-10). The initial production system was built as both the trailer-mounted towed S-300PT and the self-propelled S-300PS. Deliveries began in 1978, and IOC was attained in 1980.Around 100 S-300P air defence sites were constructed in the Soviet Union, primarily to protect com- mand and control centres and industrial complexes. The S-300P employed the vertically launched, 1450 kg command- guided Fakel 5V55K, a single-stage solid propellant missile that provided an outward range of approximately 50 km. The missile’s standard warhead was a 100 kg fragmentation device, but a low-yield tactical nuclear warhead was also available. A major advancement was provided by the introduction in the mid-1980s of the Fakel 5V55R missile with semi- active radar guidance and a maximum range of 75 km. The modified system was accordingly redesignated S-300PM (SA-10B). In 1994, at least one S-300PM system was obtained by the US Army for testing. As a result of the US Army’s use of the Raytheon Patriot to intercept Iraqi Scud ballistic missiles during the 1991 Gulf War, Russia evaluated the S-300PM against theatre ballistic mis- siles. Some improvements were subse- quently introduced and it was claimed that the upgraded S-300PMU (SA-10C) is superior to Patriot in the ATBM con- text.The principal change was the devel- opment of the Fakel 5V55U missile, in which the normal concept of semi-active radar guidance is replaced by a track- via-missile system, as pioneered by Patriot. In essence, the target radar reflections received by the missile are data-linked to the ground for processing by a more sophisticated computer.Max- Test firing of the earlier (and still current) Patriot Pac-2 missile, as used by the US Army during the Gulf War to intercept Iraqi Scud ballistic missiles. (Raytheon) A German Air Force Patriot launch unit jacked up on outriggers. Germany has stated an intention to buy 200 Pac-3 rounds and 13 launcher modification kits. (Armada/RB)
  • 9. Complete Guide 56 armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002 Complete Guide imum effective range was simultaneous- ly increased to 90 km. The S-300PMU1 (SA-10D, report- edly now redesignated SA-20) is the principal version currently offered for international sales by Rosoboronex- port. Based on the new Fakel 48N6E missile with a 143 kg warhead, it pro- vides a maximum firing range of 150 km. The S-300PMU1 may well have been the model ordered by China in 1994 and redesignated HQ-9. It is believed that at least 100 missiles were delivered and deployed around Beijing. Reports indicate that there have been discussions of licence-production in China of a later model under the desig- nation HQ-10 or HQ-15. The S-300PMU1 was demonstrated successfully at Idex ‘93, and was the subject of a $ 437 million Greek Cypriot contract that was signed in January 1996. Following threats from Turkey to destroy the missiles by air strikes at the port of delivery, and intense diplomatic pressure from the United States, the Cypriot missiles were installed 600 km away in Crete, where they pose a threat to no one. In 1995, India began negoti- ating to buy the S-300PMU1. Some sources indicate that this led to a $ one billion purchase of six batteries with 48 missiles each, deliveries beginning in June 1996. Iran has been discussing the purchase of the S-300PMU1 since 2001. Other potential customers include Libya and Syria, although the US would certainly oppose such sales. In mid-2001 there was a report that Israel, fearing that neighbouring Arab countries would acquire the S-300PMU1 system, had assisted Croat- ia financially in acquiring what eventu- ated as an incomplete system for use in its struggle for independence from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Some radar elements of the system were deliv- ered to Croatia by air in late 1994, and Israel obtained key components that allowed Rafael and IMI to develop countermeasures, including the Improved Tactical Air-Launched Decoy. The US Air Force director of requirements, Major General ‘Dan’ Leaf, is reported as having said that the service may face “an adversary with SA- 20-class capabilities before 2010”. In Russian service, an S-300PMU1 regiment consists of three batteries and an 83M6E control centre, linked to a 64N6E three-dimensional long-range search radar, which can track up to 100 targets at up to 300 km range. The 64N6E was developed by the Measuring Instruments Research Institute (NIIIP) at Novosibirsk. The control centre may also be linked to a 36D6 surveillance radar. A typical battery has a 30N6E1 illumination and guidance radar and eight (although some batteries have twelve) 5P85ME/SE launchers, each with four ready-to-fire 48N6E missiles. The battery can simultaneously engage up to six aircraft targets, guiding up to twelve missiles. It can also engage air- borne targets as high as 88,600 ft and as low as 33 