SlideShare ist ein Scribd-Unternehmen logo
1 von 120
Downloaden Sie, um offline zu lesen
ECOLOGY
AND
ECOSYSTEM
Chapter 2
By : Yash Patel
Ecology
Ecology derived from two Greek word “oikos”
means house, habitation or place of living &
“logos” means study.
• Definition: Ecology is the study of
interrelationship between living organism and
their physical and biological environment.
• Biological environment = Biotic factors
• Physical environment = Abiotic factors
Biotic Factors
Abiotic Factors
Objectives of ecological study
 The inter-relationship between organisms in
population and diverse communities
The temporal (sequential) changes (seasonal,
annual, successional etc)
Structural adaptation and functional
adjustments
The behavior under natural conditions
The development in the course of evolution
The biological productivity and energy flow in
natural system
Scope of ecology
Helps us to tackle problems like pollution,
floods, O3 depletion, global warming
Is necessary in maintaining ecological balance
and understanding different cycles (oxygen,
nitrogen, sulfur, carbon etc.)
Helps in protecting flora and fauna
We can maintain balance in nature and can
prevent ecological disasters
Plays an important role in human welfare,
agriculture, conservation of wildlife.
Classification of ecology
1) Autecology
2) Synecology
 Autecology: It deals with the study of individual
organism or an individual species. In other words it is
study of inter relationship between individual species
or its population and environment .e.g. a tree in forest
 Synecology : it deals with the study of group of
organism or species which are associated together as a
unit. e.g. a forest. It is concerned with structure,
nature, development of that community
Further subdivisions of ecology is based on
following:
1) Based on the taxonomic affinities :
According to this ecology is divided in two part:
Plant ecology and animal ecology
2) Based on the habitats
Ecology
Aquatic
Ecology
Terrestrial
Ecology
Marine Ecology
Fresh water
Ecology
Stream Ecology
Grass Land
Ecology
Forest Ecology
Desert Ecology
3)Based On the level of organization:
Depending upon the level of organism
synecology can be divided into may types :
Desert Ecology
Autecology Synecology
Population Ecology
Community Ecology
Ecosystem Ecology
The Ecosystem
Definitions of ecosystem:
1. All organisms, their interactions with one another
and their environments make up an ecosystem.
2. It is a community of interdependent organisms
together with the environment.
3. Any unit that include all of the organisms in a given
area interacting with the physical environment, so that
a flow of energy leads to clearly defined trophic
structure, biotic diversity and material cycles within
the ecosystem.
Ecosystem - populations in a
community and the abiotic factors
with which they interact (ex.
marine, terrestrial)
Ecology
• Definition: Ecology derived from two Greek
word “oikos” means house, habitation or place
of living & “logos” means study.
• Ecology is the study of the interrelationship
between living organism and their physical and
biological environment.
Types of ecosystem
Ecosystem can be Natural or Artificial
a) Natural ecosystems:
These operate under the natural conditions without
any major interference by man. Further it can be
classified:
1) Terrestrial Ecosystem
2) Aquatic Ecosystem
b) Artificial Ecosystem
These are maintained artificially by man
where by addition of energy and planned
manipulation, natural balance is disturbed
regularly.
E.g. Cropland ecosystem
1)Terrestrial Ecosystem:Eg: Forest ,Grassland ,Desert
2) Aquatic Ecosystem:
a) Fresh water :- which may be lotic (e.g. running
water as stream, rivers) or lentic (e.g. standing
water as lake, pool)
b) Marine ecology :- Deep bodies as a ocean
Ecology and Ecosystem
Characteristics of Ecosystem
 It is a major structural and functional unit of
Ecology.
 Its structure is related to its species diversity;
the more complex ecosystem have species
diversity and vice versa.
The relative amount of energy needed to
maintain an ecosystem depend on its structure.
The more complex the structure, the lesser the
energy it needs to maintain itself.
It matures by passing from less complex to
more complex states
Structural features
1. Biotic structure
The plants, animals and microorganism present
in an ecosystem form the biotic component.
a) Producers: They are mainly the green plants,
which can synthesize their food themselves by
making use of carbon dioxide present in the air
and water through the process of
photosynthesis.
‘Photoautotrophs’ = (Photo=light, auto=self;
troph=food).
Structural features
b) Consumers: all organisms which get their organic
food by feeding upon other organism are called
consumers, which are following types:
i. Herbivores (plant eaters): e.g. Rabbit, insect,
goat, cattle.
ii. Carnivores (meat eaters): e.g. Snake, cat, fox etc.
iii. Omnivores: e.g. humans, rat, fox etc.
iv. Detritivores: (Detritus feeders or saprotrophs)
v. Predetor:(Kills other organization for food)
e.g. wolf, beer.
Structural features
c) Decomposers: They derive their nutrition by
breaking down the complex organic molecules
to simpler organic compound and ultimately
into inorganic nutrients.
e.g. bacteria, fungi etc.
Ecology and Ecosystem
Ecology and Ecosystem
primary consumers
• Also known as HERBIVORES , such as: mice,
deer, cows, and elephants
• Herbivores eat ONLY PLANTS
Secondary Consumers
• Are CARNIVORES – they eat only animals
• If the animal must be killed before it is eaten, the
secondary consumer is known as a predator.
• However, sometimes the animals does not have to
be killed to be eaten.
Secondary Consumers
O m n i v o r e s
they eat Both :
Plants and
Animals
Scavengers
Feeds on the bodies of dead organisms.
Ecology and Ecosystem
Decomposers
Break down wastes and dead organisms, and so
complete the cycle by returning nutrients to the
ecosystem. (to the soil or water and carbon dioxide to
the air and water)
Transfer of
Energy in an
Ecosystem
Transfer of Energy in an Ecosystem
CONSUMER
Herbivores – eat
plants
Carnivores –
eat animals
Scavengers –
feed only on
dead organisms
Omnivores –
eat both
plants &
animals
Energy flow
• This pattern of energy flow among different
organisms is the TROPHIC STRUCTURE of an
ecosystem.
heat
Producers Consumers
Decomposers
heat
Energy Flow in Ecosystem
 To maintain life energy is required. Energy enters in an ecosystem
from solar radiations.
 In earth’s atmosphere about 15x108 cal/m2/year of solar energy is
present .
 Out of which only 47% of the energy reaches the earth surface and
only 1-5% of energy reaching the ground is converted into
chemical energy by green plants .
 The plants make use of raw material from the environment in the
form of water, salts and carbon dioxide to prepare food with the
help of sun light.
 Thus energy form the sun enters the living world through
photosynthetic organisms and passes on from one organism to
another in form of food.
