2. Botanical Name: Pistacia vera
Family: Anacardiaceae
Introduction
The pistachio tree is native from western Asia and Asia minor, where it can
still be found growing wild. It has been traditionally cultivated in semi-arid
areas of the Middle East and the Mediterranean basin
2
3. 3
The total pistachio area harvested was 494,000 hectares, including 258,000
hectares in Iran and 70,000 hectares in the USA (FAOSTAT, 2012).
4. 4
Iran is the world's largest producer of pistachio and has the highest cultivation area of
this crop in the world. Iran is also one of the rich resources regarding the number of
pistachio cultivars and genotypes in the world.
آهزیکا تاغات در ِپست عولکزد هتَسط3000هی ّکتار در کیلَگزمعولکزد هتَسط است درحالی ایي ،تاضد
ایزاى در ِپست تَلید700-500است ُضد تزآٍرد ّکتار در کیلَگزم.
5. 5
The monographical study by ZOHARY (1952)
indicates that genus Pistacia include 11 species:
P. atlantica
P. cabulica
P. chinensis
P. Falcata
P. Integerrima
P. vera
P. kurdica
P. mutica
P. palestine
P. terebinthus
P. khinjuk
Among these only P. vera had edible nuts and considerable commercial importance
6. 6
Probably 97% or more of the pistachio acreage in California is
planted to the Pistacia vera female cultivar called
‘Kerman’ and a P. vera male called ‘Peters’.
7. 7
Popular Cultivars in other countries:
Iran – Akbari, Ahmad Aghaii, and Kalehghouchi
Syria – Red Aleppo
Turkey – Uzun and Kirmizi
Australia - Sirora
8. 8
Pistachio cultivation requires the use of rootstocks, and grafting
is the only form of vegetative propagation.
The main pistachio rootstocks are
Pistacia integerrima(PG1)
Pistacia atlantica
Pistacia terebinthus
Pistacia vera
P. atlantica×P. integerrima(UCBI)
P. atlantica×P. integerrima(PGII)
9. 9
The most used rootstock
Iran P. vera
P. integerrima(PGI)
USA P. atlantica×P. integerrima(UCBI)
P. atlantica×P. integerrima(PGII)
Mediterranean basin P. terebinthus
PGI
UCBI
25. 25
Soil adaptation
• Salinity
Salinity is one of the most serious environmental problems in the word and
salinity stress has a negative impact on crop production, especially in irrigated
fields of arid and semi-arid regions(Karimi et al., 2011)
Soil salinity is often have adverse effects on crop growth and productivity
particularly through the alteration of the metabolic processes of plants by inducing
changes in the ion toxicity and osmotic pressure of the tissues
26. 26
The majority of pistachio orchards are located in areas withsaline soil and
are irrigated with low quality and salty water (Karimiet al., 2012).
Although pistachio trees are classified as salt tolerant, research has
demonstrated that growth rates of pistachio trees decrease with increasing
sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration in soil
27. 27
there are still varying reports about the relative degree towards which Pistacia
species are considered salt tolerant different levels of salinity tolerance ranging from
moderately sensitive to highly tolerant. This variation is, in fact, explicable for it
reflects a number of inter and intra specific variations as well as to the effect of
different environmental conditions such as the quality of the soil and the
temperature.
the selection of tolerant genotypes is needed to enhance productivity
30. 30
Since the field evaluation of salt effects is highly correlated with
environmental conditions, in vitro screening techniques would
allow for a better control of culture conditions
33. 33
After 25 days of culture, salinity levels ranging between 0 and
240mM NaCl were noted to induce a significant increase in the
free proline content of both Pistacia species in vitro.
34. 34
The increase or decrease of soluble sugar content have also been described as
responses to salinity in many plant species either in vivo or in vitro
the total soluble carbohydrate content of P. vera increased significantly in the
shoots at 131 and 158.5mM NaCl, while this content increase was noticed at
NaCl concentrations of 240mM in P. atlantica shoots and roots.
40. 40
The water use efficiency decreasing was more in the female seedlings and under the
salinity level of 60 mM the male seedlings had more water use efficiency than the
female.
salinity decreased chlorophyll index in both sex
and at 120 mM salinity level, the most chlorophyll
index observed with male seedlings.
41. 41
This result indicates that the pistachio male seedlings could use
the transferred water to the aerial parts more effectively and better
than the female ones at the salinity level of 60 mM and store more
dry matter in their shoots.
