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Tropical Medicine and International Health                                                doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01786.x

volume 12 no 2 pp 251–259 february 2007




A randomized open study to assess the efficacy and tolerability
of dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine for the treatment of
uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Cambodia
B. Janssens1, M. van Herp2, L. Goubert1, S. Chan1, S. Uong1, S. Nong1, D. Socheat3, A. Brockman4,5, E. A. Ashley4
and W. Van Damme1,6

1   Medecins Sans Frontieres, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
      ´                   `
2   Medecins Sans Frontieres, Operational Centre Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
      ´                   `
3   National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
4   Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mae Sot, Thailand
5   Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Australia
6   Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium



                        objectives To compare the efficacy and tolerability of dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine
Summary
                        (DHA–PQP) with that of a 3-day regimen of mefloquine and artesunate (MAS3) for the treatment of
                        uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Cambodia.
                        method Randomized open-label non-inferiority study over 64 days.
                        results Four hundred and sixty-four patients were included in the study. The polymerase chain
                        reaction genotyping-adjusted cure rates on day 63 were 97.5% (95% confidence interval, CI,
                        93.8–99.3) for DHA–PQP and 97.5% (95% CI, 93.8–99.3) for MAS3, P ¼ 1. There were no serious
                        adverse events, but significantly more episodes of vomiting (P ¼ 0.03), dizziness (P ¼ 0.002),
                        palpitations (P ¼ 0.04), and sleep disorders (P ¼ 0.03) reported in the MAS3 treatment group,
                        consistent with the side-effect profile of mefloquine.
                        conclusions DHA–PQP was as efficacious as MAS3, but much better tolerated, making it more
                        appropriate for use in a routine programme setting. This highly efficacious, safe and more affordable
                        fixed-dose combination could become the treatment of choice for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in
                        Cambodia.

                        keywords efficacy, tolerability, dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine, falciparum malaria



                                                                   the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend
Introduction
                                                                   artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) as first-line
Malaria remains one of the most important causes of                treatment for all patients with falciparum malaria (WHO
morbidity and mortality in Cambodia with about 13% of              2006).
the population living in areas of malaria transmission.               In Asia, artesunate and mefloquine has been the most
Multidrug-resistant falciparum strains are common, par-            widely used artemisinin-based antimalarial combination in
ticularly in the western provinces that share borders with         areas of multidrug resistance (Nosten et al. 2000; WHO
Thailand (Price et al. 2004). In 2003, the Ministry of             2003). In 2001, the National Centre for Malaria Control
Health reported a total of 132 572 new cases of malaria,           in Cambodia changed the national protocol for the
82% of which were caused by Plasmodium falciparum.                 treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria to a 3-day
There were 492 malaria-related deaths (Chatterjee 2005).           regimen of mefloquine and artesunate (MAS3). However,
As a considerable proportion of malaria patients are               in practice, patients may take one drug without the
treated in private clinics, these figures (confined to the           other. Use of mefloquine as monotherapy is likely to lead to
public health system) underestimate the real prevalence            an increase in mefloquine resistance. Yeung et al. (2004)
and mortality of malaria.                                          described a survey in Cambodia which found that more
   Worldwide, antimalarial drug resistance is increasing           than 80% of the patients with possible malaria sought
and the latest malaria treatment guidelines published by           treatment in the informal sector. Of the antimalarial


                                                                                                                          251
ª 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Tropical Medicine and International Health                                      volume 12 no 2 pp 251–259 february 2007

B. Janssens et al. DHA–PQP vs. MAS3 against malaria in Cambodia



treatments purchased, 37% contained an artemisinin                The sample size was calculated to be at least 217 cases in
derivative, but only 20% of these were taken in combina-       each treatment group to show non-inferiority in the
tion with mefloquine as recommended.                            therapeutic efficacy at 63 days of DHA–PQP vs. MAS3.
   Poor tolerability of mefloquine is a cause for concern       This calculation was based on an estimated therapeutic
which has been well documented in Cambodia and                 efficacy in the MAS3 group of 98% and the capacity to
explicitly mentioned in the 2002 National Malaria Treat-       detect a difference between the two groups of less than 5%
ment Guidelines of the Cambodian Ministry of Health.           (to remain above the 90% of efficacy recommended by the
Previous studies have often designated the related adverse     World Health Organization) with 90% power and a two-
events as being self-limiting and graded them as mild to       sided 5% significance level, taking into account 10% loss
moderate, with a negligible overall impact on treatment        to follow-up and 20% of vivax appearance.
adherence and efficacy (ter Kuile et al. 1995; Ezedinachi          All individuals with signs and/or symptoms of uncom-
et al. 1999; Krudsood et al. 2002). Based on field experi-      plicated malaria (fever at presentation or history of fever
ence in Cambodia and Thailand, we are inclined to believe      within the last 24 h), and biological confirmation by the
                                                               rapid diagnostic test (Paracheck PFTM) were eligible for
that adverse effects such as vomiting, dizziness and sleep
disturbances are frequent enough to threaten correct           screening. The main criteria for study inclusion were: age
adherence to mefloquine-containing treatments. The fact         greater than 1 year, history of fever or presence of fever
that mefloquine and artesunate are not available in a fixed-     (axillary temperature P 37.5 °C), and written informed
dose combination also makes non-adherence and the              consent to participate in the study. Patients with mixed
emergence of resistance more likely.                           infection of Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium malariae
   Dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine (DHA–PQP), currently         with P. falciparum were included. Excluded from the study
developed and produced in China, is among the most             were pregnant or lactating mothers, and anyone with the
promising of new ACT regimens. Recent studies in               following: asexual stage parasitemia greater or equal to
Thailand found excellent efficacy and good tolerability         4% red blood cells (approximately 175 000 parasites/ll),
(Ashley et al. 2004, 2005). The regimen is available as a      signs or symptoms of severe malaria, a history of convul-
fixed-dose formulation of both drugs, which makes it easier     sions or a neuropsychiatric disorder or a history of
for self-administration and may have a favourable impact       treatment with mefloquine in the past 60 days. Figure 1
on adherence to treatment. The cost of the treatment,          illustrates the patient recruitment and flow in the trial.
which at the time of this study was approximately 1.2 US          The study received ethical clearance from the National
Dollars (USD) per adult treatment, is considerably lower       Ethical Review Committee of the Ministry of Health in
than the market price of MAS3 of about 3 USD. This large       Cambodia and the ethical review board of MSF.
field-based study aimed to determine the efficacy and
tolerability of this new combination antimalarial treatment
                                                               Drugs and treatment regimens
when compared with MAS3.
                                                               Patients were allocated randomly to receive one of the
                                                               treatments using a computer-generated randomization
                                                               (stata version 8, StataCorp, college station, TX 77845,
Methods                                                        USA). Treatment allocations were concealed in sealed
                                                               envelopes.
Study setting and population
                                                                  • Dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine (DHA–PQPTM;
The study was conducted at two sites: Anlong Veng, in
                                                                    Holleykin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Guangzhou,
Oddar Meanchey province with a population of 13 578
                                                                    China). One tablet of DHA–PQP contains 40 mg of
inhabitants and Kvav, in Siem Reap province with a
                                                                    DHA and 320 mg PQP. An adult dose consisted of
population of 8017 inhabitants. Malaria transmission in
                                                                    four doses of two tablets, given at 0, 8, 24 and 48 h.
these two areas is low and seasonal. Medecins Sans
                                           ´
                                                                    The approximate total adult dose was 6/48 mg/kg
Frontieres (MSF) has supported health care delivery in both
       `
                                                                    (DHA/PQP). For children, a dose of 1.6/12.8 mg/kg
localities for several years, with a particular focus on
                                                                    was given at the same time intervals; this dosage
improving the quality of diagnosis and treatment of
                                                                    was obtained by suspension of a DHA–PQP tablet in
malaria.
                                                                    5 ml of water.
  Between October 2002 and March 2003, patients were
                                                                  • Artesunate + mefloquine for 3 days, as pre-packed
recruited from consultations conducted at the health
                                                                    drugs (Ministry of Health, Cambodia). Artesunate
centres or their outreach malaria clinics. These clinics are
                                                                    (Guillin, China, 50 mg tablets) and mefloquine
run by nurses of the Ministry of Health.