 The flow of energy is unidirectional and non
cyclic.
 Energy enters the ecosystem form solar radiation
and converted into chemical energy by producers,
from them energy passes to lower tropic level to
higher one.
 This one way flow of energy is governed by laws
of thermodynamics which state that :
a) The energy can not be created not destroyed but may be
transferred from one from to another
b) During the energy transfer there is degradation of energy
from concentrated form to a dispersed form(Heat)
No energy transformation is 100% efficient; it is
always accompanied by some dispersion or
loss of energy in the form of heat.
Heat energy is not utilized by biological system
and ultimately lost from the body
Ecology and Ecosystem
Models for energy flow in ecosystem
• The flow of energy through various trophic
levels in an ecosystem can be explained by:
1) Single channel energy flow model
2) Y shaped or double channel energy flow
model
3) Universal energy flow model
Ecological Pyramid
This shows how energy is
transferred and changed
when going up the pyramid.
Three Types of Ecological Pyramid
A. Pyramid of Energy – shows the amount
of energy in calories (Kcal / cal)
B. Pyramid of Biomass – shows the
biomass of all organisms and individuals
C. Pyramid of Numbers – shows the
number of individuals feeding at each
tropic level
Pyramid of Energy
Pyramid of Biomass
Pyramid of Numbers
Food Chain
Organisms in one level feed
upon organisms at the lower
level.
Trophic Levels
• Each link in a food chain is known as a
trophic level.
• Trophic levels represent a feeding step in
the transfer of energy and matter in an
ecosystem.
Trophic Levels
Producers- Autotrophs
Primary consumers- Herbivores
Secondary consumers-
small carnivores
Tertiary consumers-
top carnivores
E
N
E
R
G
Y
Ecology and Ecosystem
Types of Food chain
Ecology and Ecosystem
Significance of Food Chain
• Biological magnification (Biomagnification)
*Harmful chemicals like insecticides and pesticides
which are used to protect crops from insects and
pests are absorbed by plants and enter the food
chain.
*Since these chemicals are non biodegradable, they
get accumulated at every trophic level and their
concentration increases.
*The increase in concentration of harmful chemicals
in the bodies of organisms at higher trophic levels is
called biological magnification.
Biological magnification (Biomagnification)
Biomagnification of DDT Biomagnification of Mercury
Biological magnification (Biomagnification)
• The biomagnification of pollutants can be
estimated with the help of Biological
Concentration Factor (BCF).
Concentration of toxic material in organism
Concentration of toxic material in Environment
BCF =
Food Web
It is a network of interacting
food chains.
Food Web
• Food web- shows all possible feeding
relationships in a community at each
trophic level
• Represents a network of
interconnected food chains
Food web :-
Food web is a group of several interconnected food
chains. In a food web an organism gets food from more
than one group of organisms.
Examples of Terrestrial food web
Examples of Aquatic
food web
Biogeochemical Cycle
 The producers of an ecosystem take up several
basic inorganic nutrients from their nonliving
environment.
 These nutrients get transformed into biomass of
the producers.
 Then they are utilized by the consumer population
and ultimately returned to the environment with
the help of reducers and decomposers.
 The cyclic exchange of nutrients materials
between living organisms and their nonliving
environment is called biogeochemical cycle.
1) Biogeochemical cycles helps as to understand
the flow of pattern various nutrients, water, gases
etc. needed for development of life
2) Hydrological cycle deals with the interchange
water between living organisms & environment.
3) Gaseous cycle deals with the interchange of
gases like Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide.
4) The sedimentary cycles deals with the
interchange of minerals like sulphur, phosphorus.
Water cycle
 Water never leaves the Earth. It is constantly being cycled
through the atmosphere, ocean, and land.
 This process, known as the water cycle, is driven by
energy from the sun.
 The water cycle is crucial to the existence of life on our
planet.
Evaporation
Evaporation: Process by which the sun heats up
liquid water and changes it to a gaseous form
(vapours).
Condensation
Condensation: Process by which water rises
into the atmosphere, cools and becomes a liquid
again.
Precipitation
Precipitation: Process by which water condenses and
falls back to the earth.
Transpiration
Transpiration: The process of evaporation from plants.
Factors affecting transpiration: Sun light intensity,
relative humidity, soil moisture availability, wind
movement, types of plants.
Runoff
Runoff: Water that collects in rivers, streams,
and oceans
Oxygen cycle
All Animals and Other Consumers Use Oxygen.
• We use oxygen to break down simple sugar and
release energy.
• This can be done through respiration or
fermentation.
• Animals mainly use respiration.
Ecology and Ecosystem
Respiration
Simple Sugar — Glucose
• The process that breaks apart simple food molecules
to release energy.
• It occurs inside cells.
The molecule most living things use for
energy — including us!
• We break down food into smaller molecules during
digestion. One of the small molecules is glucose.
• Glucose leaves your intestines, goes into your blood
and is taken to every cell in your body.
Photosynthesis
Plants take in carbon dioxide and water and
use them to make food. Their food is simple
sugar — glucose.
Plants pull the carbon off CO2 and use the
carbon in glucose. (They do not need the oxygen for this. They get
that from water, H2O.)
Plants release the oxygen (O2) back into the
atmosphere.
Other organisms use the free oxygen for
respiration.
How are photosynthesis and cellular
respiration similar?
• Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and
produces oxygen.
• Cellular respiration uses oxygen and produces
carbon dioxide.
Respiration
Photosynthesis
Everywhere
• This happens on land and in the water.
• Algae and aquatic plants produce food underwater
through photosynthesis.
• They use CO2 dissolved in the water.
• Other aquatic organisms use the dissolved oxygen
these plants release into the water.
Human Impact
• We keep destroying natural areas, especially
forested areas with many plants and replacing
them with buildings, parking lots, lawns, etc.
• Fewer plants mean less oxygen and more
carbon dioxide.
• This disturbs the balance of the natural cycle.
Ecology and Ecosystem
What Is Carbon?
• An element
• The basis of life of earth
• Found in rocks, oceans, atmosphere
Plants Use Carbon Dioxide
• Plants pull carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
and use it to make food –— photosynthesis.
• The carbon becomes part of the plant (stored
food).
Animals Eat Plants
• When organisms eat plants, they take in the
carbon and some of it becomes part of their
own bodies.
