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How Timezones Shape Online Forums

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Wybo Wiersma
Wybo Wiersma

A popular view of online communities is that they transcend time and place. As threads and comments are posted, however, the ensuing online-discussions unfold over time. Not only does timing determine which threads participants will see first when they arrive, but also which comments have not already been extensively replied to. By affecting who interacts with whom during the circadian cycle, time-pressure at the level of threads could in turn shape the social ties that form. Coupled with time-zone differences, this would make online communities a lot less global than generally believed. A case-study of the Hacker News community was conducted to measure time-effects. Hacker News caters to people interested in web-startups. It has approximately 100,000 unique daily visitors from all over the world, and receives about 2,500 posts per day. Fourty days of data was collected, and geo-locations were acquired for three thousand users. In a preliminary analysis, strong time-pressure effects were found at the thread-level. For social ties between users, moderate, but statistically significant effects were found as well; especially for users at the edge of the network. Even the two-week gap between the introduction of daylight savings time in the US and UK, was found to have an impact on peoples network distance during that time. These findings might limit the validity of purely social interpretations of on-line reply structures, as well as the extent to which (large) on-line communities can be considered real communities, rather than imagined communities that are primarily shaped by the flow of conversation.

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The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Oxford Internet Institute mail@wybowiersma.net 23 May 2013
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Introduction In this talk I: • Will catch time red-handed • At impacting the structure an on-line community namely; Hacker News • Time sets the stage for interaction Your speaker: • 1st year DPhil student at the Oxford Internet Institute • Sr. Software engineer in Sillicon Valley last year
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Hypotheses
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Hypotheses: Why care Social interpretations of reply-structures • Are common in SNA reciprocity, bonding, friendship Underlying assumptions: • On-line communities work similarly to off-line ones • On-line Global Village is actually global Yet if time foremostly determines replies • Social explanations might be spurious
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Hypotheses: Previous work Papers on reply-structures • None circadian, none on 24-hour scale More remotely relevant • How threads unfold on Slashdot (Kaltenbrunner) • Usenet discussions unfold over multiple days • Cycles in MUDs/Internet/mobile traffic
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Hypotheses: Theory Social mechanisms (Elster, Hedstrom) • Look at individual interactions micro to macro emergence Structuration theory (Giddens) • Environment affords/shapes choices besides, and through agency Imagined communities (Anderson) • On-line communities like nation states not based on personal social ties
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Hypotheses: Why care Hypothesis 1) • There is a time-pressure effect at level of threads users mainly reply to new threads/posts threads are mostly saturated within a few hours Hypothesis 2) • What appears social in reply-structures is dictated by the thread time-pressure effect and peoples different circadian rythms
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Threads
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Threads: Hacker News Hacker News is like Slashdot • Can comment on stories but posted by members • Rating / time determines ranking (r − 1)/(t + 2)1.8 separates time effects from ordering • 100k daily visitors (large) • Ran by Paul Graham (Y-combinator incubator) for startup community very international
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Threads: A specimen
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Threads: User locations
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Threads: Data Data collected • Over 40 days (in 2011) 3.5k threads 100k posts by 13.3k users So 90 threads, 2.5k posts per day
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Threads: Created per hour
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Threads: Time pressure effects Time pressure effect • Threads created in time discussions unfold over time • People arrive at different times new threads seen first duplicate replies not appreciated early replies read more • Thus new threads (most productively) replied to Time determines which threads people reply to • Thus whose posts they interact with
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Threads: Posts hours after prompt created
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Threads: Replies clock
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Networks
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Networks: The social fabric Time-pressure effects • Confirmed at thread level most replies are to new threads Social interpretation of reply-networks • Largely spurious if time determines who people maintain ties with On-line communities • Would be largely imagined communities