252                                                                                                ª 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Tropical Medicine and International Health                                     volume 12 no 2 pp 251–259 february 2007

B. Janssens et al. DHA–PQP vs. MAS3 against malaria in Cambodia




Figure 1 Patient recruitment and flow.



      (Mepha, Switzerland, 250 mg tablets) All adults
                                                              Clinical and laboratory monitoring
      received a fixed regimen of 500 mg of mefloquine and
      100 mg of artesunate twice daily on day 0 and           Enrolled patients were admitted to the trial centre for the
      200 mg of artesunate once daily on day 1 and day 2.     3-day period of treatment. All subjects were given a unique
      The target dose for children was 4 mg/kg body weight    code. Clinical and biological parameters were recorded,
      artesunate daily for 3 days and 25 mg/kg body weight    including axillary temperature, parasitemia and haemato-
      mefloquine split into two doses at least 8 h apart on    crit (Hct). A blood spot was collected on Whatmann 3M
      the first day. The exact dosage was calculated and       chromatography paper for PCR genotyping in the event of
      given to the nearest quarter tablet. This was crushed   parasite reappearance. Baseline symptoms were screened
      and mixed with liquid for children who were unable      for actively on day 0 using a questionnaire with 20 possible
      to swallow tablets.                                     symptoms. From day 1 to day 3, the clinical evaluation was
                                                              repeated and the same symptom questionnaire was com-
  Both treatments were administered under direct obser-
                                                              pleted to record adverse events. These were defined as any
vation. Each dose was repeated in full if vomiting
                                                              new sign or symptom after the first dose of drug had been
occurred within 30 min of administration, or halved if
                                                              taken. Patients were monitored daily until fever clearance
vomiting occurred between 30 min and 1 h of drug
                                                              and by blood microscopy until parasite clearance. There-
administration.


                                                                                                                      253
ª 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Tropical Medicine and International Health                                       volume 12 no 2 pp 251–259 february 2007

B. Janssens et al. DHA–PQP vs. MAS3 against malaria in Cambodia



after, patients were seen weekly until 63 days of follow-up     were calculated by the Score method (Newcombe 1998).
when axillary temperature was recorded, a symptom               This method allows comparing the difference between
questionnaire was completed, a malaria smear examined           the incidence of treatment success for both treatments
and Hct measured. Medical officers of the MSF team               and the CI around this difference to demonstrate non-
conducted home visits for patients who did not attend a         inferiority.
scheduled visit. Any additional medications taken during           Baseline characteristics of patients were compared using
the trial period were documented.                               the chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test for categorical
  In case of parasite reappearance, a new capillary blood       variables and by anova or the Kruskal–Wallis test for
sample was taken from the patient onto filter paper to           continuous variables. All P values were two sided and the
perform PCR genotyping that tested for allelic variation in     level of significance was set at P ¼ 0.05 or less. 95% CIs
three loci: merozoite surface proteins (MSP-1 & MSP-2)          were used throughout.
and glutamate-rich protein in order to distinguish recru-          Safety and tolerability endpoints were the incidence of
descence from reinfection. Infections with the same three-      adverse events, in the first 3 days after the start of the
locus genotype pre- and post-treatment with P (match)           treatment. Differences in proportions were compared using
<0.05, when compared with the prevalence of that                the two-sided chi-squared test.
genotype frequency in the parasite population from this
area, were considered as recrudescent infections
(Brockman et al. 1999).                                         Results
  Patients previously treated with DHA–PQP were trea-
                                                                Characteristics of the study population
ted with MAS3 if there was no contraindication. Patients
who had received MAS3 were treated with artesunate              Four hundred and sixty-four patients were included in the
2 mg/kg and doxycycline 4 mg/kg daily for 7 days.               two sites; of whom 236 were assigned to receive MAS3 and
Children under the age of 8 received 2 mg/kg artesunate         228 to receive DHA–PQP (Figure 1).
daily for 7 days. Patients with a positive blood smear for        Seven patients were excluded from the analysis: 6 (1.3%)
P. vivax, P. malariae or both were given chloroquine            were found to be smear negative after laboratory quality
(25 mg base per kg divided over 3 days) and follow-up           control confirmed by PCR and one patient developed signs
was continued.                                                  of severe malaria and was given rescue therapy. Twelve
                                                                patients (2.6%) were hyperparasitemic, and one patient
                                                                had a Hct of less than 15%; these were excluded from the
Statistical methods
                                                                PP analysis. Forty-eight (10.3%) patients failed to com-
Data were entered and analysed using epi-info 6.4 (centres      plete the 9-week follow-up. One of these patients withdrew
for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta Georgia, USA)       consent. The percentages of patients lost to follow-up were
and the stata software (version no. 8 StataCorp, college        similar between the treatment groups (P ¼ 0.8). Baseline
station, TX 77845, USA). The primary end points were the        characteristics of the study populations are summarized in
PCR-adjusted cure rates at day 63. Following established        Table 1. Both groups were comparable and there were no
guidelines (Piaggio et al. 2006), the cure rates were           major differences noted between the patients recruited at
analysed in a per-protocol (PP) analysis and an intention-      each site.
to–treat (ITT) analysis, where all randomized patients who
had received treatment were included. Cases of indeter-
                                                                Efficacy and treatment outcomes
minate PCR were considered as recrudescent infections,
adopting a worst-case scenario approach.                        Both treatments show very high cure rates. There were 43
   Overall, event-free survival distributions for both treat-   reappearances of falciparum malaria during the follow-up
ment groups were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier               period in the ITT analysis (38 in the PP analysis) (Table 2).
method and compared using the Cox-Mantel (log-rank)             The comparison of the parasite genome of these cases with
test. Patients who did not complete follow-up or had a new      the baseline PCR results identified 34 cases (in ITT, 30 in
Plasmodium infection (P. falciparum, P. vivax or                PP) to be novel infections and eight cases (in ITT, seven
P. malariae) were censored at the time they were last seen      in PP) to be recrudescent infections (four (both analyses) in
for the primary outcome. With the same principle, cure          the DHA–PQP group and four (in ITT, three in PP) in the
rates in each treatment arm were also calculated as an          MAS3 group). For one infection, we were unable to define
incidence rate at each day of follow-up. In this approach,      a three-locus genotype due to inability to amplify all three
the difference of the cure rates at day 63 were calculated      genes despite repeated attempts, this patient (MAS3 group)
and the confidence intervals (CIs) of those differences          was considered to have a recrudescent infection. All


254                                                                                                 ª 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Tropical Medicine and International Health                                                      volume 12 no 2 pp 251–259 february 2007

B. Janssens et al. DHA–PQP vs. MAS3 against malaria in Cambodia



Table 1 Baseline characteristics of all patients included in the trial
                                                                             100.0%
                                                a                        b
                                      MAS3                  DHA–PQP           99.0%

Males, n (%)                          163 (71.2)            150 (69.8)        98.0%
Age (years), median (range)           21 (1–57)             21 (2–65)
                                                                                                      DHA-PQP
Weight (kg), median (range)           48 (8–68)             47 (9–73)         97.0%
                                                                                                      MAS3
Fever duration before                 3 (1–30)              3 (0–15)
                                                                              96.0%
 admission (days),
 median (range)                                                               95.0%
Geometric mean                        4786                  3311                         7     14    21      28   35    42    49     56      63
 parasitemia (per ll)
  (range)                             (30–158256)           (40–173328)      Figure 2 Kaplan–Meier curve on a PP analysis of the PCR-
Haematocrit % mean (SD)               35.7 (6.7)            35.6 (6.9)       adjusted cure rates for both treatment groups over the 63-day
                                                                             follow-up.
Total                                 229                   215
a
    Artesunate–Mefloquine.                                                    97.4% (190/195) (95% CI, 94.1–99.2) in the MAS3 group
b
    Dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine.                                          (difference +0.5%, 95% CI, )3.0 to +4.0). Kaplan–Meier
                                                                             survival analysis gave a cure rate of 98.1% (95% CI,
                                                                             95.0–99.3) for DHA–PQP and 97.5% (95% CI, 94.1–
Table 2 Appearance of Plasmodium falciparum, differentiated by               99.0) for MAS3 (P ¼ 0.8). In both, the ITT and PP
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) between novel and recrudescent               analyses, the CI for differences were within the 5% limits
infections
                                                                             to satisfy statistical criteria for non-inferiority of
                                                                             DHA–PQP to MAS3.
                No. of cases by day after treatment initiation

                Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day
                                                                             Mixed infections
                7   14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 Total
                                                                             At baseline, 21 patients had mixed infections, 19 with
P. falciparum novel infections
                                                                             P. vivax and two with P. malariae. By day 3, all patients
  DHA–PQP –       –    –    1 (–) 3         3       2   5 (2) 4    18 (14)
                                                                             were free of P. vivax and P. malariae. During the
  MAS3       –    –    1    –     3         3       5       22     16 (16)
P. falciparum Novel + recrudescent                                           course of the trial, infections with P. vivax malaria were
  DHA–PQP –       –    –        11          –       1   –   –        3 (3)   detected in 86 patients (in ITT analysis, 80 in PP), 47
  MAS3       –    –    –    –     –         –       1   –    1       2 (2)
                                                                             (in ITT, 44 in PP) in the MAS3 group and 39 (in ITT,
P. falciparum recrudescent infection
                                                                             36 in PP) in the DHA–PQP group, in one patient an
  DHA–PQP –       –    –        1–          –       –   –   –        1 (1)
                                                                             infection of P. malariae was detected. Table 3 describes
  MAS3       –    –    –    –     1         –       –   –   2            3
                                                                             the time of occurrence of these infections during the
DHA–PQP, dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine; MAS, Artesunate–                    course of the trial.
mefloquine.
 In one case, PCR results were indeterminate and this case was
considered as recrudescent in the analysis.                                  Fever and parasite clearance
Analysis presented for the ITT analysis and values in () for the PP
                                                                             On day 0, the proportions of the patients with fever
analysis
                                                                             (axillary temperature P37.5 °C) were comparable
                                                                             between the MAS3 group (67.2%) and the DHA–PQP
                                                                             group (67.9%). On day 1, 32.3% of the patients treated
recurrent infections appeared at day 21 or later. In the PP
                                                                             with MAS3 still had fever compared with only 22.8% of
analysis at 63 days, the PCR-adjusted success rate was
                                                                             the group treated with DHA–PQP (P ¼ 0.025). On day 2,
97.5% (158/162) (95% CI, 93.8–99.3) in the DHA–PQP
                                                                             the proportion of patients treated with MAS3 left with
group and 97.5% (158/162) (95% CI, 93.8–99.3) in the
MAS3 group (difference 0.0%, 95% CI, )4.0 to +4.0). A                        fever was 7.0%, compared with 2.3% among the patients
                                                                             treated with DHA–PQP (P ¼ 0.02).
Kaplan–Meier survival analysis with log rank test for
                                                                                Patients in the DHA–PQP group cleared their parasites
significance estimated similar cure rates: 98.0% (95% CI,
                                                                             more quickly on day 1 of treatment with 62% of all
94.6–99.2) for DHA–PQP and 97.6% (95% CI, 93.8–
                                                                             patients cleared of parasites compared with 49% of the
99.1) for MAS3 (P ¼ 0.9) (Figure 2). In the ITT analysis,
                                                                             MAS3 arm (P ¼ 0.005). By day 2, more than 94% of the
the cure rate adjusted by the PCR results was 97.9% (189/
                                                                             patients in both groups had cleared their parasites.
193) (95% CI, 94.8–99.4) in the DHA–PQP group and


                                                                                                                                          255
ª 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Tropical Medicine and International Health                                                       volume 12 no 2 pp 251–259 february 2007

B. Janssens et al. DHA–PQP vs. MAS3 against malaria in Cambodia



                                                                                                      Table 3 Appearance of Plasmodium vivax
             No. of cases by day after treatment initiation                                           and Plasmodium malariae in the 63-day
                                                                                                      follow-up period of the trial
             Day     Day   Day     Day     Day    Day   Day     Day         Day
             7       14    21      28      35     42    49      56          63         Total

DHA–PQP      –       1     1 (–)   1 (–)   1      6     14       2 (1)      13         39 (36)
MAS3         –       –     –       –       3      6     10      12 (11)     16 (14)    47 (44)

 One case was diagnosed with P. vivax and P. malariae.
Analysis presented for the ITT analysis and values in () for the PP analysis.



                                                                                                      Table 4 Adverse events that appeared in
                     Dihydroartemisinin–       Mefloquine–         Relative risk                       the first 3 days after the start of the treat-
                     piperaquine               artesunate         (95% CI)              P             ment
Dizziness              9/67   (13.4%)          26/72 (36.1%)      2.69   (1.36–5.31)    0.002
Vomiting             14/142   (9.9%)           29/153 (19%)       1.92   (1.06–3.49)    0.03
Nausea                15/90   (16.7%)          29/105 (27.6%)     1.66   (0.95–2.89)    0.07
Anorexia              15/96   (15.6%)          26/101 (25.7%)     1.65   (0.93–2.92)    0.08
Sleeping disorders   16/138   (11.6%)          36/156 (23.1%)     1.80   (1.04–3.13)    0.03
Palpitations          9/127   (7.1%)           23/153 (15%)       2.12   (1.02–4.420    0.04
Blurred vision       10/153   (6.5%)           21/170 (12.4%)     1.89   (0.92–3.89)    0.08

 chi squared test.



                                                                           Table 5 Mean number of adverse events reported by patients
Anaemia
                                                                           treated with DHA–PQP and MAS3
Patients in both treatment groups showed similar haema-
                                                                                               MAS3                 DHA–PQP                   P 
tological recovery during the 63-day follow-up period.
For the MAS3 group, the mean (SD) Hct rose from 35.7%
                                                                           Day   0             6.20                 5.85                      Ns*
(6.7) at day 0 to 40.2% (3.8) at day 63; in the DHA–PQP                    Day   1             5.12                 3.86                      0.0006
group, this increase went from 35.6% (6.8) on day 0 to                     Day   2             2.74                 1.91                      0.01
40.0% (3.7) on day 63.                                                     Day   3             1.21                 1.09                      Ns*

                                                                            chi-squared test.
Safety and adverse events                                                  *Ns ¼ Not significant, P > 0.05.

No serious adverse events were reported during this study,
                                                                           between both groups (Table 5). The most marked differ-
but many patients reported lesser adverse events (the
                                                                           ences for all patients were seen for dizziness where on day 1
majority of which were difficult to differentiate from
                                                                           of the treatment 61% of the MAS3 group reported this
symptoms of malaria). Table 4 presents the proportion of
                                                                           symptom compared with 41.9% in the DHA–PQP group,
patients reporting symptoms on the first 3 days after the
                                                                           while on day 0 these proportions had been 65.5% and
start of the treatment. A significantly higher proportion
                                                                           64.4%, respectively. Similarly, for vomiting, among DHA–
of patients from the MAS3 group reported vomiting
                                                                           PQP patients, 24.6% vomited on day 0 and 12.5% on day
(P ¼ 0.03), dizziness (P ¼ 0.002), palpitations (P ¼ 0.04)
                                                                           1, compared with 28.2% and 21.4%, respectively, for
and sleep disorders (P ¼ 0.03) than in the DHA–PQP
                                                                           MAS3 and 49.8% of DHA–PQP patients reported anor-
group.
                                                                           exia on day 0 and 34.5% on day 1 compared with 53.8%
   If we consider all symptoms reported since day 0, we see
                                                                           and 47.8%, respectively, for MAS3.
that for every symptom the proportions of patients who
report episodes, in both treatment groups is highest at day
0 and invariably reduces over the following 3 days.
                                                                           Discussion
Patients treated with DHA–PQP reported significantly
                                                                           This study showed that both DHA–PQP and artesunate–
fewer adverse events on day 1 (P ¼ 0.0006) and day 2
                                                                           mefloquine were highly efficacious treatments for
(P ¼ 0.01). By day 3, all symptoms were reported equally