ft.It can defend against theatre ballistic missiles with a speed of up to 2800 metres/sec, providing intercepts at up to an altitude of 82,000 ft and out to a range of 40 km. Another system men- tioned in the context of the S-300PMU series is the Lianozovo Electromechan- ical Plant (Lemz) 96L6E low-altitude search and track radar and command post. Mounted on a Maz-7930 chassis, the phased array antenna operates by rotating mechanically in azimuth, while three beams scan 60 degrees in eleva- tion. The 96L6E radar has a range of 300 km and can automatically track up to 100 targets. The S-300PMU2 (SA-20 Follow- On) was first tested in 1995 and was unveiled at Maks ‘97. It introduced a new 3D radar (Lira 96L6E) and the improved Fakel 48N6E2 Favorit mis- sile. This new weapon weighs 1800 kg and carries a 145 kg warhead that is optimised for destroying ballistic mis- siles. It has a range of 200 km and a maximum altitude of 88,600 ft. In early 2001, it was stated that air defences in the Moscow district would be shortly upgraded by means of the Favorit-S missile system. There have been references to an S-300PMU3, which may be the S-300PMU2 upgraded with the missiles from the S-400 Triumph system. The latter was test-fired at the KapustinYar range in early 1999. It appears to use much smaller missiles: the 300 kg 9M96E with a range of 40 km, and the 400 kg 9M96E2 with a range of 120 km. The launcher can accommodate 16 mis- siles. This new weapon series has side- acting jets for increased manoeuvrabil- ity and a directional fragmentation warhead. The lighter version is report- The current US Army Patriot fire unit, with eight launching stations, each with four missiles. The system’s deployment requires special transports such as the C-5 or the C-17. (Raytheon) The Almaz S-300PMU1 (SA-20) with Fakel 48N6E missiles is the principal export version of the series originally developed for the Soviet Union’s Air Defence Force. (Armada/YL)
  • 10. Complete Guide 57armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002 Complete Guide ed to use active radar guidance while the longer-range model can use either active or passive radar homing. There have been suggestions that the 9M96 series will later be replaced by a new missile with a range of up to 400 km. In early 2001, when the S-400 was still going through field trials, it was announced that one of the Moscow dis- trict air defence units was to be equipped with the Triumph system, but that large-scale deliveries would begin only after 2007. There have also been some reports of an S-500 project as an upgraded S-400,capable of engaging ballistic mis- siles with a range of up to 3500 km. However, the high development cost of the S-500 is said to be beyond Russia’s means, leading to a proposal that it should proceed as a joint programme with America. S-300V Whereas the Almaz/IFIG-OS S-300P series was developed for the Air Defence Forces to protect fixed installa- tions, the S-300V system was developed by Niemi (later Antey) for the Army to provide defence over the battle area. It was therefore based on tracked (rather than wheeled) vehicles, and – unlike the S-300P – it was required from the outset to have some capability against theatre ballistic missiles. The S-300V was designed to employ two types of missile, both designed by Novator. The Type I or 9M82 (SA-12B) was developed for use against theatre ballistic missiles with speeds up to 3000 metres/sec and docile aircraft targets at ranges up to 100 km, while the much lighter and shorter Type II or 9M83 (SA-12A), which entered service in 1986, was intended to deal with manoeuvring (8.0 G) targets at up to 75 km. Both designs are two-stage missiles with a largely common second stage,but different tandem boost motors.The war- head weight is approximately 150 kg in both cases,but theType I has larger frag- ments for enhanced effectiveness against ballistic missiles.Both have iner- tial mid-course guidance with data- linked target updates and semi-active radar terminal homing.The two types of TEL are basically similar, but the 9A82 carries two 9M82 missiles, while the 9A83 carries four of the smaller 9M83s. In the case of the 9A82, the command guidance radar is mounted over the cab, providing 90-degree cover on either side in azimuth and 100 degrees in elevation. For the 9A83, the antenna is mounted on a folding mast, providing full hemi- spherical cover. At the heart of an S-300V regiment is a 9S457M command station, which can simultaneously engage 24 aircraft targets out of 200 detected and 70 tracked, guiding up to 48 missiles against them. It can control up to four batteries, located ten kilometres dis- tant.The command post is fed with tar- get data from a 9S15MTZ surveillance radar (developed by NIIIP), which can detect aircraft out to 320 km. Its anten- na sweeps through 360 degrees in azimuth in less than nine