• C is also released back as CO2 after respiration
and combustion
Plants and Animal Die
• When plants and animals die, most of their
bodies are decomposed and carbon atoms are
returned to the atmosphere.
• Some are not decomposed fully and end up in
deposits underground (oil, coal, etc.).
Carbon Slowly Returns to Atmosphere
• Carbon in rocks and underground deposits is
released very slowly into the atmosphere.
• This process takes many years.
Ecology and Ecosystem
Carbon cycle
Carbon in Oceans
• Additional carbon is stored in the ocean.
• Animals die and carbon substances are
deposited at the bottom of the ocean.
• Oceans contain earth’s largest store of
carbon.
Ecology and Ecosystem
Human Impact
• Fossil fuels release carbon stores very slowly
• Burning anything releases more carbon into
atmosphere — especially fossil fuels
• Increased carbon dioxide in atmosphere
increases global warming
• Fewer plants mean less CO2 removed from
atmosphere
What We Need to Do
• Burn less, especially fossil fuels
• Promote plant life, especially trees
Nitrogen Cycle
Forms of Nitrogen
• Urea  CO(NH2)2
• Ammonia  NH3 (gaseous)
• Ammonium  NH4
• Nitrate  NO3
• Nitrite  NO2
• Atmospheric nitrogen N2
• Organic N (Amino acids--RCONH2)
Roles of Nitrogen
• Plants and bacteria use nitrogen in the
form of NH4
+ or NO3
-
• It serves as an electron acceptor in
anaerobic environment
• Nitrogen is often the most limiting nutrient
in soil and water.
(1) Nitrogen Fixation
(3) Nitrification (2) Ammonification
(4) Denitrification
Nitrogen
Cycle
The Nitrogen Cycle
Atmospheric nitrogen (about 78% of our air) is converted
to ammonia or nitrates.
Ammonia (NH3)
Nitrogen combines
with Hydrogen to make
Ammonia
Nitrates (NO3)
Nitrogen combines
with Oxygen to make
Nitrates
Atmospheric
Nitrogen (N2)
N
N
N
N
It is one of nature’s
great ironies…
• Nitrogen is an essential
component of DNA, RNA,
and proteins
• the majority of the air we
breathe is nitrogen yet most
living organisms are unable to
use nitrogen as it exists in the
atmosphere.
“Nitrogen Fixation” is the process that causes the strong
two-atom nitrogen molecules found in the atmosphere to
break apart so they can combine with other atoms.
Nitrogen gets “fixed” when it is combined with oxygen or hydrogen.
N
N
N
N
N
Oxygen Hydrogen
Oxygen
Hydrogen
N
Free Living Bacteria (example of nitrogen fixation)
Highly specialized bacteria live in the soil and have the ability
to combine atmospheric nitrogen with hydrogen to make
ammonia (NH3).
Free-living bacteria live
in soil and combine
atmospheric nitrogen
with hydrogen
Nitrogen changes
into ammonia
N
N
H
N H3
(NH3)
Bacteria
Symbiotic Relationship
Bacteria
Bacteria live in the roots
of legume family plants
and provide the plants
with ammonia (NH3) in
exchange for the plant’s
carbon and a protected
home.
Legume plants
Roots with nodules
where bacteria live
Nitrogen changes into
ammonia.
NH3
N
N
Ammonification: Bacteria (decomposers) break down amino
acids from dead animals and wastes into ammonium.
Bacteria decomposers break down amino acids into ammonium
Microorganisms convert the organic nitrogen to
ammonium. The ammonium is either taken up by the
plants (only in a few types of plants) or is absorbed into
the soil particles. Ammonium (NH4) in the soil is stored
up to later be changed into inorganic nitrogen, the kind of
nitrogen that most plants can use.
Ammonium (NH4) is
stored in soil.
Bacteria converts organic nitrogen to
ammonium (NH4)
Ammonium (NH4) is used by
some plants
Bacteria
Nitrification: Nitrifying bacteria in the ground combine
ammonia with oxygen to form nitrites. Then another
group of nitrifying bacteria convert nitrites to nitrates
which green plants can absorb and use.
Nitrifying bacteria in soil
combine ammonia with oxygen
Ammonia changes to nitrites
Nitrifying bacteria in soil
convert nitrites to nitrates
Plants absorb nitrates
and grow!
Ammonia Nitrites Nitrates
(NH3) (NO3)(NO2)
Denitrification: The conversion of nitrates (NO3) in the soil
to atmospheric nitrogen (N2) thereby replenishing the
atmosphere.
Nitrates (NO3)
in Soil
Nitrogen in atmosphere (N2)
Denitrifying bacteria live deep in soil and in aquatic sediments
where conditions make it difficult for them to get oxygen. The
denitrifying bacteria use nitrates as an alternative to oxygen,
leaving free nitrogen gas as a byproduct. They close the nitrogen
cycle!
Denitrifying bacteria live
deep in soil and use
nitrates as an alternative
to oxygen making a
byproduct of nitrogen gas.
Nitrogen in atmosphere
closes the nitrogen cycle!
(NO3)
(N2)
Ecology and Ecosystem
Nitrogen cycle
Sulphur Cycle
Sources
• Available in free state
• Also as sulfides, sulfates like PbS, ZnS, BaSO4
• In gas-- H2S, SO2
Acidic fog and
precipitation
Ammonium
sulfate
Ammonia
Sulfuric acid
Water
Sulfur trioxide
Oxygen
Hydrogen sulfideSulfur dioxide
Volcano
Industries
Dimethyl sulfide
Ocean
Metallic
sulfide
deposits
Decaying matter
Animals
Plants
Hydrogen sulfide
Sulfur
Sulfate salts
Ecology and Ecosystem
Dimethyl sulfide
• (CH3)2S
• Emissions from Phytoplankton
• Occurs over oceans
Sulfur dioxide
• SO2
• Emission: Industries
• example : power plants
• Volcanoes
Sulfuric acid
Sulfur Trioxide
• SO3
• Primary agent in acid rain
• Principal uses include: ore processing
• fertilizer processing
• Oil refining
Hydrogen Sulfide
• H2S
• Emitted by volcanoes and hot springs
• Remains in atmosphere for 18 hours
• Changes into sulfur dioxide
Biomes
• Determined primarily by
precipitation
–Forests (> 75 cm rain per year)
–Grasslands (30-75 cm rain per year)
–Deserts (< 30 cm rain per year)
Tropical Forest: Vertical stratification with trees in
canopy blocking light to bottom strata. Many trees
covered by epiphytes (plants that grow on other plants).
Ecology and Ecosystem
Example of Tropical, Dry Forest
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Laboratory/Biome/Images/picgrassland.jpg
Grasslands
Temperate Deciduous Forest: Mid-latitudes with moderate amounts of
moisture, distinct vertical strata: trees, shrubs, herbaceous sub-
stratum. Loss of leaves in cold, many animals hibernate or migrate
then. Original forests lost from North America by logging and clearing.
http://www.ccet.ua.edu/hhmi/images/Autumn.JPG
Deciduous forest
Coniferous forest: Largest terrestial biome on earth, old growth
forests rapidly disappearing, usually receives lots of moisture as rain
or snow.
http://www3.newberry.org/k12maps/module_07/images/coniferous.jpg
Coniferous forest
Desert: Sparse rainfall (< 30 cm per year), plants and
animals adapted for water storage and conservation. Can
be either very hot, or very cold (e.g. Antarctica)
http://pangea.stanford.edu/~hsiao/desert.jpg
Desert
Temperate Grassland: Marked by seasonal drought and fires, and
grazing by large animals. Rich habitat for agriculture.
Estuary: Place where freshwater stream or river merges
with the ocean. Highly productive biome; important for
fisheries. Often heavily polluted from river input so many
fisheries are now lost.
Thank You

