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ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS
research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels




                                                         Presentation P1
                                                                       11/11/2011

                                               Graduation project of Yvonne Wattez
                                                               Student nr. 1360809

                                  Building Technology | Green Building Innovation
                                                 Faculty of Architecture | TU Delft

                                                         Mentor 1: Martin Tenpierik
                                                           Mentor 2: still unknown
ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS                                Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project
research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels                    P1 presentation 11/11/2011




                                                         Why?
                                                         I like sports.




                                                                                                  2
ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS                                Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project
research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels                   P1 presentation 11/11/2011




                                                         Why?
                                                         I like sports.
                                                         I like acoustics.




                                                                                                 3
ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS                                Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project
research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels                   P1 presentation 11/11/2011




                                                         Why?
                                                         I like sports.
                                                         I like acoustics.

                                                         Acoustics in sports halls seem to be
                                                         a problem.




                                                                                                 4
ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS                                 Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project
research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels                      P1 presentation 11/11/2011




                                                         Problem?
                                                         Complaints of PE teachers:
                                                         - voice problems,
                                                         - hearing problems,
                                                         - tiredness.

                                                         Mainly caused by bad acoustics of
                                                         sports halls.
                                                         - reverberation time,
                                                         - background noise,
                                                         - speechintelligibility.

                                                         Teachers need to shout to make
                                                         themselves heard.




                                                         Pictures:
                                                         Protest action in Rijssen - Holten.
                                                         [source: tcturbantia 27 sept 2010]



                                                                                                    5
ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS                                 Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project
research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels                     P1 presentation 11/11/2011




                                                         Standards
                                                         Based on reverberation time [T] and
                                                         sound pressure level.

                                                         Average: between 1,2 and 1,8 sec
                                                         Max: between 1,5 and 2,2 sec
                                                         depending on size and volume.
                                                         [source: ISA Sport, Handboek sportaccomodaties]




                                                         picture: sports hall in Amstelveen
                                                         [source:www.sportbedrijfamstelveen.nl]




                                                                                                           6
ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS                                 Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project
research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels                       P1 presentation 11/11/2011




Sabine                                                   Reverberation time
                                                         Calculations vs. measurements.


                                                         Calculations: formula of Sabine.




                                                         [source: ISA-Sport (2002)]

                                                                                                     7
ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS                                Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project
research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels                 P1 presentation 11/11/2011




Eyring                                                   Reverberation time
                                                         Calculations vs. measurements.


                                                         Calculations: formula of Sabine.

                                                         Other formulas to calculate [T]:
                                                         Eyring,




                                                                                               8
ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS                                Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project
research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels                 P1 presentation 11/11/2011




Kosten                                                   Reverberation time
                                                         Calculations vs. measurements.


                                                         Calculations: formula of Sabine.

                                                         Other formulas to calculate [T]:
                                                         Eyring, Kosten,




                                                                                               9
ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS                                Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project
research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels                 P1 presentation 11/11/2011




Fitzroy                                                  Reverberation time
                                                         Calculations vs. measurements.


                                                         Calculations: formula of Sabine.

                                                         Other formulas to calculate [T]:
                                                         Eyring, Kosten, Fitzroy.




                                                                                               10
ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS                                 Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project
research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels                  P1 presentation 11/11/2011




Formulas compared:                                        Reverberation time
sports hall Nieuwleusen: stone walls
                                                          Calculations vs. measurements.


                                                          Calculations: formula of Sabine.

                                                          Other formulas to calculate [T]:
                                                          Eyring, Kosten, Fitzroy.

                                                          Chart: formulas show considerable
                                                          difference compared to the
                                                          measurement.

sports hall Schijndel: perforated steel panels on walls




                                                                                                11
ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS                                                                  Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project
research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels                                                       P1 presentation 11/11/2011




                                                                                          Reverberation time
           Nagalmtijd                                                                     Calculations vs. measurements.

                                       Gymzaal (21 x 12 x 6 m)                            High peek around 500Hz could be
                                        Meting vs berek ening                             caused by flutters.
                     2.5



                     2.0


                                                                           Tgem = 1,6 s
                     1.5
            RT [s]




                                                                           Tgem = 1,0 s
                     1.0



                     0.5                                                   Tgem = 0,8 s



                     0.0
                           125   250          500            1000   2000         4000
                                                    f [Hz]

                                       T20-meting        T-Sabine   norm


                                                                                          [source: Vugts, J. (2008) LBP|SIGHT via nvbv.org]




                                                                                                                                              12
ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS                                 Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project
research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels                      P1 presentation 11/11/2011




                                                         Flutters
                                                         Reflecting sound in between
                                                         parallel walls.