256                                                                                                                     ª 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Tropical Medicine and International Health                                         volume 12 no 2 pp 251–259 february 2007

B. Janssens et al. DHA–PQP vs. MAS3 against malaria in Cambodia



uncomplicated multidrug–resistant falciparum malaria               This trial was conducted using four doses of DHA–PQP
Cambodia. DHA–PQP caused a significantly faster fever             at 0, 8, 24 and 48 h. This is still a slightly complicated
and parasite clearance on the first day of treatment. These       regimen. Research in Thailand in 2005 (Ashley et al. 2005)
results confirm the results of other published trials from        reported similarly high efficacy of a once daily regimen
Asia (Denis et al. 2002; Ashley et al. 2004, 2005;               with three doses at 0, 24 and 48 h.
Karunajeewa et al. 2004; Tran et al. 2004; Smithuis et al.         In conclusion, DHA–PQP is a highly efficacious and
2006).                                                           better-tolerated fixed dose combination antimalarial which
   A 3-day regimen of artesunate and mefloquine is                would be a good alternative to artesunate–mefloquine for
currently the national protocol for the treatment of             the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in
falciparum malaria in Cambodia. Since the introduction of        Cambodia.
this regimen in 2001, it has proved highly efficacious in
routine efficacy surveillance organized by the Ministry of
                                                                 Acknowledgements
Health but the frequent occurrence of adverse events
associated with mefloquine poses a threat to adherence.           We thank the patients who took part in this study and the
A fixed combination is under development                          staff of the health centres and the outreach teams in Kvav and
(http://www.dndi.org) but is not yet available. The need to      Anlong Veng; the team of Medecins Sans Frontieres that
                                                                                                 ´                   `
prescribe the drugs separately also makes non-adherence          performed all the fieldwork; the staff of the National Centre
more likely and increases the risk of the emergence of drug      for Malaria Control who supported the study; and the team
resistance. In terms of adverse events, patients who were        of the Shoklo Malaria Research Unit for the support in
treated with DHA–PQP reported significantly less episodes         laboratory quality control, data analysis and PCR analysis.
of vomiting, dizziness, sleeping disorders and palpitations      This study was funded by Medecins Sans Frontieres.
                                                                                                 ´                  `
in the first 3 days after the start of the treatment. These are
all well-known side effects of mefloquine treatment.
                                                                 References
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cantly lower number of adverse events on day 1 and day 2.        Ashley EA, Krudsood S, Phaiphun L et al. (2004) Randomized,
                                                                   controlled dose-optimization studies of dihydroartemisinin–
The symptoms that were recorded are similar to those of
                                                                   piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated multidrug-
acute malaria which makes it possible that the superior
                                                                   resistant falciparum malaria in Thailand. The Journal of
tolerability of DHA–PQP is partially explained by the more
                                                                   Infectious Diseases 190, 1773–1782.
rapid fever and parasite clearance. In any case, this is a
                                                                 Ashley EA, McGready R, Hutagalung R et al. (2005) A random-
favourable effect for patients in terms of overall response
                                                                   ized, controlled study of a simple, once-daily regimen of
to treatment. Active screening for adverse events using a
                                                                   dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine for the treatment of uncompli-
symptom questionnaire might have led to some over-                 cated, multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria. Clinical Infec-
reporting, but we would expect this to be similar in both          tious Diseases 41, 425–432.
groups. We believe that this appreciably better tolerability,    Brockman A, Paul REL, Anderson T et al. (1999) Application of
combined with the fact that it is a fixed combination, will         genetic markers to the identification of recrudescent Plasmo-
be an important factor in encouraging good adherence               dium falciparum infections on the northwestern border of
                                                                   Thailand. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and
among all patients, although the earlier relief of symptoms
                                                                   Hygiene 60, 14–21.
with DHA–PQP might carry the risk of some patients
                                                                 Chatterjee P (2005) Cambodia’s fight against malaria. The Lancet
taking an incomplete treatment course. Emphasis on
                                                                   366, 191–192.
enhancing patient treatment literacy and empowerment is
                                                                 Denis MB, Davis TM, Hewitt S et al. (2002) Efficacy and safety of
thus necessary to avoid this potential problem. PQP is also
                                                                   dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine (Artekin) in Cambodian chil-
not available as monotherapy which is another advantage            dren and adults with uncomplicated falciparum malaria.
of deploying this combination. The cost of DHA–PQP, at             Clinical Infectious Diseases 35, 1469–1476.
around 1.2 USD for an adult treatment which is cheaper           Ezedinachi EN, Ekanem OJ, Chukwuani CM et al. (1999)
than MAS3 (currently around 3 USD for the same                     Efficacy and tolerability of a low-dose mefloquine-sulfadoxine-
treatment), is likely to make this treatment attractive to         pyrimethamine combination compared with chloroquine in
                                                                   the treatment of acute malaria infection in a population
National malaria control programs. The advantages des-
                                                                   with multiple drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. The
cribed make this combination highly appropriate for
                                                                   American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 61,
routine use in programme settings. It could be deployed
                                                                   114–119.
fairly easily as part of a decentralized outreach strategy
                                                                 Karunajeewa H, Lim C, Hung TY et al. (2004) Safety evaluation
that attempts to bring the treatment of P. falciparum
                                                                   of fixed combination piperaquine plus dihydroartemisinin
malaria closer to remote communities.


                                                                                                                             257
ª 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Tropical Medicine and International Health                                                             volume 12 no 2 pp 251–259 february 2007

B. Janssens et al. DHA–PQP vs. MAS3 against malaria in Cambodia



   (Artekin) in Cambodian children and adults with malaria.                     Price RN, Uhlemann AC, Brockman A et al. (2004) Mefloquine
   British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 57, 93–99.                            resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and increased pfmdr1 gene
Krudsood S, Looareesuwan S, Silachamroon U et al. (2002)                          copy number. Lancet 364, 438–447.
   Artesunate and mefloquine given simultaneously for three days                 Smithuis F, Kyaw MK, Phe O et al. (2006) Efficacy and effect-
   via a prepacked blister is equally effective and tolerated as a                iveness of dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine versus artesunate–
   standard sequential treatment of uncomplicated acute Plasmo-                   mefloquine in falciparum malaria: an open-label randomised
   dium falciparum malaria: randomized, double-blind study in                     comparison. Lancet 2006 367, 2075–2085.
   Thailand. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and                      Tran TH, Dolecek C, Phan PM et al. (2004) Dihydroartemisinin–
   Hygiene 67, 465–472.                                                           piperaquine against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum
ter Kuile FO, Nosten F, Luxemburger C et al. (1995) Mefloquine                     malaria in Vietnam: randomised clinical trial. Lancet 363, 18–22.
   treatment of acute falciparum malaria: a prospective study of                WHO (2003) Position of WHO’s Roll Back Malaria Department
   non-serious adverse effects in 3673 patients. Bulletin of the                  on malaria treatment policy. Available at: http://www.who.int/
   World Health Organization 73, 631–642.                                         malaria/docs/who_apt_position.pdf. Accessed in June 2005.
Newcombe RG (1998) Interval estimation for the difference                       WHO (2006) Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. (WHO/
   between independent proportions: comparison of eleven                          HTM/MAL/2006.1108) WHO. Available at: http://
   methods. Statistics in Medicine 17, 873–890. Available at:                     www.who.int/malaria/docs/TreatmentGuidelines2006.pdf,
   http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/medicine/epidemiology_statistics/ci-                  accessed in June 2006.
   proportion.xls, accessed in July 2006.                                       Yeung S, Pongtavornpinyo W, Hastings IM, Mills AJ & White NJ
Nosten F, van Vugt M, Price R et al. (2000) Effects of artesunate–                (2004) Antimalarial drug resistance, artemisinin-based combi-
   mefloquine combination on incidence of Plasmodium falcipa-                      nation therapy, and the contribution of modeling to elucidating
   rum malaria and mefloquine resistance in western Thailand: a                    policy choices. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and
   prospective study. Lancet 356, 297–302.                                        Hygiene 71 (Suppl. 2), 179–186.
Piaggio G, Elbourne DR, Altman DG et al. (2006) Reporting of
   noninferiority and equivalence randomized trials: an extension
   of the CONSORT statement. JAMA 295, 1152–1160.