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Introduction To Ecology
Introduction To EcologyIntroduction To Ecology
Introduction To Ecology
 
Ecology and ecosystem new
Ecology and ecosystem newEcology and ecosystem new
Ecology and ecosystem new
 
Introduction to Ecology
Introduction to EcologyIntroduction to Ecology
Introduction to Ecology
 
Chapter 9.3: Matter and Energy in Ecosystems
Chapter 9.3: Matter and Energy in EcosystemsChapter 9.3: Matter and Energy in Ecosystems
Chapter 9.3: Matter and Energy in Ecosystems
 
ecology concepts and its types
ecology concepts and its  typesecology concepts and its  types
ecology concepts and its types
 
Energy flow in ecosystem
Energy flow in ecosystemEnergy flow in ecosystem
Energy flow in ecosystem
 
Energy flow in ecosystem
Energy flow in ecosystemEnergy flow in ecosystem
Energy flow in ecosystem
 
Energy flow
Energy flowEnergy flow
Energy flow
 
Concept of productivity
Concept of productivityConcept of productivity
Concept of productivity
 
Ecosystem Concepts
Ecosystem ConceptsEcosystem Concepts
Ecosystem Concepts
 
Ecological niche
Ecological nicheEcological niche
Ecological niche
 
Limiting factors
Limiting factorsLimiting factors
Limiting factors
 
Food chain
Food chainFood chain
Food chain
 
Environmental Biology
Environmental BiologyEnvironmental Biology
Environmental Biology
 
Structure and function of ecosystem 1
Structure and function of ecosystem 1Structure and function of ecosystem 1
Structure and function of ecosystem 1
 
Natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow
Natural selection, genetic drift, gene flowNatural selection, genetic drift, gene flow
Natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow
 
Food web (1) 2
Food web (1) 2Food web (1) 2
Food web (1) 2
 
Ecology and ecosystem
Ecology and ecosystemEcology and ecosystem
Ecology and ecosystem
 
Ecological pyramids ppt
Ecological pyramids pptEcological pyramids ppt
Ecological pyramids ppt
 
Energy Flow In An Ecosystem
Energy Flow In An EcosystemEnergy Flow In An Ecosystem
Energy Flow In An Ecosystem
 

Ähnlich wie Ecology and Ecosystem

Ecologyandecosystem 141103053114-conversion-gate02
Ecologyandecosystem 141103053114-conversion-gate02Ecologyandecosystem 141103053114-conversion-gate02
Ecologyandecosystem 141103053114-conversion-gate02Sandhya Thakkar
 
ecosystem - Copy.pptx
ecosystem - Copy.pptxecosystem - Copy.pptx
ecosystem - Copy.pptxChHamzA72
 
20MNT31 & Environmental Science - Ecosystem (2023-24-II-AIDS-B).ppt
20MNT31 & Environmental Science - Ecosystem (2023-24-II-AIDS-B).ppt20MNT31 & Environmental Science - Ecosystem (2023-24-II-AIDS-B).ppt
20MNT31 & Environmental Science - Ecosystem (2023-24-II-AIDS-B).pptKrishnaveniKrishnara1
 
ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE AND STUDY OF BIODIVERSITY
ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE AND STUDY OF BIODIVERSITYENVIRONMENT SCIENCE AND STUDY OF BIODIVERSITY
ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE AND STUDY OF BIODIVERSITYskb212733
 
ecologyandecosystem-141103053114-conversion-gate02.pptx
ecologyandecosystem-141103053114-conversion-gate02.pptxecologyandecosystem-141103053114-conversion-gate02.pptx
ecologyandecosystem-141103053114-conversion-gate02.pptxMehulChavda10
 
Ecosystem PPT_735_compressed.pptx
Ecosystem PPT_735_compressed.pptxEcosystem PPT_735_compressed.pptx
Ecosystem PPT_735_compressed.pptxDeepikaEkambaram3
 
Forest and Aquatic Ecosystem.pdf
Forest and Aquatic Ecosystem.pdfForest and Aquatic Ecosystem.pdf
Forest and Aquatic Ecosystem.pdfSupriyaBhagwat6
 
Ecosystem PPT_735_compressed.pptx
Ecosystem PPT_735_compressed.pptxEcosystem PPT_735_compressed.pptx
Ecosystem PPT_735_compressed.pptxDeepikaEkambaram3
 
