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Overview of Agricultural
Research and Extension in
Pakistan
M. Afzal
Pakistan Agricultural Research Council
Islamabad
New face of Agriculture
• Pakistan’s Agriculture is complex – geography,
agro-ecological zones, cropping patterns,
production systems, mixed farming
• Agriculture has undergone tremendous changes
over the past few decades
• It is not only essential for national food security
but also acts as engine of economic growth
• The era of green revolution is long over
• The agricultural research system devised earlier
has served reasonably well notably through
provision of high yielding crop varieties
• The research system needs a conceptual change
Agriculture knowledge system has worked but
sub-optimally (e.g. Wheat productivity)
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Y
i
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l
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YIELD (kg / ha) PRODUCTION (m. tonnes) AREA (m. ha)
3
Agricultural Developments in Pakistan
• Yield improvements
• From import to export
• Off-season vegetables
• Introduction of new crops, fruits and
vegetables
• Control of animal and plant diseases
• Poultry industry
• New dairy products
• Fish farming and many more ….
Productivity improvement is
multi-factorial
• Policy interventions
• Farmer’s resources and inputs
• Availability of technology (Research)
• Transfer of technology (Extension)
• Marketing
Ultimate driver is profitability
6
Federal Research
Establishments
(6)
Provincial Research
Institutes
(15)
Agricultural/Veterinary
Sciences in Universities
(13)
Agro-industry
(Pesticides/Fertilizers/
Seed/Machinery etc.)
National Agricultural Research System
of Pakistan
PARC
Federal Agriculture Research System
• MINFA
– PARC, PCCC, Soil Survey, Zoological Survey
• PAEC
– NIAB, NIBGE, NIFA, NIA
• MoST
– PCSIR, PCRWR, Leather Research Centre,
NIO
• WAPDA
– IWASARI, Mona
• HEC
– Agricultural/Animal Science Universities
– General Universities
Provincial Research System
Multi-departmental
Crops and Horticulture - multi and mono
disciplinary institutes
Livestock - health, production, farms,
poultry
Fisheries – variable infrastructure and
hatcheries
Provincial Research Systems vary in
infrastructure and capacity
Distribution of Agricultural Scientists
Area % of Total
Scientists
% of Scientists
with Ph.D.
Provinces 50 18
Universities 23 50
PARC 17 21
PAEC 7 11
PCCC 3 1
DISTRIBUTION OF Ph.D. WITHIN
PROVINCES
Distribution of PhDs within Provinces
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
P
unjab
Sindh
K
PB
aluchistan
PhD Univ
PhDs ARI
Number of Agricultural Scientists
Country Scientists /million pop.
Egypt 300
Pakistan 44
UK 1400
USA 2360
India 65
Expenditure on R&D in Agriculture
13
Public Agricultural Research and
Development Spending
Countries Agricultural R&D total spending
(in million 2005 international dollars)
1991 2002 % (+/-)
Developing countries (117) 9,459 12,819 +36
Asia and Pacific (28 countries) 4,847 7,523 +55
High-income countries (22 country) 10,534 10,191 -3
China 1,174 2,574 +119
India 746 1,355 +82
Malaysia 227 424 +87
Bangladesh 81 109 +35
Sri Lanka 39 51 +31
Pakistan 223 171 -23
Source: IFPRI Research Brief No. 11, 2008
101
345
98
66
6154
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Pakistan Nepal Philipines Bangladesh Sri Lanka Malaysia
000Int’lDollars
Source: IFPRI-ASTI Country Brief
Agriculture Research Expenditure
(000) International Dollar per Scientist
%ofAgGDP
Source: IFPRI – ASTI Country Brief
0.31 0.22
0.44 0.36
1.92
0.49
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Pakistan Nepal Philipines Bangladesh Sri Lanka Malaysia
Agriculture Research Expenditure
(Percentage of Agriculture GDP)
Funding Pattern of Agricultural
Research
Expenditure on Range (% age)
Establishment charges 78 – 90
Operational – fixed cost 10 – 25
Operational – research 3 – 9
Capital 0.2 – 3
Allocation of Resources by Discipline
Discipline % Allocation
Crops 52
Natural Resources 25
Livestock & Fisheries 14
Social Sciences 9
Agricultural Extension Infrastructure in
Pakistan
Province Agriculture
Officer
Field
Assistant
Punjab 763 3264
Sindh 573 1026
Balochistan 586 1016
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 222 539
AJK, GB, FATA, ICT 180 673