 Corresponding Author Bart Janssens, Grotebeerstraat 52, 2018 Antwerpen, Belgium. E-mail: b.janssens@bigfoot.com



  Une etude randomisee ouverte pour evaluer l’efficacite et la tolerance du dihydroartemisinine-piperaquine dans le traitement de la malaria
        ´           ´               ´                 ´          ´                   ´            ´
  falciparum non compliquee au Cambodge
                         ´

  objectifs Comparer l’efficacite et la tolerance du dihydroartemisinine-piperaquine (DHA–PQP) a celles d’un regime a base de mefloquine de trois
                                    ´       ´                    ´            ´                        `            ´       `           ´
  jours (MAS3) pour le traitement de la malaria falciparum non compliquee au Cambodge.
                                                                           ´
  methode Etude Randomisee ouverte de non inferiorite sur 64 jours.
                               ´                      ´   ´
  resultats 464 patients ont ete inclus dans l’etude. Les taux guerison au jour 63 ajustes par les resultats du genotypage par la reaction en chaıne de la
                                 ´´             ´                  ´                    ´            ´           ´                 ´             ˆ
  polymerase etaient de 97,5% (IC95%: 93.8–99.3) pour le DHA–PQP et de 97,5% (IC95%: 93,8–99,3) pour le MAS3, P ¼ 1. Il n’y avait aucun effet
         ´     ´
  adverse serieux, mais de facon significative, des episodes de vomissement (P ¼ 0,03), des vertiges (P ¼ 0,002), des palpitations (P ¼ 0,04), et des
                             ¸
           ´                                        ´
  troubles de sommeil (P ¼ 0.03) ont ete rapportes dans le groupe du traitement au MAS3, ce qui etait consistant avec les profiles d’effets secondaires du
                                      ´´          ´                                                ´
  mefloquine.
    ´
  conclusion le DHA–PQP etait aussi efficace que le MAS3, mais bien mieux tolere, le rendant ainsi plus approprie pour l’usage en routine dans le
                                ´                                                   ´´                                  ´
  cadre d’un programme. Cette combinaison a dose fixe de grande efficacite, sure et plus accessible pourrait devenir le traitement de choix pour la malaria
                                              `                           ´ˆ
  a Plasmodium falciparum au Cambodge.
  `


  mots cles efficacite, tolerance, dihydroartemisinine-piperaquine, malaria falciparum
                    ´     ´                 ´            ´
         ´




258                                                                                                                           ª 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Tropical Medicine and International Health                                                            volume 12 no 2 pp 251–259 february 2007

B. Janssens et al. DHA–PQP vs. MAS3 against malaria in Cambodia




   Estudio abierto y aleatorizado para evaluar la eficacia y la tolerabilidad de la dihidroartemisinina-piperaquina para el tratamiento de la malaria no
   complicada por falciparum en Cambodia

   objetivos Comparar la eficacia y la tolerabilidad de la dihidroartemisinina-piperaquina (DHA–PQP) con la de un regimen de 3 dıas de mefloquina
                                                                                                                       ´             ´
   (MAS3), para el tratamiento de la malaria no complicada por falciparum en Cambodia
   metodo Estudio aleatorizado, abierto, de no-inferioridad, durante 64 dıas.
                                                                          ´
     ´
   resultados Se incluyeron 464 pacientes en el estudio. Las tasas de curacion en el dıa 63, ajustadas por genotipaje mediante PCR, fueron del 97.5%
                                                                             ´        ´
   (95% IC: 93.8–99.3) para DHA–PQP y del 97.5% (95%IC: 93.8–99.3) para MAS3, P ¼ 1. No se observaron eventos adversos serios, pero si se reporto     ´
   un numero significativo de episodios de vomitos (P ¼ 0.03), mareos (P ¼ 0.002), palpitaciones (P ¼ 0.04), y desordenes del sue,no (P ¼ 0.03) entre el
                                           ´                                                                      ´
       ´
   grupo de tratamiento con MAS3, algo consistente con el perfil de efectos secundarios de la mefloquina.
   conclusiones La DHA–PQP fue tan eficaz como la MAS3, ademas de ser mejor tolerada, siendo mas apropiada para el uso dentro del marco de un
                                                                    ´                                  ´
   programa de rutina. Esta combinacion de dosis fija, altamente eficaz, segura y mas asequible, podrıa convertirse en el tratamiento de eleccion para
                                       ´                                          ´                  ´                                       ´
   malaria por Plasmodium falciparum en Cambodia.


   palabras clave eficacia, tolerabilidad, dihidroartemisinina-piperaquina, malaria por falciparum




                                                                                                                                                          259
ª 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd

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2007 Tmih Artekin Trial Malaria In Cambodia