seconds, cov- ering 55 degrees in elevation. Its inputs are augmented by those from a 9S19ME sector-scan radar, with a phased-array antenna producing a beam that moves through 75 degrees in elevation and 60 degrees in azimuth, illuminating any target once per second. It can track 20 targets out to 175 km and can identify three jammers. Each battery has a 9S32-1 phased- array missile guidance radar, which can track up to twelve aircraft and serve up to six Tels (typically two 9A82s and four 9A83s) and six 9A84/9A85 launcher/ loader vehicles, which have cranes to transfer their missiles, and lack the radars of the Tels. Rosoboronexport gives a single-shot kill probability of 70 These vehicles of the Antey S-300V system carry the 9S32-1 guidance radar (left), two 9M82 (Type I) missiles (centre), and four 9M83 (Type II) missiles (right). (Armada/YL) The Israel Aircraft Industries Arrow II anti-ballistic missile system, as presented at the Paris Air Show of 2001, showing one of the two-stage missiles out of its canister. (Armada/RB)
  • 11. Complete Guide 58 armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002 Complete Guide to 90 per cent against airborne targets and 40 to 70 per cent against ballistic missiles. Efforts to sell the S-300V system to Kuwait,South Korea and the UAE have been unsuccessful, but reports suggest that India is now negotiating the pur- chase or lease of a small number of S-300V systems. It is believed that Rus- sia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and the Ukraine all have the system, but that only Russia has the Type I missile.There have been unconfirmed reports of an HQ-18 Chinese copy of the S-300V. After the 1991 Gulf War the Type I was tested successfully against modified Makeyev 9K72 (SS-1C Scud-Bs) with a range of 600 km, to simulate Iraq’s Al Hussein missile.Antey’s general design- er has stated that two S-300V batteries were sold to a small US company in late 1994, but that only a few missiles and intercept airborne early warning and stand-off jamming aircraft. Some observers are of the belief that China is planning to produce the S-300PMU1 under licence, retaining the HQ-9 des- ignation of missiles delivered directly from Russia. Going Ballistic Some of the systems so far described have an anti-ballistic missile (ABM) capability in addition to their original objective of defending against airborne threats. However, other missile systems have been designed from the outset specifically for the ABM role. The 1972 ABM Treaty between America and the Soviet Union restrict- ed each side to a single 100-weapon point defence system. America briefly installed the Safeguard system with Spartan and Sprint nuclear-tipped mis- siles to defend an ICBM site near Grand Forks, North Dakota. The unit was decommissioned in 1976, partly due to concern over the effects of the warheads exploding over US territory. In 1968, the Soviet Union had installed the 64-silo ABM-1 system at four sites around Moscow, using SH-01 Galosh missiles.This was replaced in the 1980s by the ABM-3 or A-135 Moscow Industrial Area ABM Defense System at seven sites, using 36 exo-atmospheric three-stage Vympel 51T6/SH-11 Gor- gon (Russian name Baton) and 64 quick-reaction two-stage Vympel 53T6/SH-08 Gazelle endo-atmospheric missiles in combination with new phased-array radars. Both missile types are silo-fired and equipped with solid fuel motors. They initially had nuclear warheads (550 and ten kilotons respec- tively), but in 1997-98 the A-135 system was stood down briefly, reportedly so the nuclear devices could be replaced by conventional warheads. Arrow The third nation to field an ABM sys- tem was Israel, whose first IAI Arrow II battery was declared operational in October 2000. A second battery was formed hastily in September 2001, in The EL/M-2080 ‘Green Pine’ fire control radar for Israel’s Arrow Weapon System was developed by the Elta division of IAI. The system became operational in October 2000. (IAI/Elta) Both Eads/LFK (shown here) and BGT are involved in studies of HFK (Hyperschall-Flugkörper) projectiles, which may form the basis for future medium-range Sams. (Armada/RB) “The 1972 ABM Treaty between America and the Soviet Union restricted each side to a single 100-weapon point defence system.” launchers were delivered, not the phased-array sector-scan radar. In marketing the S-300V in competi- tion with the Patriot with Pac-3 missiles, it is claimed that the Russian system defends a larger area (2000 vs. 1200 square kilometres) and is deployed more quickly (5 vs. 30 min- utes).Conversely,it is admitted that the Pac-3 missile has a longer range against aircraft (150 vs. 100 km). The S-300VM represents a major upgrade, with 9M82M and 9M83M mis- siles and the improved 9S15M2 surveil- lance and 9S19M sector-scan radar. The missiles have larger boosters, giving increased peak speeds and manoeuvra- bility (up from 20 to 30 G).The range of the 9M82M is 200 km, and the defended area is increased to 2500 square kilome- tres.The export version of the S-300VM is designated Antey-2500. China China’s only long-range air defence missile is thought to be the FT-2000, with a range of 100 km and a launch weight of 1300 kg. Marketed by the China National Precision Machinery Import & Export Company (CNPMIEC), the FT-2000 is a passive radar homing weapon, developed to