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Networks: Types Reply-networks • Whole unidirectional replies sufficient • Core reciprocated replies (cutoff > 3) Colouring • 3-hour sliding windows in which user posts most • 8:00 - 11:00, 9:00 - 12:00, etc • Same colouring as replies clock
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Networks: Whole
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Networks: Core (both > 3)
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Networks: Core directed (any > 6)
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Networks: Clocks core (> 5) vs periphery (< 6)
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Threads: Prolific users aligned by timezone
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Statistics: Numbers don’t lie
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Statistics: Permutation test Tested fraction of ties that showed: • Reciprocity • Transitivity (triadic closure) 24 one-hour windows over 40 days: • Base-case networks for same window every day • 10k permutations different random window every day
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Statistics: Permutation test Reciprocity in 24 same 0.113 - 0.148 • For random windows average 0.087 (never larger, p 0.000) Transitivity in 24 same 0.016 - 0.025 • For random windows average 0.014 (41/10k larger, p 0.004) Very significant time-effects
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Statistics: Least squares distance Median circadian time-difference • Between posts per network-distance 10 minutes per hop (1 to 4 hops) • in core (> 3 reciprocated) 30 minutes per hop (4 hops) • in periphery (< 6 posts)
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Statistics: Daylight savings time Daylight savings time is introduced • In a phased manner between the UK and US • US (13th of March) two weeks earlier than UK (27th) US West Coast and UK users compared • Distance smaller after US DST introduced and larger again after UK DST • 8 Hour-difference reduced to 7 for two weeks 3.65 to 3.53 (0.12 hop distance) Small, but highly significant difference
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Conclusion: Time’s up
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Conclusion Time-pressure effects • Confirmed at thread level most replies are to new threads Time effects on network • Very significant (but small) effects • Stronger at periphery than at core core users on-line 20/7, bridge Hands of time set the stage Limits: • Measures/statistics • Different for different communities
The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Questions Any questions ?
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How Timezones Shape Online Forums

  • 1. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Oxford Internet Institute mail@wybowiersma.net 23 May 2013
  • 2. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Introduction In this talk I: • Will catch time red-handed • At impacting the structure an on-line community namely; Hacker News • Time sets the stage for interaction Your speaker: • 1st year DPhil student at the Oxford Internet Institute • Sr. Software engineer in Sillicon Valley last year
  • 3. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Hypotheses
  • 4. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Hypotheses: Why care Social interpretations of reply-structures • Are common in SNA reciprocity, bonding, friendship Underlying assumptions: • On-line communities work similarly to off-line ones • On-line Global Village is actually global Yet if time foremostly determines replies • Social explanations might be spurious
  • 5. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Hypotheses: Previous work Papers on reply-structures • None circadian, none on 24-hour scale More remotely relevant • How threads unfold on Slashdot (Kaltenbrunner) • Usenet discussions unfold over multiple days • Cycles in MUDs/Internet/mobile traffic
  • 6. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Hypotheses: Theory Social mechanisms (Elster, Hedstrom) • Look at individual interactions micro to macro emergence Structuration theory (Giddens) • Environment affords/shapes choices besides, and through agency Imagined communities (Anderson) • On-line communities like nation states not based on personal social ties
  • 7. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Hypotheses: Why care Hypothesis 1) • There is a time-pressure effect at level of threads users mainly reply to new threads/posts threads are mostly saturated within a few hours Hypothesis 2) • What appears social in reply-structures is dictated by the thread time-pressure effect and peoples different circadian rythms
  • 8. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Threads
  • 9. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Threads: Hacker News Hacker News is like Slashdot • Can comment on stories but posted by members • Rating / time determines ranking (r − 1)/(t + 2)1.8 separates time effects from ordering • 100k daily visitors (large) • Ran by Paul Graham (Y-combinator incubator) for startup community very international
  • 10. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Threads: A specimen
  • 11. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Threads: User locations