Ecology_Chapt_5[1].pptx
Ecology_Chapt_5[1].pptxEcology_Chapt_5[1].pptx
Ecology_Chapt_5[1].pptxObsa2
 

Ähnlich wie Ecology and Ecosystem (20)

Ecologyandecosystem 141103053114-conversion-gate02
Ecologyandecosystem 141103053114-conversion-gate02Ecologyandecosystem 141103053114-conversion-gate02
Ecologyandecosystem 141103053114-conversion-gate02
 
Concept of ecosystem
Concept of ecosystemConcept of ecosystem
Concept of ecosystem
 
Ecosystem
EcosystemEcosystem
Ecosystem
 
Ecology and ecosystem
Ecology and ecosystemEcology and ecosystem
Ecology and ecosystem
 
Unit 1 - Ecosystem 1.pptx
Unit 1 - Ecosystem 1.pptxUnit 1 - Ecosystem 1.pptx
Unit 1 - Ecosystem 1.pptx
 
Ecosystem
EcosystemEcosystem
Ecosystem
 
ecosystem - Copy.pptx
ecosystem - Copy.pptxecosystem - Copy.pptx
ecosystem - Copy.pptx
 
Ecosystem-JSB.pptx
Ecosystem-JSB.pptxEcosystem-JSB.pptx
Ecosystem-JSB.pptx
 
A_L_notes_Ecology.docx
A_L_notes_Ecology.docxA_L_notes_Ecology.docx
A_L_notes_Ecology.docx
 
Unit 2 ecosystem
Unit 2  ecosystemUnit 2  ecosystem
Unit 2 ecosystem
 
20MNT31 & Environmental Science - Ecosystem (2023-24-II-AIDS-B).ppt
20MNT31 & Environmental Science - Ecosystem (2023-24-II-AIDS-B).ppt20MNT31 & Environmental Science - Ecosystem (2023-24-II-AIDS-B).ppt
20MNT31 & Environmental Science - Ecosystem (2023-24-II-AIDS-B).ppt
 
ECOLOGY
ECOLOGYECOLOGY
ECOLOGY
 
ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE AND STUDY OF BIODIVERSITY
ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE AND STUDY OF BIODIVERSITYENVIRONMENT SCIENCE AND STUDY OF BIODIVERSITY
ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE AND STUDY OF BIODIVERSITY
 
ecologyandecosystem-141103053114-conversion-gate02.pptx
ecologyandecosystem-141103053114-conversion-gate02.pptxecologyandecosystem-141103053114-conversion-gate02.pptx
ecologyandecosystem-141103053114-conversion-gate02.pptx
 
Ecosystem and biodiversity.compressed
Ecosystem and biodiversity.compressedEcosystem and biodiversity.compressed
Ecosystem and biodiversity.compressed
 
Ecosystem
EcosystemEcosystem
Ecosystem
 
Ecosystem PPT_735_compressed.pptx
Ecosystem PPT_735_compressed.pptxEcosystem PPT_735_compressed.pptx
Ecosystem PPT_735_compressed.pptx
 
Forest and Aquatic Ecosystem.pdf
Forest and Aquatic Ecosystem.pdfForest and Aquatic Ecosystem.pdf
Forest and Aquatic Ecosystem.pdf
 
Ecosystem PPT_735_compressed.pptx
Ecosystem PPT_735_compressed.pptxEcosystem PPT_735_compressed.pptx
Ecosystem PPT_735_compressed.pptx
 
Ecology_Chapt_5[1].pptx
Ecology_Chapt_5[1].pptxEcology_Chapt_5[1].pptx
Ecology_Chapt_5[1].pptx
 

Mehr von Yash Patel

noice pollution
noice pollutionnoice pollution
noice pollutionYash Patel
 
human population environment
human population environmenthuman population environment
human population environmentYash Patel
 
Introduction to marketing
Introduction to marketingIntroduction to marketing
Introduction to marketingYash Patel
 
Natural resources
Natural resources  Natural resources
Natural resources Yash Patel
 
Xbase implementing specific domain language for java
Xbase  implementing specific domain language for javaXbase  implementing specific domain language for java
Xbase implementing specific domain language for javaYash Patel
 
Internet stack protocol
Internet stack protocolInternet stack protocol
Internet stack protocolYash Patel
 
WATER POLLUTION
WATER  POLLUTIONWATER  POLLUTION
WATER POLLUTIONYash Patel
 
ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENT STUDIES
ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENT STUDIESENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENT STUDIES
ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENT STUDIESYash Patel
 

Mehr von Yash Patel (9)

noice pollution
noice pollutionnoice pollution
noice pollution
 
air pollution
air pollutionair pollution
air pollution
 
human population environment
human population environmenthuman population environment
human population environment
 
Introduction to marketing
Introduction to marketingIntroduction to marketing
Introduction to marketing
 
Natural resources
Natural resources  Natural resources
Natural resources
 
Xbase implementing specific domain language for java
Xbase  implementing specific domain language for javaXbase  implementing specific domain language for java
Xbase implementing specific domain language for java
 
Internet stack protocol
Internet stack protocolInternet stack protocol
Internet stack protocol
 
WATER POLLUTION
WATER  POLLUTIONWATER  POLLUTION
WATER POLLUTION
 
ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENT STUDIES
ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENT STUDIESENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENT STUDIES
ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENT STUDIES
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen

How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17Celine George
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxraviapr7
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsEugene Lysak
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxAditiChauhan701637
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxraviapr7
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?TechSoup
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.EnglishCEIPdeSigeiro
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptxSandy Millin
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...CaraSkikne1
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRATanmoy Mishra
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfYu Kanazawa / Osaka University
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George WellsThe Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
The Stolen Bacillus by Herbert George Wells
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
What is the Future of QuickBooks DeskTop?
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
 
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdfPersonal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
CHUYÊN ĐỀ DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 11 - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 - HK...
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
 
