Skeletal System of the human body and its diseases and conditions

1. Joints

2. A joint or
articulation (or
articulate surface)
is the location at
which bones
connect.
They are
constructed to allow
movement (except
for skull, sacral,
sternal, and pelvic
bones) and provide
mechanical support .

4. Fibrous Joints
Made of tough collagen
fibers and include the sutures
of the skull and the
syndesmosis joint that holds
the ulna and radius of the
forearm together.

5. Cartilagenous Joints
Made of a band of cartilage that binds bones
together. Some examples of cartilaginous joints
include joints between the ribs and costal
cartilage, and the intervertebral disks of the
spine

6. Gliding
joints
Found between the
carpals of the wrist, are
found where bones meet
as flat surfaces and allow
for the bones to glide
past one another in any
direction.

7. Hinge joints
Found in elbow and knee, limit
movement in only one direction
so that the angle between bones
can increase or decrease at the
joint. The limited motion at
hinge joints provides for more
strength and reinforcement from
the bones, muscles, and
ligaments that make up the joint

8. Saddle
joints
Found between
the first
metacarpal and
trapezium
bone, permit
360 degree
motion by
allowing the
bones to pivot
along two axes

9. Ball and Socket joints
These joints have the freest range of motion of
any joint in the body – they are the only joints
that can move in a full circle and rotate around
their axis. However, the drawback to the ball
and socket joint is that its free range of motion
makes it more susceptible to dislocation than
less mobile joints.

10. Bone
Marrow

11. arYellow Type
Mostly contains fat, and serves to provide sustenance
and maintain the correct environment for the bone to
function. It tends to be located in the center-most
cavities of long bones, and is generally surrounded by
a layer of red marrow.
Red Type
directly involved in cell production. As a body ages, the
quantity of red marrow tends to shrink while the amount of
yellow marrow increases, but it tends to have the strongest
concentrations in flat bones such as the sternum or ilium.

12. Sesamoid and Wormian Bones

13. Sesamoid Bones
Wormian Bones
The Sesamoid bones are so named
because they resemble a sesame seed.
They are bones that are embedded within
a tendon, and are typically found in
locations where a tendon passes over a
joint
the hard, rigid form of connective
tissue constituting most of the
skeleton of vertebrates, composed
chiefly of calcium salts

14. Axial Bones

15. The
Skull

17. 1 x Ethmoid Bone
1 x Frontal Bone
1 x Occipital Bone
2 x Parietal Bones
1 x Sphenoid Bone
2 x Temporal Bones
8 Cranial Bones

18. 2 x Inferior Nasal Conchae
2 x Lacrimal Bones
1 x Mandible
2 x Maxillae (pl.); Maxilla
(sing.)
2 x Nasal Bones
2 x Palatine Bones
1 x Vomer
2 x Zygomatic Bones
14 Facial Bones

19. Hyoid
( Visceral
Arch )

21. Vertebral
Column

23. 7 x cervical vertebrae in the neck.
12 x thoracic vertebrae in the upper
back corresponding to each pair of
ribs.
5 x lumbar vertebrae in the lower
back.
5 x sacral vertebrae which are fused
together to form 1 bone called the
sacrum.
4 x coccygeal vertebrae that are fused
together to form the coccyx or
tailbone.

24. • The cervical vertebrae are C1 - C7
• The thoracic vertebrae are T1 –T12
• The lumbar vertebrae are L1 – L5
The cervical vertebrae are
C1 - C7
The thoracic vertebrae are
T1 –T12
The lumbar vertebrae are
L1 – L5

25. Thoracic
Basket

26. b

27. Vertebrosternal ( True Ribs )
Vertebrochondra ( False Ribs )
Vertrebal ( Floating Ribs )

28. Appendicular Bones

30. Upper Extremities
Pectoral Girdle
Forelimb

32. Clavicle
The clavicle or collar bone holds the
shoulder joint away from the rest of the
upper body and is only as thick as your
little finger.

33. Scapula
The scapula is located on the back side of
the ribcage and helps provide part of the
shoulder joint and movement for the arms.