  • 12. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Threads: Data Data collected • Over 40 days (in 2011) 3.5k threads 100k posts by 13.3k users So 90 threads, 2.5k posts per day
  • 13. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Threads: Created per hour
  • 14. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Threads: Time pressure effects Time pressure effect • Threads created in time discussions unfold over time • People arrive at different times new threads seen first duplicate replies not appreciated early replies read more • Thus new threads (most productively) replied to Time determines which threads people reply to • Thus whose posts they interact with
  • 15. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Threads: Posts hours after prompt created
  • 16. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Threads: Replies clock
  • 17. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Networks
  • 18. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Networks: The social fabric Time-pressure effects • Confirmed at thread level most replies are to new threads Social interpretation of reply-networks • Largely spurious if time determines who people maintain ties with On-line communities • Would be largely imagined communities
  • 19. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Networks: Types Reply-networks • Whole unidirectional replies sufficient • Core reciprocated replies (cutoff > 3) Colouring • 3-hour sliding windows in which user posts most • 8:00 - 11:00, 9:00 - 12:00, etc • Same colouring as replies clock
  • 20. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Networks: Whole
  • 21. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Networks: Core (both > 3)
  • 22. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Networks: Core directed (any > 6)
  • 23. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Networks: Clocks core (> 5) vs periphery (< 6)
  • 24. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Threads: Prolific users aligned by timezone
  • 25. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Statistics: Numbers don’t lie
  • 26. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Statistics: Permutation test Tested fraction of ties that showed: • Reciprocity • Transitivity (triadic closure) 24 one-hour windows over 40 days: • Base-case networks for same window every day • 10k permutations different random window every day
  • 27. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Statistics: Permutation test Reciprocity in 24 same 0.113 - 0.148 • For random windows average 0.087 (never larger, p 0.000) Transitivity in 24 same 0.016 - 0.025 • For random windows average 0.014 (41/10k larger, p 0.004) Very significant time-effects
  • 28. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Statistics: Least squares distance Median circadian time-difference • Between posts per network-distance 10 minutes per hop (1 to 4 hops) • in core (> 3 reciprocated) 30 minutes per hop (4 hops) • in periphery (< 6 posts)
  • 29. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Statistics: Daylight savings time Daylight savings time is introduced • In a phased manner between the UK and US • US (13th of March) two weeks earlier than UK (27th) US West Coast and UK users compared • Distance smaller after US DST introduced and larger again after UK DST • 8 Hour-difference reduced to 7 for two weeks 3.65 to 3.53 (0.12 hop distance) Small, but highly significant difference
  • 30. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Conclusion: Time’s up
  • 31. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Conclusion Time-pressure effects • Confirmed at thread level most replies are to new threads Time effects on network • Very significant (but small) effects • Stronger at periphery than at core core users on-line 20/7, bridge Hands of time set the stage Limits: • Measures/statistics • Different for different communities
  • 32. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References Questions Any questions ?
  • 33. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References References B. R.O.G Anderson. Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. Verso Books, 2006. G. Chen and M. M Chiu. Online discussion processes: Effects of earlier messages’ evaluations, knowledge content, social cues and personal information on later messages. Computers & Education, 50:678–692, 2008.
  • 34. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References References D. Crandall, D. Cosley, D. Huttenlocher, J. Kleinberg, and S. Suri. Feedback effects between similarity and social influence in online communities. Proceeding of the 14th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining, page 160–168, 2008. J. H Choi and J. A Danowski. Making a global community on the net–global village or global metropolis?: A network analysis of usenet newsgroups. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 7, 2002.
  • 35. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References References H. Chen, H. Shen, J. Xiong, S. Tan, and X. Cheng. Social network structure behind the mailing lists. Proceeddings of the 15th Text REtrieval Conference (TREC 2006), 2006. P. Curtis. Mudding: Social phenomena in text-based virtual realities. High noon on the electronic frontier: Conceptual issues in cyberspace, page 347–356, 1996. D. Dagon, C. Zou, and W. Lee. Modeling botnet propagation using time zones. Proceedings of the 13th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (NDSS’06), 2006.