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
 
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 10pptx.pptx
 

Ecology and Ecosystem

  • 2. Ecology Ecology derived from two Greek word “oikos” means house, habitation or place of living & “logos” means study. • Definition: Ecology is the study of interrelationship between living organism and their physical and biological environment. • Biological environment = Biotic factors • Physical environment = Abiotic factors
  • 5. Objectives of ecological study  The inter-relationship between organisms in population and diverse communities The temporal (sequential) changes (seasonal, annual, successional etc) Structural adaptation and functional adjustments The behavior under natural conditions The development in the course of evolution The biological productivity and energy flow in natural system
  • 6. Scope of ecology Helps us to tackle problems like pollution, floods, O3 depletion, global warming Is necessary in maintaining ecological balance and understanding different cycles (oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, carbon etc.) Helps in protecting flora and fauna We can maintain balance in nature and can prevent ecological disasters Plays an important role in human welfare, agriculture, conservation of wildlife.
  • 7. Classification of ecology 1) Autecology 2) Synecology  Autecology: It deals with the study of individual organism or an individual species. In other words it is study of inter relationship between individual species or its population and environment .e.g. a tree in forest  Synecology : it deals with the study of group of organism or species which are associated together as a unit. e.g. a forest. It is concerned with structure, nature, development of that community
  • 8. Further subdivisions of ecology is based on following: 1) Based on the taxonomic affinities : According to this ecology is divided in two part: Plant ecology and animal ecology
  • 9. 2) Based on the habitats Ecology Aquatic Ecology Terrestrial Ecology Marine Ecology Fresh water Ecology Stream Ecology Grass Land Ecology Forest Ecology Desert Ecology
  • 10. 3)Based On the level of organization: Depending upon the level of organism synecology can be divided into may types : Desert Ecology Autecology Synecology Population Ecology Community Ecology Ecosystem Ecology
  • 11. The Ecosystem Definitions of ecosystem: 1. All organisms, their interactions with one another and their environments make up an ecosystem. 2. It is a community of interdependent organisms together with the environment. 3. Any unit that include all of the organisms in a given area interacting with the physical environment, so that a flow of energy leads to clearly defined trophic structure, biotic diversity and material cycles within the ecosystem.
  • 12. Ecosystem - populations in a community and the abiotic factors with which they interact (ex. marine, terrestrial)
  • 13. Ecology • Definition: Ecology derived from two Greek word “oikos” means house, habitation or place of living & “logos” means study. • Ecology is the study of the interrelationship between living organism and their physical and biological environment.
  • 14. Types of ecosystem Ecosystem can be Natural or Artificial a) Natural ecosystems: These operate under the natural conditions without any major interference by man. Further it can be classified: 1) Terrestrial Ecosystem 2) Aquatic Ecosystem
  • 15. b) Artificial Ecosystem These are maintained artificially by man where by addition of energy and planned manipulation, natural balance is disturbed regularly. E.g. Cropland ecosystem
  • 16. 1)Terrestrial Ecosystem:Eg: Forest ,Grassland ,Desert 2) Aquatic Ecosystem: a) Fresh water :- which may be lotic (e.g. running water as stream, rivers) or lentic (e.g. standing water as lake, pool) b) Marine ecology :- Deep bodies as a ocean
  • 18. Characteristics of Ecosystem  It is a major structural and functional unit of Ecology.  Its structure is related to its species diversity; the more complex ecosystem have species diversity and vice versa. The relative amount of energy needed to maintain an ecosystem depend on its structure. The more complex the structure, the lesser the energy it needs to maintain itself. It matures by passing from less complex to more complex states
  • 19. Structural features 1. Biotic structure The plants, animals and microorganism present in an ecosystem form the biotic component. a) Producers: They are mainly the green plants, which can synthesize their food themselves by making use of carbon dioxide present in the air and water through the process of photosynthesis. ‘Photoautotrophs’ = (Photo=light, auto=self; troph=food).
  • 20. Structural features b) Consumers: all organisms which get their organic food by feeding upon other organism are called consumers, which are following types: i. Herbivores (plant eaters): e.g. Rabbit, insect, goat, cattle. ii. Carnivores (meat eaters): e.g. Snake, cat, fox etc. iii. Omnivores: e.g. humans, rat, fox etc. iv. Detritivores: (Detritus feeders or saprotrophs) v. Predetor:(Kills other organization for food) e.g. wolf, beer.
  • 21. Structural features c) Decomposers: They derive their nutrition by breaking down the complex organic molecules to simpler organic compound and ultimately into inorganic nutrients. e.g. bacteria, fungi etc.
  • 24. primary consumers • Also known as HERBIVORES , such as: mice, deer, cows, and elephants • Herbivores eat ONLY PLANTS
  • 25. Secondary Consumers • Are CARNIVORES – they eat only animals • If the animal must be killed before it is eaten, the secondary consumer is known as a predator. • However, sometimes the animals does not have to be killed to be eaten.
  • 26. Secondary Consumers O m n i v o r e s they eat Both : Plants and Animals
  • 27. Scavengers Feeds on the bodies of dead organisms.
  • 29. Decomposers Break down wastes and dead organisms, and so complete the cycle by returning nutrients to the ecosystem. (to the soil or water and carbon dioxide to the air and water)
  • 30. Transfer of Energy in an Ecosystem
  • 31. Transfer of Energy in an Ecosystem CONSUMER Herbivores – eat plants Carnivores – eat animals Scavengers – feed only on dead organisms Omnivores – eat both plants & animals
  • 32. Energy flow • This pattern of energy flow among different organisms is the TROPHIC STRUCTURE of an ecosystem. heat Producers Consumers Decomposers heat
  • 33. Energy Flow in Ecosystem  To maintain life energy is required. Energy enters in an ecosystem from solar radiations.  In earth’s atmosphere about 15x108 cal/m2/year of solar energy is present .  Out of which only 47% of the energy reaches the earth surface and only 1-5% of energy reaching the ground is converted into chemical energy by green plants .  The plants make use of raw material from the environment in the form of water, salts and carbon dioxide to prepare food with the help of sun light.  Thus energy form the sun enters the living world through photosynthetic organisms and passes on from one organism to another in form of food.