                                                               De nagalmtijd als te berek
                                                               in het ontwerp

                             90 m = 2 x zaallengte




                                                         [source: Vugts, J. (2008) LBP|SIGHT via nvbv.org]

                                                                 Sportzaal (32x24x7,8 m)
                                                                   – Norm: Tgem = 1,5 s; Tmax/fb = 2,1 s




                                                                                                             13
ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS                                                                  Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project
research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels                                                        P1 presentation 11/11/2011




                                                                                          Sound absorption
                                                                                          Remarkable differences in a:
             ‘Berekende’ geluidabsorptiecoëfficiënt                                              De nagalmtijd in relatie t
                                                                                          (not only in frequencies with possible flutters)



                                       Gymzaal (21 x 12 x 6 m)
                                                                                          - stonevan de geluidabsorptie
                                                                                                  walls,
                                        Meting vs berek ening
                                                                                          - soundSporthal (48x28x9 m)
                                                                                                 absorbing panels.
                     0.6
                                                                           α ‘aanwezig’   (seem to behave ‘better’ = 1,9 s; Tmax/fb = 2,7 s
                                                                                                   - Norm: Tgem in low frequencies)
                     0.5


                     0.4
                                                                                          The sound absorbing panels seem
                                                                             α ‘norm’
                                                                                          to behave different than expected
             α [-]




                     0.3
                                                                                          from laboratory measurements.
                     0.2
                                                                           α ‘gemeten’
                     0.1


                     0.0
                           125   250          500            1000   2000         4000            3 varianten met gelijke hoeveelheid geluidabs
                                                    f [Hz]                                       • Variant 1: Wandabsorptie rondom bovens
                                                                                          Research question!Wandabsorptie rondom onderst
                                                                                                 • Variant 2:
                                       T20-meting        T-Sabine   norm
                                                                                                 • Variant 3: Wandabsorptie twee hele wand




                                                                                          [source: Vugts, J. (2008) LBP|SIGHT via nvbv.org]




                                                                                                                                              14
ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS                                           Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project
research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels                            P1 presentation 11/11/2011




Research question                                                   Frenger panels are a common
                                                                    type of perforated steel absorption
                                                                    panels.




Why do Frenger sound absorbing ceiling/wall panels seem to
behave differently in absorption coefficient in sports halls than
expected from laboratory test results?




                                                                                                          15
ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS                                         Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project
research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels                          P1 presentation 11/11/2011




Objective

1. Determining whether or not a difference in sound
absorption behaviour of Frenger panels exists between practical
applications and lab situations.

2. If no difference exist, understanding what causes the
differences in results.

3. If a difference exists, understanding what causes this
difference in behaviour.




                                                                                                        16
ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS                                          Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project
research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels                           P1 presentation 11/11/2011




Hypotheses
If there is no difference in sound absorbing behaviour:
•	 A	Frenger	panel	behaves	differently	in	practice	than	in	
a laboratory situation on absorption coefficient because of a
difference in sound field.

If there is a difference in sound absorbing behaviour:
•	 A	Frenger	panel	behaves	differently	in	practice	than	in	
a laboratory situation on absorption coefficient, the different
placement of the panel in the laboratory than in practice has
influence on the result.

•	 A	Frenger	panel	behaves	differently	in	practice	than	in	
a laboratory situation on absorption coefficient because the
backing construction is not taken into account in the laboratory
measurement, it has influence on the result.




                                                                                                         17
ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS                                Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project
research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels                 P1 presentation 11/11/2011




Method                                                   Method




                                                                                               18
ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS                                Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project
research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels                 P1 presentation 11/11/2011




Timeline


decision on more specific topic and
second mentor




                                                                                               19
ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS                                Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project
research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels                 P1 presentation 11/11/2011




                                   Questions?




                                                                                               20

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P1 presentation Yvonne Wattez 11/11/11

