Introduction to Philosophy

1. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
Lecture 2
Prepared by Raizza
Corpuz

2. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

3. Ethics
Epistemology
Logic
Branches of Philosophy
Politics
Religion
Metaphysics
Aesthetics
Science

4. Ethics
Questions:
How should we live?
What is good and evil?
What is the best way
to live?
What is Justice?
Is right and wrong the
same everywhere or
different everywhere?

5. Ethics
A philosophical study on the morality (goodness or
badness) of human actions (conduct)
What should one do?
Descriptive – Sociology
Normative – Prescriptive
Meta ethics – How do we arrive at moral judgment?

6. Ethics is the study of the nature of right
and wrong and good and evil, in terms
both of considerations about the
foundations of morality, and of practical
considerations about the fine details of
moral conduct.

7. Epistemology
Explores the nature
and limitations of
knowledge
Definition of knowledge
Investigates how
knowledge is obtained
Explores the relationship
between belief, truth
and knowledge

8. Epistemology
Questions:
What is knowledge?
How is knowledge
acquired?
How do we know what
we know?

9. What is Epistemology?
Epistemology (from Greek ἐπιστήμη - episteme-,
"knowledge, science" + λόγος, "logos") or theory of
knowledge is the branch of philosophy concerned with
the nature and scope (limitations) of knowledge
• How knowledge relates to truth, belief, and justification.
• The means of production of knowledge

10. What is knowledge?
How is knowledge acquired?
What do people know?
How do we know what we know?
Is human knowledge trustworthy?
Can our senses be trusted?
Difference between opinion, knowledge and wisdom
Epistemological Questions

11. Epistemology is the
study of knowledge
itself. Epistemologists
ask, for instance, what
criteria must be
satisfied for something
we believe to count as
something we know,
and even what it
means for a
proposition to be true.

12. Metaphysics
Knowledge Science
• Explores the
fundamental nature
of reality and being
Ontology
Existence
Objects
Properties
Space and Time
Cause and Effect

13. Metaphysics
Questions:
What is real?
What is reality?
What is reality like?

14. METAPHYSICS
Questions:
1. Reality
2. Time
3. Space
4. Presentism
5. Relativistic Concept

15. Metaphysics is the study of the nature
of things. Metaphysicians ask what
kinds of things exist, and what they
are like.

16. Politics
Political Philosophy
Explores the relationship
between citizens and
governments
Liberty
Legal Justice
Property Ownership
Citizen's Rights
System of Law

17. Politics
Questions:
How should government be
organized?
What makes a government
legitimate?
Who decides who the
leaders should be?
What laws are good and
necessary?
How should law be
enforced?

18. Aesthetics
Sensori-Emotional
Values
Explores the nature of
beauty, art, and taste
with the creation and
appreciation of beauty

19. Aesthetics
Questions
What is beauty?
What is art?
What is the value of
beauty and art?
Who should judge what
is beautiful or artistic?
How should art and
beauty be judged?

20. Aesthetics
Discussion:
• On the left is Marcel
Duchamp's ready-made
“sculpture”
called “Fountain”. It's
a factory-made urinal
on a stand.
• Is this “Art”?
• Why / Why not?
• Is it beautiful?
Offensive?
• Why?

21. Religion
Philosophy of Religion
Branch of philosophy concerned
with questions regarding
religion
Nature & Existence of God
Theology
Examination of Religious
Experience
Analysis of Religious language
and texts
Relationship between
Religion and Science

22. Religion
Questions
• Does God exist?
• What is God?
• What is the nature of the
relationship between God
and humans?
• Is God active in the world?
How?
• Is there life after death?
• What is the relationship
between Religion and Ethics?
...Religion and Science?

23. Religion
Pantheism
What is God?
God is the Universe and the
Universe is God.
There is no distinction
between God and the universe
(nature).
Some forms of Buddhism are
examples of pantheism.

24. Religion
Panentheism
What is God?
God is in the Universe
and the Universe is in
God
God is more than the
Universe.
God and the Universe
are connected but not
identical.

25. THEISM v ATHEISM

26. • The theist believes in a god or gods
while the atheist denies this belief.
• An agnostic is one who believes that
there is currently insufficient
evidence to determine the existence
of any deity.

27. some
scholars/philosophers
would argue that we
are all agnostics
about everything
(epistemology)
because we can never
truly know anything,
including our own
existence.

28. Philosophy of Science
Science
Concerned with the
assumptions,
foundations,
methods and
implications of
science.
Empirical Verification
Inductive Logic
Objectivity of the
Observer

29. Philosophy of Science
Questions
• What is the natural world?
• How should we study
nature?
• What methods are useful in
the study of nature?
• Can science establish
Natural Laws which are
absolute (true everywhere
and for everyone)?
• What are the limits of
scientific knowledge?

30. Logic
Rules for Thinking
The systematic
principles (or rules)
for thinking
rationally.
Inferences are made by
construction of
Arguments
Rules of Logic
determine which
arguments are VALID
and which are FALACIES

31. Logic is the attempt to
codify the rules of
rational thought.
Logicians explore
the structure of
arguments that
preserve truth or
allow the optimal
extraction of
knowledge from
evidence.

32. LOGIC
A philosophical study on the correct
processes of thinking.
The systematic study of argument
The rule of inference
Distinguishing valid from invalid
argument
Examination fallacies
Using correct argument patterns

33. Logic
A philosophical study
on the correct
processes of thinking.
The systematic study
of argument
The rule of inference
Distinguishing valid
from invalid
argument
Examination fallacies Using correct
argument patterns

34. Logic,
• from Classical Greek λόγος (logos),
means originally the word, or what is
spoken, (but comes to mean thought or
reason).
• The exact definition of logic is a matter of
controversy among philosophers, but It is
often said to be the study of arguments.

35. • Aristotle holds, exactly one
member of any contradiction is
true and one false: they cannot
both be true, and they cannot
both be false.
• NO T/T or F/F
Just: T/F

36. Aristotle's analysis of the simplest form of
argument: the three-term Syllogism.
• The standard example in philosophy
has always been:
• All men are mortal. [Premise1 in the
form: All B's are C's.]
• Socrates is a man. [Premise 2 in the
form: (All) A is B.]
• Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
[Conclusion in the form: All A's
are C's.]

37. E. G
1.) All men are mortal
2.) No gods are mortal
Therefore:
3.) No men are gods.
1.) Everybody likes Fridays
2.) Today is Friday
Therefore:
3.) Everybody likes today

38. • All B's are A's.
• All C's are B's.
• All C's are A's.
The syllogism has two premises and a conclusion.
Each premise is a proposition with a subject term
and a predicate term. In the conclusion, the
subject term is C and the predicate term is A.
There is also a "middle term" B, which is the term
linking the C's and the A's.
Hence Aristotle regards the middle term as what
provides the explanation (i.e., B explains why all
C's are A's.)

39. CENTRAL DISCUSSION:
What is philosophy of man?
is the study of man, an attempt to investigate man as
person and as existent being in the world; man’s
ultimate nature.

40. THANK YOU!!!