  • 1. Tropical Medicine and International Health doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01786.x volume 12 no 2 pp 251–259 february 2007 A randomized open study to assess the efficacy and tolerability of dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Cambodia B. Janssens1, M. van Herp2, L. Goubert1, S. Chan1, S. Uong1, S. Nong1, D. Socheat3, A. Brockman4,5, E. A. Ashley4 and W. Van Damme1,6 1 Medecins Sans Frontieres, Phnom Penh, Cambodia ´ ` 2 Medecins Sans Frontieres, Operational Centre Brussels, Brussels, Belgium ´ ` 3 National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia 4 Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mae Sot, Thailand 5 Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Australia 6 Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium objectives To compare the efficacy and tolerability of dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine Summary (DHA–PQP) with that of a 3-day regimen of mefloquine and artesunate (MAS3) for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Cambodia. method Randomized open-label non-inferiority study over 64 days. results Four hundred and sixty-four patients were included in the study. The polymerase chain reaction genotyping-adjusted cure rates on day 63 were 97.5% (95% confidence interval, CI, 93.8–99.3) for DHA–PQP and 97.5% (95% CI, 93.8–99.3) for MAS3, P ¼ 1. There were no serious adverse events, but significantly more episodes of vomiting (P ¼ 0.03), dizziness (P ¼ 0.002), palpitations (P ¼ 0.04), and sleep disorders (P ¼ 0.03) reported in the MAS3 treatment group, consistent with the side-effect profile of mefloquine. conclusions DHA–PQP was as efficacious as MAS3, but much better tolerated, making it more appropriate for use in a routine programme setting. This highly efficacious, safe and more affordable fixed-dose combination could become the treatment of choice for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Cambodia. keywords efficacy, tolerability, dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine, falciparum malaria the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend Introduction artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) as first-line Malaria remains one of the most important causes of treatment for all patients with falciparum malaria (WHO morbidity and mortality in Cambodia with about 13% of 2006). the population living in areas of malaria transmission. In Asia, artesunate and mefloquine has been the most Multidrug-resistant falciparum strains are common, par- widely used artemisinin-based antimalarial combination in ticularly in the western provinces that share borders with areas of multidrug resistance (Nosten et al. 2000; WHO Thailand (Price et al. 2004). In 2003, the Ministry of 2003). In 2001, the National Centre for Malaria Control Health reported a total of 132 572 new cases of malaria, in Cambodia changed the national protocol for the 82% of which were caused by Plasmodium falciparum. treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria to a 3-day There were 492 malaria-related deaths (Chatterjee 2005). regimen of mefloquine and artesunate (MAS3). However, As a considerable proportion of malaria patients are in practice, patients may take one drug without the treated in private clinics, these figures (confined to the other. Use of mefloquine as monotherapy is likely to lead to public health system) underestimate the real prevalence an increase in mefloquine resistance. Yeung et al. (2004) and mortality of malaria. described a survey in Cambodia which found that more Worldwide, antimalarial drug resistance is increasing than 80% of the patients with possible malaria sought and the latest malaria treatment guidelines published by treatment in the informal sector. Of the antimalarial 251 ª 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 2. Tropical Medicine and International Health volume 12 no 2 pp 251–259 february 2007 B. Janssens et al. DHA–PQP vs. MAS3 against malaria in Cambodia treatments purchased, 37% contained an artemisinin The sample size was calculated to be at least 217 cases in derivative, but only 20% of these were taken in combina- each treatment group to show non-inferiority in the tion with mefloquine as recommended. therapeutic efficacy at 63 days of DHA–PQP vs. MAS3. Poor tolerability of mefloquine is a cause for concern This calculation was based on an estimated therapeutic which has been well documented in Cambodia and efficacy in the MAS3 group of 98% and the capacity to explicitly mentioned in the 2002 National Malaria Treat- detect a difference between the two groups of less than 5% ment Guidelines of the Cambodian Ministry of Health. (to remain above the 90% of efficacy recommended by the Previous studies have often designated the related adverse World Health Organization) with 90% power and a two- events as being self-limiting and graded them as mild to sided 5% significance level, taking into account 10% loss moderate, with a negligible overall impact on treatment to follow-up and 20% of vivax appearance. adherence and efficacy (ter Kuile et al. 1995; Ezedinachi All individuals with signs and/or symptoms of uncom- et al. 1999; Krudsood et al. 2002). Based on field experi- plicated malaria (fever at presentation or history of fever ence in Cambodia and Thailand, we are inclined to believe within the last 24 h), and biological confirmation by the rapid diagnostic test (Paracheck PFTM) were eligible for that adverse effects such as vomiting, dizziness and sleep disturbances are frequent enough to threaten correct screening. The main criteria for study inclusion were: age adherence to mefloquine-containing treatments. The fact greater than 1 year, history of fever or presence of fever that mefloquine and artesunate are not available in a fixed- (axillary temperature P 37.5 °C), and written informed dose combination also makes non-adherence and the consent to participate in the study. Patients with mixed emergence of resistance more likely. infection of Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium malariae Dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine (DHA–PQP), currently with P. falciparum were included. Excluded from the study developed and produced in China, is among the most were pregnant or lactating mothers, and anyone with the promising of new ACT regimens. Recent studies in following: asexual stage parasitemia greater or equal to Thailand found excellent efficacy and good tolerability 4% red blood cells (approximately 175 000 parasites/ll), (Ashley et al. 2004, 2005). The regimen is available as a signs or symptoms of severe malaria, a history of convul- fixed-dose formulation of both drugs, which makes it easier sions or a neuropsychiatric disorder or a history of for self-administration and may have a favourable impact treatment with mefloquine in the past 60 days. Figure 1 on adherence to treatment. The cost of the treatment, illustrates the patient recruitment and flow in the trial. which at the time of this study was approximately 1.2 US The study received ethical clearance from the National Dollars (USD) per adult treatment, is considerably lower Ethical Review Committee of the Ministry of Health in than the market price of MAS3 of about 3 USD. This large Cambodia and the ethical review board of MSF. field-based study aimed to determine the efficacy and tolerability of this new combination antimalarial treatment Drugs and treatment regimens when compared with MAS3. Patients were allocated randomly to receive one of the treatments using a computer-generated randomization (stata version 8, StataCorp, college station, TX 77845, Methods USA). Treatment allocations were concealed in sealed envelopes. Study setting and population • Dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine (DHA–PQPTM; The study was conducted at two sites: Anlong Veng, in Holleykin Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, Oddar Meanchey province with a population of 13 578 China). One tablet of DHA–PQP contains 40 mg of inhabitants and Kvav, in Siem Reap province with a DHA and 320 mg PQP. An adult dose consisted of population of 8017 inhabitants. Malaria transmission in four doses of two tablets, given at 0, 8, 24 and 48 h. these two areas is low and seasonal. Medecins Sans ´ The approximate total adult dose was 6/48 mg/kg Frontieres (MSF) has supported health care delivery in both ` (DHA/PQP). For children, a dose of 1.6/12.8 mg/kg localities for several years, with a particular focus on was given at the same time intervals; this dosage improving the quality of diagnosis and treatment of was obtained by suspension of a DHA–PQP tablet in malaria. 5 ml of water. Between October 2002 and March 2003, patients were • Artesunate + mefloquine for 3 days, as pre-packed recruited from consultations conducted at the health drugs (Ministry of Health, Cambodia). Artesunate centres or their outreach malaria clinics. These clinics are (Guillin, China, 50 mg tablets) and mefloquine run by nurses of the Ministry of Health. 252 ª 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 3. Tropical Medicine and International Health volume 12 no 2 pp 251–259 february 2007 B. Janssens et al. DHA–PQP vs. MAS3 against malaria in Cambodia Figure 1 Patient recruitment and flow. (Mepha, Switzerland, 250 mg tablets) All adults Clinical and laboratory monitoring received a fixed regimen of 500 mg of mefloquine and 100 mg of artesunate twice daily on day 0 and Enrolled patients were admitted to the trial centre for the 200 mg of artesunate once daily on day 1 and day 2. 