  • 34.  The flow of energy is unidirectional and non cyclic.  Energy enters the ecosystem form solar radiation and converted into chemical energy by producers, from them energy passes to lower tropic level to higher one.  This one way flow of energy is governed by laws of thermodynamics which state that : a) The energy can not be created not destroyed but may be transferred from one from to another b) During the energy transfer there is degradation of energy from concentrated form to a dispersed form(Heat)
  • 35. No energy transformation is 100% efficient; it is always accompanied by some dispersion or loss of energy in the form of heat. Heat energy is not utilized by biological system and ultimately lost from the body
  • 37. Models for energy flow in ecosystem • The flow of energy through various trophic levels in an ecosystem can be explained by: 1) Single channel energy flow model 2) Y shaped or double channel energy flow model 3) Universal energy flow model
  • 38. Ecological Pyramid This shows how energy is transferred and changed when going up the pyramid.
  • 39. Three Types of Ecological Pyramid A. Pyramid of Energy – shows the amount of energy in calories (Kcal / cal) B. Pyramid of Biomass – shows the biomass of all organisms and individuals C. Pyramid of Numbers – shows the number of individuals feeding at each tropic level
  • 43. Food Chain Organisms in one level feed upon organisms at the lower level.
  • 44. Trophic Levels • Each link in a food chain is known as a trophic level. • Trophic levels represent a feeding step in the transfer of energy and matter in an ecosystem.
  • 45. Trophic Levels Producers- Autotrophs Primary consumers- Herbivores Secondary consumers- small carnivores Tertiary consumers- top carnivores E N E R G Y
  • 47. Types of Food chain
  • 49. Significance of Food Chain • Biological magnification (Biomagnification) *Harmful chemicals like insecticides and pesticides which are used to protect crops from insects and pests are absorbed by plants and enter the food chain. *Since these chemicals are non biodegradable, they get accumulated at every trophic level and their concentration increases. *The increase in concentration of harmful chemicals in the bodies of organisms at higher trophic levels is called biological magnification.
  • 51. Biological magnification (Biomagnification) • The biomagnification of pollutants can be estimated with the help of Biological Concentration Factor (BCF). Concentration of toxic material in organism Concentration of toxic material in Environment BCF =
  • 52. Food Web It is a network of interacting food chains.
  • 53. Food Web • Food web- shows all possible feeding relationships in a community at each trophic level • Represents a network of interconnected food chains
  • 54. Food web :- Food web is a group of several interconnected food chains. In a food web an organism gets food from more than one group of organisms. Examples of Terrestrial food web
  • 56. Biogeochemical Cycle  The producers of an ecosystem take up several basic inorganic nutrients from their nonliving environment.  These nutrients get transformed into biomass of the producers.  Then they are utilized by the consumer population and ultimately returned to the environment with the help of reducers and decomposers.  The cyclic exchange of nutrients materials between living organisms and their nonliving environment is called biogeochemical cycle.
  • 57. 1) Biogeochemical cycles helps as to understand the flow of pattern various nutrients, water, gases etc. needed for development of life 2) Hydrological cycle deals with the interchange water between living organisms & environment. 3) Gaseous cycle deals with the interchange of gases like Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide. 4) The sedimentary cycles deals with the interchange of minerals like sulphur, phosphorus.
  • 59.  Water never leaves the Earth. It is constantly being cycled through the atmosphere, ocean, and land.  This process, known as the water cycle, is driven by energy from the sun.  The water cycle is crucial to the existence of life on our planet.
  • 60. Evaporation Evaporation: Process by which the sun heats up liquid water and changes it to a gaseous form (vapours).
  • 61. Condensation Condensation: Process by which water rises into the atmosphere, cools and becomes a liquid again.
  • 62. Precipitation Precipitation: Process by which water condenses and falls back to the earth.
  • 63. Transpiration Transpiration: The process of evaporation from plants. Factors affecting transpiration: Sun light intensity, relative humidity, soil moisture availability, wind movement, types of plants.
  • 64. Runoff Runoff: Water that collects in rivers, streams, and oceans
  • 65. Oxygen cycle All Animals and Other Consumers Use Oxygen. • We use oxygen to break down simple sugar and release energy. • This can be done through respiration or fermentation. • Animals mainly use respiration.
  • 67. Respiration Simple Sugar — Glucose • The process that breaks apart simple food molecules to release energy. • It occurs inside cells. The molecule most living things use for energy — including us! • We break down food into smaller molecules during digestion. One of the small molecules is glucose. • Glucose leaves your intestines, goes into your blood and is taken to every cell in your body.
  • 68. Photosynthesis Plants take in carbon dioxide and water and use them to make food. Their food is simple sugar — glucose. Plants pull the carbon off CO2 and use the carbon in glucose. (They do not need the oxygen for this. They get that from water, H2O.) Plants release the oxygen (O2) back into the atmosphere. Other organisms use the free oxygen for respiration.
  • 69. How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration similar? • Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and produces oxygen. • Cellular respiration uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide.
  • 71. Everywhere • This happens on land and in the water. • Algae and aquatic plants produce food underwater through photosynthesis. • They use CO2 dissolved in the water. • Other aquatic organisms use the dissolved oxygen these plants release into the water.
  • 72. Human Impact • We keep destroying natural areas, especially forested areas with many plants and replacing them with buildings, parking lots, lawns, etc. • Fewer plants mean less oxygen and more carbon dioxide. • This disturbs the balance of the natural cycle.
  • 74. What Is Carbon? • An element • The basis of life of earth • Found in rocks, oceans, atmosphere
  • 75. Plants Use Carbon Dioxide • Plants pull carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and use it to make food –— photosynthesis. • The carbon becomes part of the plant (stored food).