Total 2324 6518
Livestock Extension Infrastructure
in Pakistan
Province Veterinary
Officers
Veterinary
Assistant
Punjab 1403 2271
Sindh 358 748
Balochistan 631 1153
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 338 1600
AJK, GB, FATA, ICT 323 1346
Total 3053 7118
Agricultural Extension Approaches in
Pakistan
• Village Cooperative Movement
• Village Agricultural & Industrial Development Program
(Village-AID)
• Basic Democracies System (BDS)
• Inputs at Farmers’ Doorstep Approach
• Training and Visit System (T & V)
• Agriculture Development Corporation
• Barani Area Development Program
• Crop Maximization Program
• Integrated Rural Development Program
• Integrated Pest Management Program
• Farmers’ Field School Approach
• Productivity Enhancement Model, Sarghoda
• Electronic media in agriculture knowledge transfer
• Current system of Provincial Extension
Issues of Agricultural Research and
Extension in Pakistan
• Human Resources Issues
– Pay structure & career opportunities
– Research managers selection
– Training opportunities
• Research Efficiency Issues
– Priority setting
– Collaboration / Linkage with external agencies
– Funding for research to action
• Functional Issues
– Funding and funding patterns
– Facilities and equipments
– Mobility
The Way Forward – 1
• Institutional autonomy and Increased flexibility for
public research institutions combined with increased
accountability
• A growing role for private sector R&D, especially in
commercial crops
• An appropriate policy framework to provide incentives
to invest in R&D, and create the opportunity for public-
private partnerships
• Special and separate focus on small-scale farmers and
marginal areas, where poverty is highest and which are
bypassed by the private sector
• The longer-term needs for conservation of the natural
resources and ecosystems, and
• Consumer concerns on health issues, such as quality,
adulteration and livestock and poultry diseases
• Globalization and climatic change
The Way Forward – 2
• Scientists / extension workers to be recruited on
merit in open and transparent way
• Career structure for scientists not to be linked with
availability of posts but target based up-gradation
• Salary/incentives structure for scientists to be over-
hauled
• Research / extension leaders to be selected through
open merit and search committees
• Review of mandate of institutions and their
rationalization
• Mechanism to constantly consult the relevant
stakeholders for setting up research agenda
• Research coordination fund
• Operational funds for research-extension linkage
• Endowment fund for agriculture research and
development to target specific issues
Concluding Remarks
Competitive position and the quality of a
country’s economy are defined in large part by
the size and density of the country’s “Knowledge
Cloud” …. The “Precipitate” of knowledge will
“irrigate” development.
(World Bank Report)
Agriculture research and extension in PAKISTAN

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Agriculture research and extension in PAKISTAN

  • 1. Overview of Agricultural Research and Extension in Pakistan M. Afzal Pakistan Agricultural Research Council Islamabad
  • 2. New face of Agriculture • Pakistan’s Agriculture is complex – geography, agro-ecological zones, cropping patterns, production systems, mixed farming • Agriculture has undergone tremendous changes over the past few decades • It is not only essential for national food security but also acts as engine of economic growth • The era of green revolution is long over • The agricultural research system devised earlier has served reasonably well notably through provision of high yielding crop varieties • The research system needs a conceptual change
  • 3. Agriculture knowledge system has worked but sub-optimally (e.g. Wheat productivity) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 A r e a & P r o d u c t i o n 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Y i e l d YIELD (kg / ha) PRODUCTION (m. tonnes) AREA (m. ha) 3
  • 4. Agricultural Developments in Pakistan • Yield improvements • From import to export • Off-season vegetables • Introduction of new crops, fruits and vegetables • Control of animal and plant diseases • Poultry industry • New dairy products • Fish farming and many more ….