3-day period of treatment. All subjects were given a unique The target dose for children was 4 mg/kg body weight code. Clinical and biological parameters were recorded, artesunate daily for 3 days and 25 mg/kg body weight including axillary temperature, parasitemia and haemato- mefloquine split into two doses at least 8 h apart on crit (Hct). A blood spot was collected on Whatmann 3M the first day. The exact dosage was calculated and chromatography paper for PCR genotyping in the event of given to the nearest quarter tablet. This was crushed parasite reappearance. Baseline symptoms were screened and mixed with liquid for children who were unable for actively on day 0 using a questionnaire with 20 possible to swallow tablets. symptoms. From day 1 to day 3, the clinical evaluation was repeated and the same symptom questionnaire was com- Both treatments were administered under direct obser- pleted to record adverse events. These were defined as any vation. Each dose was repeated in full if vomiting new sign or symptom after the first dose of drug had been occurred within 30 min of administration, or halved if taken. Patients were monitored daily until fever clearance vomiting occurred between 30 min and 1 h of drug and by blood microscopy until parasite clearance. There- administration. 253 ª 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 4. Tropical Medicine and International Health volume 12 no 2 pp 251–259 february 2007 B. Janssens et al. DHA–PQP vs. MAS3 against malaria in Cambodia after, patients were seen weekly until 63 days of follow-up were calculated by the Score method (Newcombe 1998). when axillary temperature was recorded, a symptom This method allows comparing the difference between questionnaire was completed, a malaria smear examined the incidence of treatment success for both treatments and Hct measured. Medical officers of the MSF team and the CI around this difference to demonstrate non- conducted home visits for patients who did not attend a inferiority. scheduled visit. Any additional medications taken during Baseline characteristics of patients were compared using the trial period were documented. the chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test for categorical In case of parasite reappearance, a new capillary blood variables and by anova or the Kruskal–Wallis test for sample was taken from the patient onto filter paper to continuous variables. All P values were two sided and the perform PCR genotyping that tested for allelic variation in level of significance was set at P ¼ 0.05 or less. 95% CIs three loci: merozoite surface proteins (MSP-1 & MSP-2) were used throughout. and glutamate-rich protein in order to distinguish recru- Safety and tolerability endpoints were the incidence of descence from reinfection. Infections with the same three- adverse events, in the first 3 days after the start of the locus genotype pre- and post-treatment with P (match) treatment. Differences in proportions were compared using <0.05, when compared with the prevalence of that the two-sided chi-squared test. genotype frequency in the parasite population from this area, were considered as recrudescent infections (Brockman et al. 1999). Results Patients previously treated with DHA–PQP were trea- Characteristics of the study population ted with MAS3 if there was no contraindication. Patients who had received MAS3 were treated with artesunate Four hundred and sixty-four patients were included in the 2 mg/kg and doxycycline 4 mg/kg daily for 7 days. two sites; of whom 236 were assigned to receive MAS3 and Children under the age of 8 received 2 mg/kg artesunate 228 to receive DHA–PQP (Figure 1). daily for 7 days. Patients with a positive blood smear for Seven patients were excluded from the analysis: 6 (1.3%) P. vivax, P. malariae or both were given chloroquine were found to be smear negative after laboratory quality (25 mg base per kg divided over 3 days) and follow-up control confirmed by PCR and one patient developed signs was continued. of severe malaria and was given rescue therapy. Twelve patients (2.6%) were hyperparasitemic, and one patient had a Hct of less than 15%; these were excluded from the Statistical methods PP analysis. Forty-eight (10.3%) patients failed to com- Data were entered and analysed using epi-info 6.4 (centres plete the 9-week follow-up. One of these patients withdrew for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta Georgia, USA) consent. The percentages of patients lost to follow-up were and the stata software (version no. 8 StataCorp, college similar between the treatment groups (P ¼ 0.8). Baseline station, TX 77845, USA). The primary end points were the characteristics of the study populations are summarized in PCR-adjusted cure rates at day 63. Following established Table 1. Both groups were comparable and there were no guidelines (Piaggio et al. 2006), the cure rates were major differences noted between the patients recruited at analysed in a per-protocol (PP) analysis and an intention- each site. to–treat (ITT) analysis, where all randomized patients who had received treatment were included. Cases of indeter- Efficacy and treatment outcomes minate PCR were considered as recrudescent infections, adopting a worst-case scenario approach. Both treatments show very high cure rates. There were 43 Overall, event-free survival distributions for both treat- reappearances of falciparum malaria during the follow-up ment groups were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier period in the ITT analysis (38 in the PP analysis) (Table 2). method and compared using the Cox-Mantel (log-rank) The comparison of the parasite genome of these cases with test. Patients who did not complete follow-up or had a new the baseline PCR results identified 34 cases (in ITT, 30 in Plasmodium infection (P. falciparum, P. vivax or PP) to be novel infections and eight cases (in ITT, seven P. malariae) were censored at the time they were last seen in PP) to be recrudescent infections (four (both analyses) in for the primary outcome. With the same principle, cure the DHA–PQP group and four (in ITT, three in PP) in the rates in each treatment arm were also calculated as an MAS3 group). For one infection, we were unable to define incidence rate at each day of follow-up. In this approach, a three-locus genotype due to inability to amplify all three the difference of the cure rates at day 63 were calculated genes despite repeated attempts, this patient (MAS3 group) and the confidence intervals (CIs) of those differences was considered to have a recrudescent infection. All 254 ª 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 5. Tropical Medicine and International Health volume 12 no 2 pp 251–259 february 2007 B. Janssens et al. DHA–PQP vs. MAS3 against malaria in Cambodia Table 1 Baseline characteristics of all patients included in the trial 100.0% a b MAS3 DHA–PQP 99.0% Males, n (%) 163 (71.2) 150 (69.8) 98.0% Age (years), median (range) 21 (1–57) 21 (2–65) DHA-PQP Weight (kg), median (range) 48 (8–68) 47 (9–73) 97.0% MAS3 Fever duration before 3 (1–30) 3 (0–15) 96.0% admission (days), median (range) 95.0% Geometric mean 4786 3311 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 parasitemia (per ll) (range) (30–158256) (40–173328) Figure 2 Kaplan–Meier curve on a PP analysis of the PCR- Haematocrit % mean (SD) 35.7 (6.7) 35.6 (6.9) adjusted cure rates for both treatment groups over the 63-day follow-up. Total 229 215 a Artesunate–Mefloquine. 97.4% (190/195) (95% CI, 94.1–99.2) in the MAS3 group b Dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine. (difference +0.5%, 95% CI, )3.0 to +4.0). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis gave a cure rate of 98.1% (95% CI, 95.0–99.3) for DHA–PQP and 97.5% (95% CI, 94.1– Table 2 Appearance of Plasmodium falciparum, differentiated by 99.0) for MAS3 (P ¼ 0.8). In both, the ITT and PP polymerase chain reaction (PCR) between novel and recrudescent analyses, the CI for differences were within the 5% limits infections to satisfy statistical criteria for non-inferiority of DHA–PQP to MAS3. No. of cases by day after treatment initiation Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Mixed infections 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 Total At baseline, 21 patients had mixed infections, 19 with P. falciparum novel infections P. vivax and two with P. malariae. By day 3, all patients DHA–PQP – – – 1 (–) 3 3 2 5 (2) 4 18 (14) were free of P. vivax and P. malariae. During the MAS3 – – 1 – 3 3 5 22 16 (16) P. falciparum Novel + recrudescent course of the trial, infections with P. vivax malaria were DHA–PQP – – – 11 – 1 – – 3 (3) detected in 86 patients (in ITT analysis, 80 in PP), 47 MAS3 – – – – – – 1 – 1 2 (2) (in ITT, 44 in PP) in the MAS3 group and 39 (in ITT, P. falciparum recrudescent infection 36 in PP) in the DHA–PQP group, in one patient an DHA–PQP – – – 1– – – – – 1 (1) infection of P. malariae was detected. Table 3 describes MAS3 – – – – 1 – – – 2  3 the time of occurrence of these infections during the DHA–PQP, dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine; MAS, Artesunate– course of the trial. mefloquine.  In one case, PCR results were indeterminate and this case was considered as recrudescent in the analysis. Fever and parasite clearance Analysis presented for the ITT analysis and values in () for the PP On day 0, the proportions of the patients with fever analysis (axillary temperature P37.5 °C) were comparable between the MAS3 group (67.2%) and the DHA–PQP group (67.9%). On day 1, 32.3% of the patients treated recurrent infections appeared at day 21 or later. In the PP with MAS3 still had fever compared with only 22.8% of analysis at 63 days, the PCR-adjusted success rate was the group treated with DHA–PQP (P ¼ 0.025). On day 2, 97.5% (158/162) (95% CI, 93.8–99.3) in the DHA–PQP the proportion of patients treated with MAS3 left with group and 97.5% (158/162) (95% CI, 93.8–99.3) in the MAS3 group (difference 0.0%, 95% CI, )4.0 to +4.0). A fever was 7.0%, compared with 2.3% among the patients treated with DHA–PQP (P ¼ 0.02). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis with log rank test for Patients in the DHA–PQP group cleared their parasites significance estimated similar cure rates: 98.0% (95% CI, more quickly on day 1 of treatment with 62% of all 94.6–99.2) for DHA–PQP and 97.6% (95% CI, 93.8– patients cleared of parasites compared with 49% of the 99.1) for MAS3 (P ¼ 0.9) (Figure 2). In the ITT analysis, MAS3 arm (P ¼ 0.005). By day 2, more than 94% of the the cure rate adjusted by the PCR results was 97.9% (189/ patients in both groups had cleared their parasites. 