At the salinity level of 60 mM male seedlings had more resistance than
female. So that at this level of salinity the male seedlings had less
decreasing in leaves number and height stem, but at the salinity level of 120
mM, there was not a significant difference between the male and female
seedlings
45. 45
Soil adaptation
• drought
Cultivated for a long time in semi-arid areas, the pistachio treehas
been considered as a drought-tolerant species
ًتایجهطالعاتتاقزیٍّوکاراى(2009)رٍیٍدرقنِپستقشٍیٌیٍتاداهیریشتاچْار
سطحخطکی25،50،75ٍ100درصدظزفیتِهشرعًطاىدادِکدرتیيٍدایيٍدرقن،
رقنتاداهیریشًسثتِترقنقشٍیٌیاسرضدتْتزیدرضزایطتٌصخطکیتزخَردارُتَدٍ
ُهادخطکتاالتزیتَلیدًُوَداست.
51. 51
• most cold hardy(15F)
• more resistant to Armillaria root rot
• Most efficient for absorption of zinc and copper
• resistant to salinity and drought
advantage
• It is susceptible to Verticillium wilt;
• it was generally perceived to be more difficult to
bud than P. atlantica or P. integerrima
• less uniformity than the other rootstocks
• less vigorous than the other commonly used
rootstocks
Disadvantage
PISTACIA TEREBINTHUS
52. 52
PISTACIA ATLANTICA
• More cold hardy than P. integerrima and the two
interspecific hybrids
• more efficient at uptake of zinc than P.integerrima and
UCB I
advantage
• It is less vigorous than P. integerrima and the two
interspecific hybrids
• susceptible to Verticillium
Disadvantage
Pistachio trees on P. atlantica rootstocks are less likely to show boron,
copper or zinc deficiency symptoms
53. 53
• buds easily
• tolerant of Verticillium wilt
• It is vigorous
• Uniform tree stand
Disadvantage
• It is the least cold tolerant
• less efficient than P. atlantica for boron, zinc and copper uptake
Disadvantage
PISTACIA INTEGERRIMA
54. 54
INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS
PG II and UCBI
Both of the hybrid rootstocks have increased vigor compared to
P. atlantica, and generally equal or greater vigor compared to P.
integerrima.
Some evidence of incompatibility with Kerman and UCB I has
been observed in some locations in California and Arizona where
25 to 35% of the trees have shown incompatibility
Variability in vigor among UCB I rootstocks has also been
observed.
55. 55
- qualityH. Memmia,b, M.C. Gijóna, J.F. Couceiroa, D. Pérez-Lópezb,. 2016. Water stress thresholds for
regulated deficit irrigation in pistachiotrees: Rootstock influence and effects on yield quality,.
Agricultural Water Management 164,58–72
- Crane, J.C., Al-shalan, I., 1974. Physical and chemical changes associated withgrowth of the
pistachio nut. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 99, 87–89.
- FAOSTAT, 2012. http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx
- Germana, C., 1997. The response of pistachio trees to water stress as affected bytwo different
rootstocks. Acta Hortic. 449, 513–519.
- R. Fotouhi Ghazvini and H. Sajadian H. Hokmabadi., 2008. Effects of Some Pistachio
Rootstocks on Leaf Photosynthesis Rate of Three Iranian Commercial Pistachio Cultivars. Acta
Hort. 772, 241-244
References
56. 56
- Azza Chelli-Chaabounia,∗, Afef Ben Mosbahb, Mohamed Maalejb, Kamel Gargouric, Radhia
Gargouri-Bouzidd, Noureddine Drirab,. 2010. vitro salinity tolerance of two pistachio rootstocks:
Pistacia vera L. and P. atlantica Desf, Environmental and Experimental Botany 69 ,302–312.
- Esmaeilpour, A., 2000. Combination of Different Pistachio Rootstocks and Scion on Some Quantity
and Quality Characteristics of Pistachio. Final reports of Iran's Pistachio Research Institute (In
Persian).
-دستحزدی ًیکَیی.م.ب.ع ،پٌاّی.پَر آتادی تاج.1393.داًْالْای رٍیطی خصَصیات رٍی تز خطکی تٌص اثز
سرًد تاداهی رقن ِپست.ایزاى ِپست ِهجل.1(1:)13-1
-م ٍ حیدری،م.راحوی.1381.ِپست ِپای چٌد تذر ٍ ُگزد ًِدا تزتٌژگی سدین کلزید اثز ِهطالع.علَم ِهجل
ایزاى کطاٍرسی33(3:)385-393