  • 5. Productivity improvement is multi-factorial • Policy interventions • Farmer’s resources and inputs • Availability of technology (Research) • Transfer of technology (Extension) • Marketing Ultimate driver is profitability
  • 6. 6 Federal Research Establishments (6) Provincial Research Institutes (15) Agricultural/Veterinary Sciences in Universities (13) Agro-industry (Pesticides/Fertilizers/ Seed/Machinery etc.) National Agricultural Research System of Pakistan PARC
  • 7. Federal Agriculture Research System • MINFA – PARC, PCCC, Soil Survey, Zoological Survey • PAEC – NIAB, NIBGE, NIFA, NIA • MoST – PCSIR, PCRWR, Leather Research Centre, NIO • WAPDA – IWASARI, Mona • HEC – Agricultural/Animal Science Universities – General Universities
  • 8. Provincial Research System Multi-departmental Crops and Horticulture - multi and mono disciplinary institutes Livestock - health, production, farms, poultry Fisheries – variable infrastructure and hatcheries Provincial Research Systems vary in infrastructure and capacity
  • 9. Distribution of Agricultural Scientists Area % of Total Scientists % of Scientists with Ph.D. Provinces 50 18 Universities 23 50 PARC 17 21 PAEC 7 11 PCCC 3 1
  • 10. DISTRIBUTION OF Ph.D. WITHIN PROVINCES Distribution of PhDs within Provinces 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 P unjab Sindh K PB aluchistan PhD Univ PhDs ARI
  • 11. Number of Agricultural Scientists Country Scientists /million pop. Egypt 300 Pakistan 44 UK 1400 USA 2360 India 65
  • 12. Expenditure on R&D in Agriculture
  • 13. 13 Public Agricultural Research and Development Spending Countries Agricultural R&D total spending (in million 2005 international dollars) 1991 2002 % (+/-) Developing countries (117) 9,459 12,819 +36 Asia and Pacific (28 countries) 4,847 7,523 +55 High-income countries (22 country) 10,534 10,191 -3 China 1,174 2,574 +119 India 746 1,355 +82 Malaysia 227 424 +87 Bangladesh 81 109 +35 Sri Lanka 39 51 +31 Pakistan 223 171 -23 Source: IFPRI Research Brief No. 11, 2008
  • 14. 101 345 98 66 6154 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Pakistan Nepal Philipines Bangladesh Sri Lanka Malaysia 000Int’lDollars Source: IFPRI-ASTI Country Brief Agriculture Research Expenditure (000) International Dollar per Scientist
  • 15. %ofAgGDP Source: IFPRI – ASTI Country Brief 0.31 0.22 0.44 0.36 1.92 0.49 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Pakistan Nepal Philipines Bangladesh Sri Lanka Malaysia Agriculture Research Expenditure (Percentage of Agriculture GDP)
  • 16. Funding Pattern of Agricultural Research Expenditure on Range (% age) Establishment charges 78 – 90 Operational – fixed cost 10 – 25 Operational – research 3 – 9 Capital 0.2 – 3
  • 17. Allocation of Resources by Discipline Discipline % Allocation Crops 52 Natural Resources 25 Livestock & Fisheries 14 Social Sciences 9
  • 18. Agricultural Extension Infrastructure in Pakistan Province Agriculture Officer Field Assistant Punjab 763 3264 Sindh 573 1026 Balochistan 586 1016 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 222 539 AJK, GB, FATA, ICT 180 673 Total 2324 6518
  • 19. Livestock Extension Infrastructure in Pakistan Province Veterinary Officers Veterinary Assistant Punjab 1403 2271 Sindh 358 748 Balochistan 631 1153 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 338 1600 AJK, GB, FATA, ICT 323 1346 Total 3053 7118
  • 20. Agricultural Extension Approaches in Pakistan • Village Cooperative Movement • Village Agricultural & Industrial Development Program (Village-AID) • Basic Democracies System (BDS) • Inputs at Farmers’ Doorstep Approach • Training and Visit System (T & V) • Agriculture Development Corporation • Barani Area Development Program • Crop Maximization Program • Integrated Rural Development Program • Integrated Pest Management Program • Farmers’ Field School Approach • Productivity Enhancement Model, Sarghoda • Electronic media in agriculture knowledge transfer • Current system of Provincial Extension
  • 21. Issues of Agricultural Research and Extension in Pakistan • Human Resources Issues – Pay structure & career opportunities – Research managers selection – Training opportunities • Research Efficiency Issues – Priority setting – Collaboration / Linkage with external agencies – Funding for research to action • Functional Issues – Funding and funding patterns – Facilities and equipments – Mobility
  • 22. The Way Forward – 1 • Institutional autonomy and Increased flexibility for public research institutions combined with increased accountability • A growing role for private sector R&D, especially in commercial crops • An appropriate policy framework to provide incentives to invest in R&D, and create the opportunity for public- private partnerships • Special and separate focus on small-scale farmers and marginal areas, where poverty is highest and which are bypassed by the private sector • The longer-term needs for conservation of the natural resources and ecosystems, and • Consumer concerns on health issues, such as quality, adulteration and livestock and poultry diseases • Globalization and climatic change
  • 23. The Way Forward – 2 • Scientists / extension workers to be recruited on merit in open and transparent way • Career structure for scientists not to be linked with availability of posts but target based up-gradation • Salary/incentives structure for scientists to be over- hauled • Research / extension leaders to be selected through open merit and search committees • Review of mandate of institutions and their rationalization • Mechanism to constantly consult the relevant stakeholders for setting up research agenda • Research coordination fund • Operational funds for research-extension linkage • Endowment fund for agriculture research and development to target specific issues
  • 24. Concluding Remarks Competitive position and the quality of a country’s economy are defined in large part by the size and density of the country’s “Knowledge Cloud” …. The “Precipitate” of knowledge will “irrigate” development. (World Bank Report)