34. Forelimb

35. Humerus

36. LLLower Extremities
Pelvis
Hindlimb

38. Pectoral Girdle
Clavicle
Scapula

39. Forelimb
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
phalanges

40. Pelvis
Os Coxae
( Innominate Bone )

41. Hindlimb
Tibia
Femur
Fibula
Patella
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

42. Diseases and
Conditions
of the Skeletal
System

47. Bursitis
Inflammation of the Bursa (fluid filled sac
surrounding the joint).
A bursa can become inflamed from injury,
infection (rare in the shoulder), or due to an
underlying rheumatic condition.
Bursitis is typically identified by localized
pain or swelling, tenderness, and pain with
motion of the tissues in the affected area.

50. Tendonitis
Sometimes the tendons become inflamed for
a variety of reasons, and the action of pulling
the muscle becomes irritating. If the normal
smooth gliding motion of your tendon is
impaired, the tendon will become inflamed
and movement will become painful. This is
called tendonitis, and literally means
inflammation of the tendon.
The most common cause of tendonitis is
overuse.

52. Carpal Tunnel
Syndrome
Any condition that causes swelling or a
change in position of the tissue within the
carpal tunnel can squeeze and irritate the
median nerve. Irritation of the median
nerve in this manner causes tingling and
numbness of the thumb, index, and the
middle fingers, a condition known as
"carpal tunnel syndrome

55. Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a term that means
"porous bones." It is a skeletal disease
affecting women and men.
Osteoporosis is a condition in which
bones have lost minerals especially
calciumﾑmaking them weaker, more
brittle, and susceptible to fractures
(broken bones). Any bone in the body
can be affected by osteoporosis, but
the most common places where
fractures occur are the back (spine),
hips, and wrists.

58. Scoliosis
Scoliosis is an abnormal curvature
of the spine. If your child has
scoliosis, the view from behind
may reveal one or more abnormal
curves.Scoliosis runs in families,
but doctors often don't know the
cause. More girls than boys have
severe scoliosis. Adult scoliosis
may be a worsening of a condition
that began in childhood, but wasn't
diagnosed or treated. In other
cases, scoliosis may result from a
degenerative joint condition in the
spine.

61. Kyphosis
With kyphosis, your spine may look
normal or you may develop a hump.
Kyphosis can occur as a result of
developmental problems; degenerative
diseases, such as arthritis of the spine;
osteoporosis with compression fractures
of the vertebrae; or trauma to the spine.
It can affect children, adolescents and
adults.

64. Lordosis
A normal spine, when viewed
from behind appears straight.
However, a spine affected by
lordosis shows evidence of a
curvature of the back bones
(vertebrae) in the lower back
area, giving the child a
"swayback" appearance

67. Tuberculosis of the Spine-
Pott’s Disease
As a form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that impacts the spine, Pott’s disease
has an effect that is sometimes described as being a sort of arthritis for the
vertebrae that make up the spinal column. More properly known as tuberculosis
spondylitis, Pott’s disease is named after Dr. Percivall Pott, an eighteenth century
surgeon who was considered an authority in issues related to the back and
spine.Pott's disease is often experienced as a local phenomenon that begins in the
thoracic section of the spinal column. Early signs of the presence of Pott’s disease
generally begin with back pain that may seem to be due to simple muscle strain.
However, in short order, the symptoms will begin to multiply.

70. Rickets
Rickets is the softening and weakening of bones in children, usually
because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency.
Some skeletal deformities caused by rickets may need corrective
surgery.

73. Leukemia

74. Leukemia is cancer of the blood cells. It starts in the
bone marrow, the soft tissue inside most bones. Bone
marrow is where blood cells are made.When you are
healthy, your bone marrow makes:･White blood cells,
which help your body fight infection.･Red blood cells,
which carry oxygen to all parts of your body.･Platelets,
which help your blood clot.When you have leukemia,
the bone marrow starts to make a lot of abnormal white
blood cells, called leukemia cells. They don't do the
work of normal white blood cells, they grow faster than
normal cells, and they don't stop growing when they
should

77. Myeloma
Multiple myeloma is a cancer in which abnormal cells
collect in the bone marrow and form tumors. Sometimes
these abnormal cells (called myeloma cells) collect in only
one bone and form a single tumor known as a
plasmacytoma. However, in most cases, the myeloma cells
collect in many bones, forming several tumors and
causing other problems. When this happens, the disease is
called multiple myeloma