  • 12. Complete Guide 59armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002 Complete Guide the light of the possibility of US strikes against certain Arab countries. A third battery is to be fielded before 2010. Israeli work on the Arrow Weapon System (AWS) to defend against TBMs began in 1986 and was accelerated after the 1991 Gulf War, with America paying roughly half the cost of what is estimat- ed to be a $ 2.2 billion programme. The basic elements of the AWS are the two- stage Arrow II missile, produced by the Programme), which is intended to deal with manoeuvring warheads, decoys and specifically Iran’s Shahab-4. The latter, having a range of 2000 km, is a much faster target than the 1000 km Shahab-3,which the presentArrow II is intended to defend against.Asip devel- opment began in 2000 and should be completed around 2007. In an effort to reduce missile cost and increase production rate, IAI began discussions on possible co-pro- duction with US contractors in early 2000. Boeing is the favoured partner; although in January 2001 that company announced that discussions had been put on hold pending the resolution of technology transfer issues. In March this year,Turkey began fresh talks with Israel about the possible procurement of the AWS. India and South Korea are also reported to be interested. Son of Star Wars America’s efforts to develop a system for defence against ballistic missiles began in 1983 with President Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI).This relied on space-based sensors and weapons, hence SDI was informally dubbed ‘Star Wars’. However, the concept of Global Protection Against Limited Strikes (Gpals) proved over- This artist’s impression illustrates a ballistic missile defence scenario under consideration by Eads, with satellite-based sensors guiding a kill vehicle. (Eads – Launch Vehicles) «America’s efforts to develop a system for defence against ballistic missiles began in 1983 with President Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI).» Engineering and Manufacturing Development (EMD) of the US Army/Lockheed Martin Theater High Altitude Area Defense (Thaad) system is due to begin in 2003. (Lockheed Martin) MLM Division of IAI, the Elta EL/ M-2080 Green Pine L-band fire control radar (FCR), and the IAI/MLM Hazel- nut Tree launch control centre (LCC). IAI is responsible for the Tel, a towed wheeled vehicle with six vertically- launched missiles, housed in a cluster of sealed canisters. Unlike the Pac-3, the Arrow II is a two-stage,high endo-atmospheric area- coverage missile with a limited shoot- look-shoot capability. It has thrust-vec- tor control and a gimbal-mounted fragmentation warhead. The next stage of development is the Asip (Arrow Systems Improvement
  • 13. Complete Guide 60 armada INTERNATIONAL 4/2002 Complete Guide ambitious, and the Ballistic Missile Defense Organisation (BMDO, recent- ly renamed the Missile Defense Agency or MDA) switched its attention to theatre BMD and focused its efforts on developing the technology for a Nation- al Missile Defense (NMD) system that requires no space-based missiles. Effective defence relies on a multi- phase approach, combining systems to destroy attacking missiles in the boost, mid-course and terminal phases.Amer- ica’s next ground-based BMD system to enter service may well be the US Army’s Theater High Altitude Area Defense (Thaad), for which Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control is prime contractor. The project defini- tion and risk-reduction phase began in 1995, and the engineering and manu- facturing development (EMD) phase is due to begin in 2003, followed by the resumption of flight tests in 2004, low- rate initial production of up to 40 mis- siles per year around 2006 and full-rate production of up to 320 missiles per year from 2008. A test firing in August 1999 provided the first successful exo- atmospheric intercept, the target being destroyed at over 100 km altitude. Thaad, described as the world’s first endo/exo-atmospheric system,will pro- vide much higher intercepts and will cover a far larger area than the Patriot point defence system.A truck-mounted system, Thaad is designed to be easily deployed, only the launcher requiring the outsize hold of a C-141, C-17 or C-5, while all other modules will fit in a C-130. The US Army is particularly interested in high endo-atmospheric (40 to 100 km) intercepts, where