  • 76. Animals Eat Plants • When organisms eat plants, they take in the carbon and some of it becomes part of their own bodies. • C is also released back as CO2 after respiration and combustion
  • 77. Plants and Animal Die • When plants and animals die, most of their bodies are decomposed and carbon atoms are returned to the atmosphere. • Some are not decomposed fully and end up in deposits underground (oil, coal, etc.).
  • 78. Carbon Slowly Returns to Atmosphere • Carbon in rocks and underground deposits is released very slowly into the atmosphere. • This process takes many years.
  • 81. Carbon in Oceans • Additional carbon is stored in the ocean. • Animals die and carbon substances are deposited at the bottom of the ocean. • Oceans contain earth’s largest store of carbon.
  • 83. Human Impact • Fossil fuels release carbon stores very slowly • Burning anything releases more carbon into atmosphere — especially fossil fuels • Increased carbon dioxide in atmosphere increases global warming • Fewer plants mean less CO2 removed from atmosphere
  • 84. What We Need to Do • Burn less, especially fossil fuels • Promote plant life, especially trees
  • 86. Forms of Nitrogen • Urea  CO(NH2)2 • Ammonia  NH3 (gaseous) • Ammonium  NH4 • Nitrate  NO3 • Nitrite  NO2 • Atmospheric nitrogen N2 • Organic N (Amino acids--RCONH2)
  • 87. Roles of Nitrogen • Plants and bacteria use nitrogen in the form of NH4 + or NO3 - • It serves as an electron acceptor in anaerobic environment • Nitrogen is often the most limiting nutrient in soil and water.
  • 88. (1) Nitrogen Fixation (3) Nitrification (2) Ammonification (4) Denitrification Nitrogen Cycle The Nitrogen Cycle
  • 89. Atmospheric nitrogen (about 78% of our air) is converted to ammonia or nitrates. Ammonia (NH3) Nitrogen combines with Hydrogen to make Ammonia Nitrates (NO3) Nitrogen combines with Oxygen to make Nitrates Atmospheric Nitrogen (N2) N N N N
  • 90. It is one of nature’s great ironies… • Nitrogen is an essential component of DNA, RNA, and proteins • the majority of the air we breathe is nitrogen yet most living organisms are unable to use nitrogen as it exists in the atmosphere.
  • 91. “Nitrogen Fixation” is the process that causes the strong two-atom nitrogen molecules found in the atmosphere to break apart so they can combine with other atoms. Nitrogen gets “fixed” when it is combined with oxygen or hydrogen. N N N N N Oxygen Hydrogen Oxygen Hydrogen N
  • 92. Free Living Bacteria (example of nitrogen fixation) Highly specialized bacteria live in the soil and have the ability to combine atmospheric nitrogen with hydrogen to make ammonia (NH3). Free-living bacteria live in soil and combine atmospheric nitrogen with hydrogen Nitrogen changes into ammonia N N H N H3 (NH3) Bacteria
  • 93. Symbiotic Relationship Bacteria Bacteria live in the roots of legume family plants and provide the plants with ammonia (NH3) in exchange for the plant’s carbon and a protected home. Legume plants Roots with nodules where bacteria live Nitrogen changes into ammonia. NH3 N N
  • 94. Ammonification: Bacteria (decomposers) break down amino acids from dead animals and wastes into ammonium. Bacteria decomposers break down amino acids into ammonium
  • 95. Microorganisms convert the organic nitrogen to ammonium. The ammonium is either taken up by the plants (only in a few types of plants) or is absorbed into the soil particles. Ammonium (NH4) in the soil is stored up to later be changed into inorganic nitrogen, the kind of nitrogen that most plants can use. Ammonium (NH4) is stored in soil. Bacteria converts organic nitrogen to ammonium (NH4) Ammonium (NH4) is used by some plants Bacteria
  • 96. Nitrification: Nitrifying bacteria in the ground combine ammonia with oxygen to form nitrites. Then another group of nitrifying bacteria convert nitrites to nitrates which green plants can absorb and use. Nitrifying bacteria in soil combine ammonia with oxygen Ammonia changes to nitrites Nitrifying bacteria in soil convert nitrites to nitrates Plants absorb nitrates and grow! Ammonia Nitrites Nitrates (NH3) (NO3)(NO2)
  • 97. Denitrification: The conversion of nitrates (NO3) in the soil to atmospheric nitrogen (N2) thereby replenishing the atmosphere. Nitrates (NO3) in Soil Nitrogen in atmosphere (N2)
  • 98. Denitrifying bacteria live deep in soil and in aquatic sediments where conditions make it difficult for them to get oxygen. The denitrifying bacteria use nitrates as an alternative to oxygen, leaving free nitrogen gas as a byproduct. They close the nitrogen cycle! Denitrifying bacteria live deep in soil and use nitrates as an alternative to oxygen making a byproduct of nitrogen gas. Nitrogen in atmosphere closes the nitrogen cycle! (NO3) (N2)
  • 101. Sulphur Cycle Sources • Available in free state • Also as sulfides, sulfates like PbS, ZnS, BaSO4 • In gas-- H2S, SO2
  • 102. Acidic fog and precipitation Ammonium sulfate Ammonia Sulfuric acid Water Sulfur trioxide Oxygen Hydrogen sulfideSulfur dioxide Volcano Industries Dimethyl sulfide Ocean Metallic sulfide deposits Decaying matter Animals Plants Hydrogen sulfide Sulfur Sulfate salts
  • 104. Dimethyl sulfide • (CH3)2S • Emissions from Phytoplankton • Occurs over oceans Sulfur dioxide • SO2 • Emission: Industries • example : power plants • Volcanoes
  • 105. Sulfuric acid Sulfur Trioxide • SO3 • Primary agent in acid rain • Principal uses include: ore processing • fertilizer processing • Oil refining
  • 106. Hydrogen Sulfide • H2S • Emitted by volcanoes and hot springs • Remains in atmosphere for 18 hours • Changes into sulfur dioxide
  • 107. Biomes • Determined primarily by precipitation –Forests (> 75 cm rain per year) –Grasslands (30-75 cm rain per year) –Deserts (< 30 cm rain per year)
  • 108. Tropical Forest: Vertical stratification with trees in canopy blocking light to bottom strata. Many trees covered by epiphytes (plants that grow on other plants).
  • 110. Example of Tropical, Dry Forest
  • 112. Temperate Deciduous Forest: Mid-latitudes with moderate amounts of moisture, distinct vertical strata: trees, shrubs, herbaceous sub- stratum. Loss of leaves in cold, many animals hibernate or migrate then. Original forests lost from North America by logging and clearing.
  • 114. Coniferous forest: Largest terrestial biome on earth, old growth forests rapidly disappearing, usually receives lots of moisture as rain or snow.
  • 116. Desert: Sparse rainfall (< 30 cm per year), plants and animals adapted for water storage and conservation. Can be either very hot, or very cold (e.g. Antarctica)
  • 118. Temperate Grassland: Marked by seasonal drought and fires, and grazing by large animals. Rich habitat for agriculture.
  • 119. Estuary: Place where freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean. Highly productive biome; important for fisheries. Often heavily polluted from river input so many fisheries are now lost.