  • 1. ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels Presentation P1 11/11/2011 Graduation project of Yvonne Wattez Student nr. 1360809 Building Technology | Green Building Innovation Faculty of Architecture | TU Delft Mentor 1: Martin Tenpierik Mentor 2: still unknown
  • 2. ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels P1 presentation 11/11/2011 Why? I like sports. 2
  • 3. ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels P1 presentation 11/11/2011 Why? I like sports. I like acoustics. 3
  • 4. ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels P1 presentation 11/11/2011 Why? I like sports. I like acoustics. Acoustics in sports halls seem to be a problem. 4
  • 5. ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels P1 presentation 11/11/2011 Problem? Complaints of PE teachers: - voice problems, - hearing problems, - tiredness. Mainly caused by bad acoustics of sports halls. - reverberation time, - background noise, - speechintelligibility. Teachers need to shout to make themselves heard. Pictures: Protest action in Rijssen - Holten. [source: tcturbantia 27 sept 2010] 5
  • 6. ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels P1 presentation 11/11/2011 Standards Based on reverberation time [T] and sound pressure level. Average: between 1,2 and 1,8 sec Max: between 1,5 and 2,2 sec depending on size and volume. [source: ISA Sport, Handboek sportaccomodaties] picture: sports hall in Amstelveen [source:www.sportbedrijfamstelveen.nl] 6
  • 7. ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels P1 presentation 11/11/2011 Sabine Reverberation time Calculations vs. measurements. Calculations: formula of Sabine. [source: ISA-Sport (2002)] 7
  • 8. ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels P1 presentation 11/11/2011 Eyring Reverberation time Calculations vs. measurements. Calculations: formula of Sabine. Other formulas to calculate [T]: Eyring, 8
  • 9. ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels P1 presentation 11/11/2011 Kosten Reverberation time Calculations vs. measurements. Calculations: formula of Sabine. Other formulas to calculate [T]: Eyring, Kosten, 9
  • 10. ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels P1 presentation 11/11/2011 Fitzroy Reverberation time Calculations vs. measurements. Calculations: formula of Sabine. Other formulas to calculate [T]: Eyring, Kosten, Fitzroy. 10
  • 11. ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels P1 presentation 11/11/2011 Formulas compared: Reverberation time sports hall Nieuwleusen: stone walls Calculations vs. measurements. Calculations: formula of Sabine. Other formulas to calculate [T]: Eyring, Kosten, Fitzroy. Chart: formulas show considerable difference compared to the measurement. sports hall Schijndel: perforated steel panels on walls 11
  • 12. ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels P1 presentation 11/11/2011 Reverberation time Nagalmtijd Calculations vs. measurements. Gymzaal (21 x 12 x 6 m) High peek around 500Hz could be Meting vs berek ening caused by flutters. 2.5 2.0 Tgem = 1,6 s 1.5 RT [s] Tgem = 1,0 s 1.0 0.5 Tgem = 0,8 s 0.0 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 f [Hz] T20-meting T-Sabine norm [source: Vugts, J. (2008) LBP|SIGHT via nvbv.org] 12
  • 13. ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels P1 presentation 11/11/2011 Flutters Reflecting sound in between parallel walls. De nagalmtijd als te berek in het ontwerp 90 m = 2 x zaallengte [source: Vugts, J. (2008) LBP|SIGHT via nvbv.org] Sportzaal (32x24x7,8 m) – Norm: Tgem = 1,5 s; Tmax/fb = 2,1 s 13
  • 14. ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels P1 presentation 11/11/2011 Sound absorption Remarkable differences in a: ‘Berekende’ geluidabsorptiecoëfficiënt De nagalmtijd in relatie t (not only in frequencies with possible flutters) Gymzaal (21 x 12 x 6 m) - stonevan de geluidabsorptie walls, Meting vs berek ening - soundSporthal (48x28x9 m) absorbing panels. 0.6 α ‘aanwezig’ (seem to behave ‘better’ = 1,9 s; Tmax/fb = 2,7 s - Norm: Tgem in low frequencies) 0.5 0.4 The sound absorbing panels seem α ‘norm’ to behave different than expected α [-] 0.3 from laboratory measurements. 0.2 α ‘gemeten’ 0.1 0.0 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 3 varianten met gelijke hoeveelheid geluidabs f [Hz] • Variant 1: Wandabsorptie rondom bovens Research question!Wandabsorptie rondom onderst • Variant 2: T20-meting T-Sabine norm • Variant 3: Wandabsorptie twee hele wand [source: Vugts, J. (2008) LBP|SIGHT via nvbv.org] 14
  • 15. ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels P1 presentation 11/11/2011 Research question Frenger panels are a common type of perforated steel absorption panels. Why do Frenger sound absorbing ceiling/wall panels seem to behave differently in absorption coefficient in sports halls than expected from laboratory test results? 15
  • 16. ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels P1 presentation 11/11/2011 Objective 1. Determining whether or not a difference in sound absorption behaviour of Frenger panels exists between practical applications and lab situations. 2. If no difference exist, understanding what causes the differences in results. 3. If a difference exists, understanding what causes this difference in behaviour. 16
  • 17. ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels P1 presentation 11/11/2011 Hypotheses If there is no difference in sound absorbing behaviour: • A Frenger panel behaves differently in practice than in a laboratory situation on absorption coefficient because of a difference in sound field. If there is a difference in sound absorbing behaviour: • A Frenger panel behaves differently in practice than in a laboratory situation on absorption coefficient, the different placement of the panel in the laboratory than in practice has influence on the result. • A Frenger panel behaves differently in practice than in a laboratory situation on absorption coefficient because the backing construction is not taken into account in the laboratory measurement, it has influence on the result. 17
  • 18. ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels P1 presentation 11/11/2011 Method Method 18
  • 19. ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels P1 presentation 11/11/2011 Timeline decision on more specific topic and second mentor 19
  • 20. ACOUSTICS IN SPORTS HALLS Yvonne Wattez 1360809 graduation project research on the acoustical behaviour of Frenger panels P1 presentation 11/11/2011 Questions? 20