the air is so thin that the target cannot manoeuvre effectively, but thick enough for an infrared sensor to dis- criminate the warhead from associated decoys.The baseline C-1 Thaad is to be fielded in FY2007,and is expected to be superseded by the improved C-2 with a more powerful Raytheon radar from FY2012.The US Army plans to acquire around 1250 Thaad missiles. President Clinton’s National Missile Defense (NMD) Act of 1995 paved the way for the US to withdraw from the 1972 ABM Treaty in June 2002 and to develop a ground-based interceptor (GBI), which, in combination with advanced ground- and space-based sensors, may at some stage provide mid- course protection for America, its allies and deployed forces against a limited number of ballistic missiles (but not the thousands available to Russia). Boeing is the prime contractor in the Ground- based Midcourse Defense (GMD) pro- gramme, which is expected to cost around $ 64 billion by 2015. Raytheon is responsible for its exo-atmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV), and TRW supplies the command and control system. The EKV is launched by a two-stage booster adapted from a decommissioned Minuteman ICBM. It is guided initially by a ground-based X-band radar, but for the terminal phase employs on-board visual and dual infrared sensors. Lock- heed Martin and Orbital Sciences are designing alternative boosters,and a sur- rogate EKV design is under considera- tion. Other options include a Multiple Miniature Kill Vehicle (MMKV), for which Schafer was awarded a develop- ment and demonstration contract in Jan- uary 2002. In the first deployment phase (Cap I) of the GBI programme, ten missiles are to be installed at Fort Greely, Alaska, which may later become the opera- tional command centre. In a worst-case scenario (presumably meaning that North Korea posed a serious threat to the US), Fort Greely could go opera- tional as soon as 2004.Cap II is planned to deploy 100 missiles by 2007, leading to an eventual Cap III total of 250 mis- siles at multiple US sites. The first successful GBI test firing took place in October 1999, and the fourth success (in six attempts) occurred in March 2002, when an EKV launched from Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands destroyed the simulat- ed warhead of a Minuteman fired from VandenbergAFB in California,7700 km away. The intercept took place at an altitude of over 220 km. a Volume 26, No. 4, August/September 2002 ARMADA INTERNATIONAL is published bimonthly in Zurich, Switzerland. Copyright 2002 by Internationale Armada Aktien- gesellschaft,Aeulestrasse 5, FL-9490 Vaduz, Principality of Liechtenstein Head Office: ARMADA INTERNATIONAL Thurgauerstrasse 39, CH-8050 Zurich/Switzerland Phone: (+41 1) 308 50 50, Fax: (+41 1) 308 50 55 e-mail: mail@armada.ch Web Site: www.armada.ch Publisher: Caroline Schwegler Publishing Director: Peter Stierlin Editor-in-Chief: Eric H. Biass Editor: Johnny Keggler Art Work: Johnny Keggler Regular Contributors: RoyBraybrook, Doug Richardson, Brian Walters Administration: Thomas Schneider, Pia Kraft Advertising offices: Austria,Finland,Germany,Scandinavia,Switzerland,Spain Hans-Ruedi Fröhlich, Franz-Rittmeyer-Weg 5, CH-6300 Zug/Switzerland Phone:(+4141)760 72 78, Fax:(+4141)760 72 79 e-mail: fairspace@topweb.ch France, Belgium,The Netherlands, Luxemburg Peter Stierlin,Thurgauerstrasse 39, CH-8050 Zurich Contact Head Office Israel Commercial News Distribution, David Kreizelman, PO Box 51, Kfar Bin Nun 99780; Phone/Fax: (08) 9 797 008, e-mail: cndil@netvision.net.il United Kingdom Aerospace Media, Michael Elmes, Flatford Lane, East Bergholt, Colchester CO7 6UJ, England Phone: +44 (0) 1206 299211, Fax: +44 (0) 1206 299212 e-mail: mike.elmes.@aerospacemedia.co.uk Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) LAGUK Co. Ltd.,Yuri Laskin, Novoriazanskaya Street 31/7, App. 96, RF-107060 Moscow, Russian Federation; Phone: (+7 095) 912 1346, Fax: (+7 095) 912 1260 e-mail: ylarm-lml@mtu-net.ru Western USA – West of the Mississippi River Diane Stevenson, 810 Val Sereno Drive Olivenhain, CA 92024, Phone:(858) 759 3557,Fax:(858) 759 3552 e-mail: dianestevenson@cox.net Eastern USA – East of the Mississippi River Margie Brown & Associates, Margie Brown, 4775 Mallard Court, Warrenton,Virginia 20187-2500 Phone: (540) 341 7581, Fax: (540) 341 7582, e-mail: margiespub@erols.com All other countries: contact the Head Office. Annual subscription rates: Europe: SFr. 132 + 24 (post) Overseas: US$ 132 + 24 (post) Controlled circulation: 21 449, certified by ABC/WEMF, valid from 13 June 2001 Printed by Karl Schwegler AG, CH-8050 Zurich ISO 9002 certified ISSN: 0252-9793 USPS 574450 The centrepiece of America’s Ground-based Midcourse Defense (GMD) programme is the Raytheon exo-atmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV), guided by visual and dual infrared sensors. (Raytheon) ABC