  • 36. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References References D. Fisher, M. Smith, and H. T Welser. You are who you talk to: Detecting roles in usenet newsgroups. System Sciences, 2006. HICSS’06. Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii International Conference on, 3:59b, 2006. Gephi, an open source graph visualization and manipulation software, 2011. L. Garton, C. Haythornthwaite, and B. Wellman. Studying online social networks. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3, 1997. A. Giddens. The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. University of California press, 1984.
  • 37. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References References V. G´omez, A. Kaltenbrunner, and V. L´opez. Statistical analysis of the social network and discussion threads in slashdot. Proceeding of the 17th international conference on World Wide Web, page 645–654, 2008. Paul Graham. Hacker news news, 2011. Hacker news, 2011. Hacker news | how hacker news ranking algorithm works, 2011. P. Hedstrom. Explaining the growth patterns of social movements. Understanding Choice, Explaining Behaviour, 2006.
  • 38. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References References I. Himelboim. Civil society and online political discourse: The network structure of unrestricted discussions. Communication Research, 2010. P. Hedstrom and MyiLibrary. Dissecting the social: on the principles of analytical sociology. Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK, 2005. Derek Hansen, Ben Shneiderman, and Marc A. Smith. Analyzing social media networks with NodeXL: insights from a connected world. Morgan Kaufmann, 1 edition, September 2010. P. Hedstrom and P. Ylikoski. Causal mechanisms in the social sciences. Annual Review of Sociology, 36:49–67, 2010.
  • 39. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References References The igraph library for complex network research, 2011. J. W Kelly, D. Fisher, and M. Smith. Friends, foes, and fringe: norms and structure in political discussion networks. Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Digital government research, May, page 21–24, 2006. A. Kaltenbrunner, S. Gonzalez-Bailon, and R. Banchs. Communities on the web: Mechanisms underlying the emergence of online discussion networks. 2009. A. Kaltenbrunner, V. Gomez, and V. Lopez. Description and prediction of slashdot activity. Web Conference, 2007. LA-WEB 2007. Latin American, page 57–66, 2007.
  • 40. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References References A. Kaltenbrunner, V. G´omez, A. Moghnieh, R. Meza, J. Blat, and V. L´opez. Homogeneous temporal activity patterns in a large online communication space. IADIS International Journal on WWW/INTERNET, 6:61–76, 2008. M. Karnstedt, T. Hennessy, J. Chan, and C. Hayes. Churn in social networks: A discussion boards case study. 2010. R. E. Kraut and P. Resnick. Evidence-based social design: mining the social sciences to build online communities. 2011.
  • 41. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References References W. J Li, S. Hershkop, and S. J Stolfo. Email archive analysis through graphical visualization. Proceedings of the 2004 ACM workshop on Visualization and data mining for computer security, page 128–132, 2004. E. Lieblein. Critical factors for successful delivery of online programs. The Internet and Higher Education, 3:161–174, 2000. C. Lampe and E. Johnston. Follow the (slash) dot: Effects of feedback on new members in an online community. Proceedings of the 2005 international ACM SIGGROUP conference on Supporting group work, page 11–20, 2005.
  • 42. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References References John Marbach. Hacker news map, 2011. S. Martin, W. M Brown, R. Klavans, and K. W Boyack. OpenOrd: an open-source toolbox for large graph layout. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, 7868:4, 2011. G. Maier, A. Feldmann, V. Paxson, and M. Allman. On dominant characteristics of residential broadband internet traffic. Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement conference, page 90–102, 2009. M. Newman. Networks: An introduction. Oxford Univ Pr, 2010.
  • 43. The Invisible Hands of Time: How Timezones Shape On-line Communities Wybo Wiersma Introduction Hypotheses Threads Networks Statistics Conclusion Questions References References NodeXL: network overview, discovery and exploration for excel, 2011. Nokogiri, 2011. Ohloh, the open source network, 2011. Tore Opsahl and Bernie Hogan. Growth mechanisms in continuously-observed networks: Communication in a facebook-like community. Forthcoming, 2011. W. J Orlikowski. The duality of technology: Rethinking the concept of technology in organizations. Organization science, 3:398–427, 1992.
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