Tanglin PE Theory

1. Secondary Two
Topic: Bones and Joints
Sub Topic: Bone Related
Injuries

2. • Students will be able to:
• identify the common injuries related to
bone;
• understand what to do when
encountering bone related injuries;
• understand the healing and recovery
process for bone related injuries.

3. • Sprain
• Ligament tear
• Fractures
• Dislocation
• R.I.C.E.

4. • One conversation
• Ask questions
• No sleeping

5. WHAT IS BONE INJURY?

6. WHAT DO YOU KNOW
ABOUT BONE INJURY?
Shout it out!

7. Bone Injury
 Bone injury happens when the bone is
subjected to stress
◦ Sudden stress
 Please look away if you think you are not able
to take the scenes!
◦ Long term stress (overuse)
 Eg. Meniscus wear and tear as mentioned in
previous topic

8. HOW DO YOU KNOW IF
YOU HAVE A BONE
INJURY?

9. Not every bone injury looks like
this…

10. Direct Bone and Bone Related
Injuries
1. When injuries occur, the impact can
be either directly affecting the bone,
for example:
◦ Bone fracture
◦ Cartilage wear and tear

11. Direct Bone and Bone Related
Injuries
2. There are times when the injury
takes place at sites around the bone
◦ eg. Ligament injuries, joint injuries

12. DIRECT BONE INJURIES

13. Direct Bone Injuries
 Direct bone injuries come generally in
2 forms
◦ Bone fracture
◦ Cartilage damage

14. Bone Fracture
 Question:
◦ What is the difference between a broken
bone and bone fracture?
Broken bone or bone fracture?
Ans.: It is both a bone
fracture and a broken bone.

15. Bone Fracture vs. Broken
Bone
 Scientific term vs. layman term
 But bone fracture can be further
divided into a few different categories:
◦ Closed fracture
◦ Open fracture

16. Closed Fracture
 Closed fracture of a bone refers to the
bone being “cracked”, but the skin not
being damaged
 Usually observed via the “distorted
shape”

17. Closed Fracture – Hairline Crack
 Also known as stressed fracture
◦ Mildest form of closed fracture
◦ Pain intensity can be ranging from a lot or
pain only upon exertion

18. Open Fracture
 Usually very “scary” at sight
◦ Be mentally prepared…

19. Open Fracture
 Also known as compound fracture
 Results in the “broken bone”
protruding out of the skin

20. BONE RELATED
INJURIES

21. Bone Related Injuries
 Referring to injuries inflicted to area
surrounding the bone
◦ eg. Ligament, muscles (covered in next
chapter), meniscus

22. Ligament Injuries
 Have you heard of…
◦ ACL tear?
◦ MCL tear?
◦ PCL tear?
 What are these things that seemed to
be torn so easily?

23. Ligament Injuries
 More commonly occur to ligaments
found at the lower limb
◦ Main bulk of the body’s weight is
supported by the leg
◦ Higher chance of the ligaments subjected
to overstrain, thus leading to a tear

24. Common Ligament Injuries
 ACL / PCL / MCL / LCL
◦ Anterior / Posterior / Medial / Lateral
Cruciate Ligament

25. ACL / PCL / MCL / LCL Tears
 Happens when knee is subjected to
stress

26. Sprains
 Not all ligament injuries “must be torn”
 If the joint is subjected to a sudden
twist / stress leading to the ligament
being stretched, it will result in a
sprain

27. Dislocation
 Sometimes if the ligament got pulled
too hard coupled with a violent twist, it
may result in dislocation
 Common dislocation takes place at
the shoulder when it is rotated too
hard into an “odd angle”

28. Torn Cartilage
 Cartilage is the “padding” that absorbs
the impact at the end of the bone
 One example is the meniscus found at
the knee joint
◦ May tear when the joint is twisted violently
◦ The joint may “lock” and not straighten
fully for some time

29. INJURY MANAGEMENT

30. What to do when…
 If you are the one injured
 If you witness an injury

31. If you are the injured person
 Where possible, DO NOT move
◦ Reduce possibility of further aggravation
of injury
 Call for help
 But if you in such a position…

33.  You will move yourself in order not to
be subjected to further life threatening
danger
◦ Fire
◦ On the road
◦ Alone in a deserted area

34. If you are the witness…
 Check on the injured person
◦ If help is rendered
◦ If ambulance had been called
◦ Check if he needs any assistance
 Do not move the person unless he is
in a more dangerous position
 Find ice pack

35. Recovery
 Bone fractures
◦ The recovery is a natural process
◦ Need to rest and avoid excessive
movements
 Ligaments
◦ http://www.physioroom.com/injuries/suppl
ements/ligaments2.php

36. R.I.C.E.
 A recommended way to help in
recovery for soft tissues (i.e. ligaments
and muscles)
◦ R – Rest
◦ I – Ice
◦ C – Compression
◦ E – Elevation

37. R.I.C.E.
 R – Rest
◦ Rest is the most important thing one
should follow when injured
◦ Prevents further aggravation of injury
◦ Helps body to recover faster
 I – Ice
◦ Put an ice pack on the swollen area
◦ Leave it on for about 15 min
◦ Remove to allow area to re-warm (~10
min)
◦ Re-apply ice pack

38. R.I.C.E.
 C – Compression
◦ Bandage the swollen area firmly (NOT
tightly)
◦ Reduce swelling
 Leads to better blood circulation for faster
recovery
 E – Elevation
◦ Raise injured area above heart level
◦ Helps in “returning blood” to heart faster
◦ Reduce swelling

39. R.I.C.E.
 R.I.C.E. is also applicable to bleeding
 Ice pack coupled with raising of
injured area helps in reducing blood
loss

40. Lets Recap
• Sprain
• Ligament
• Fracture
• Dislocation
• R.I.C.E.