193) (95% CI, 94.8–99.4) in the DHA–PQP group and 255 ª 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 6. Tropical Medicine and International Health volume 12 no 2 pp 251–259 february 2007 B. Janssens et al. DHA–PQP vs. MAS3 against malaria in Cambodia Table 3 Appearance of Plasmodium vivax No. of cases by day after treatment initiation and Plasmodium malariae in the 63-day follow-up period of the trial Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day Day 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 Total DHA–PQP – 1 1 (–) 1 (–) 1 6 14 2 (1) 13 39 (36) MAS3 – – – – 3 6 10 12 (11)  16 (14) 47 (44)  One case was diagnosed with P. vivax and P. malariae. Analysis presented for the ITT analysis and values in () for the PP analysis. Table 4 Adverse events that appeared in Dihydroartemisinin– Mefloquine– Relative risk the first 3 days after the start of the treat- piperaquine artesunate (95% CI) P  ment Dizziness 9/67 (13.4%) 26/72 (36.1%) 2.69 (1.36–5.31) 0.002 Vomiting 14/142 (9.9%) 29/153 (19%) 1.92 (1.06–3.49) 0.03 Nausea 15/90 (16.7%) 29/105 (27.6%) 1.66 (0.95–2.89) 0.07 Anorexia 15/96 (15.6%) 26/101 (25.7%) 1.65 (0.93–2.92) 0.08 Sleeping disorders 16/138 (11.6%) 36/156 (23.1%) 1.80 (1.04–3.13) 0.03 Palpitations 9/127 (7.1%) 23/153 (15%) 2.12 (1.02–4.420 0.04 Blurred vision 10/153 (6.5%) 21/170 (12.4%) 1.89 (0.92–3.89) 0.08  chi squared test. Table 5 Mean number of adverse events reported by patients Anaemia treated with DHA–PQP and MAS3 Patients in both treatment groups showed similar haema- MAS3 DHA–PQP P  tological recovery during the 63-day follow-up period. For the MAS3 group, the mean (SD) Hct rose from 35.7% Day 0 6.20 5.85 Ns* (6.7) at day 0 to 40.2% (3.8) at day 63; in the DHA–PQP Day 1 5.12 3.86 0.0006 group, this increase went from 35.6% (6.8) on day 0 to Day 2 2.74 1.91 0.01 40.0% (3.7) on day 63. Day 3 1.21 1.09 Ns*  chi-squared test. Safety and adverse events *Ns ¼ Not significant, P > 0.05. No serious adverse events were reported during this study, between both groups (Table 5). The most marked differ- but many patients reported lesser adverse events (the ences for all patients were seen for dizziness where on day 1 majority of which were difficult to differentiate from of the treatment 61% of the MAS3 group reported this symptoms of malaria). Table 4 presents the proportion of symptom compared with 41.9% in the DHA–PQP group, patients reporting symptoms on the first 3 days after the while on day 0 these proportions had been 65.5% and start of the treatment. A significantly higher proportion 64.4%, respectively. Similarly, for vomiting, among DHA– of patients from the MAS3 group reported vomiting PQP patients, 24.6% vomited on day 0 and 12.5% on day (P ¼ 0.03), dizziness (P ¼ 0.002), palpitations (P ¼ 0.04) 1, compared with 28.2% and 21.4%, respectively, for and sleep disorders (P ¼ 0.03) than in the DHA–PQP MAS3 and 49.8% of DHA–PQP patients reported anor- group. exia on day 0 and 34.5% on day 1 compared with 53.8% If we consider all symptoms reported since day 0, we see and 47.8%, respectively, for MAS3. that for every symptom the proportions of patients who report episodes, in both treatment groups is highest at day 0 and invariably reduces over the following 3 days. Discussion Patients treated with DHA–PQP reported significantly This study showed that both DHA–PQP and artesunate– fewer adverse events on day 1 (P ¼ 0.0006) and day 2 mefloquine were highly efficacious treatments for (P ¼ 0.01). By day 3, all symptoms were reported equally 256 ª 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 7. Tropical Medicine and International Health volume 12 no 2 pp 251–259 february 2007 B. Janssens et al. DHA–PQP vs. MAS3 against malaria in Cambodia uncomplicated multidrug–resistant falciparum malaria This trial was conducted using four doses of DHA–PQP Cambodia. DHA–PQP caused a significantly faster fever at 0, 8, 24 and 48 h. This is still a slightly complicated and parasite clearance on the first day of treatment. These regimen. Research in Thailand in 2005 (Ashley et al. 2005) results confirm the results of other published trials from reported similarly high efficacy of a once daily regimen Asia (Denis et al. 2002; Ashley et al. 2004, 2005; with three doses at 0, 24 and 48 h. Karunajeewa et al. 2004; Tran et al. 2004; Smithuis et al. In conclusion, DHA–PQP is a highly efficacious and 2006). better-tolerated fixed dose combination antimalarial which A 3-day regimen of artesunate and mefloquine is would be a good alternative to artesunate–mefloquine for currently the national protocol for the treatment of the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in falciparum malaria in Cambodia. Since the introduction of Cambodia. this regimen in 2001, it has proved highly efficacious in routine efficacy surveillance organized by the Ministry of Acknowledgements Health but the frequent occurrence of adverse events associated with mefloquine poses a threat to adherence. We thank the patients who took part in this study and the A fixed combination is under development staff of the health centres and the outreach teams in Kvav and (http://www.dndi.org) but is not yet available. The need to Anlong Veng; the team of Medecins Sans Frontieres that ´ ` prescribe the drugs separately also makes non-adherence performed all the fieldwork; the staff of the National Centre more likely and increases the risk of the emergence of drug for Malaria Control who supported the study; and the team resistance. In terms of adverse events, patients who were of the Shoklo Malaria Research Unit for the support in treated with DHA–PQP reported significantly less episodes laboratory quality control, data analysis and PCR analysis. of vomiting, dizziness, sleeping disorders and palpitations This study was funded by Medecins Sans Frontieres. ´ ` in the first 3 days after the start of the treatment. These are all well-known side effects of mefloquine treatment. References Patients treated with DHA–PQP also reported a signifi- cantly lower number of adverse events on day 1 and day 2. Ashley EA, Krudsood S, Phaiphun L et al. (2004) Randomized, controlled dose-optimization studies of dihydroartemisinin– The symptoms that were recorded are similar to those of piperaquine for the treatment of uncomplicated multidrug- acute malaria which makes it possible that the superior resistant falciparum malaria in Thailand. The Journal of tolerability of DHA–PQP is partially explained by the more Infectious Diseases 190, 1773–1782. rapid fever and parasite clearance. In any case, this is a Ashley EA, McGready R, Hutagalung R et al. (2005) A random- favourable effect for patients in terms of overall response ized, controlled study of a simple, once-daily regimen of to treatment. Active screening for adverse events using a dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine for the treatment of uncompli- symptom questionnaire might have led to some over- cated, multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria. Clinical Infec- reporting, but we would expect this to be similar in both tious Diseases 41, 425–432. groups. We believe that this appreciably better tolerability, Brockman A, Paul REL, Anderson T et al. (1999) Application of combined with the fact that it is a fixed combination, will genetic markers to the identification of recrudescent Plasmo- be an important factor in encouraging good adherence dium falciparum infections on the northwestern border of Thailand. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and among all patients, although the earlier relief of symptoms Hygiene 60, 14–21. with DHA–PQP might carry the risk of some patients Chatterjee P (2005) Cambodia’s fight against malaria. The Lancet taking an incomplete treatment course. Emphasis on 366, 191–192. enhancing patient treatment literacy and empowerment is Denis MB, Davis TM, Hewitt S et al. (2002) Efficacy and safety of thus necessary to avoid this potential problem. PQP is also dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine (Artekin) in Cambodian chil- not available as monotherapy which is another advantage dren and adults with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. of deploying this combination. The cost of DHA–PQP, at Clinical Infectious Diseases 35, 1469–1476. around 1.2 USD for an adult treatment which is cheaper Ezedinachi EN, Ekanem OJ, Chukwuani CM et al. (1999) than MAS3 (currently around 3 USD for the same Efficacy and tolerability of a low-dose mefloquine-sulfadoxine- treatment), is likely to make this treatment attractive to pyrimethamine combination compared with chloroquine in the treatment of acute malaria infection in a population National malaria control programs. The advantages des- with multiple drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. The cribed make this combination highly appropriate for American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 61, routine use in programme settings. It could be deployed 114–119. fairly easily as part of a decentralized outreach strategy Karunajeewa H, Lim C, Hung TY et al. (2004) Safety evaluation that attempts to bring the treatment of P. falciparum of fixed combination piperaquine plus dihydroartemisinin malaria closer to remote communities. 257 ª 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 8. Tropical Medicine and International Health volume 12 no 2 pp 251–259 february 2007 B. Janssens et al. DHA–PQP vs. MAS3 against malaria in Cambodia (Artekin) in Cambodian children and adults with malaria. Price RN, Uhlemann AC, Brockman A et al. (2004) Mefloquine British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 57, 93–99. resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and increased pfmdr1 gene Krudsood S, Looareesuwan S, Silachamroon U et al. (2002) copy number. Lancet 364, 438–447. Artesunate and mefloquine given simultaneously for three days Smithuis F, Kyaw MK, Phe O et al. (2006) Efficacy and effect- via a prepacked blister is equally effective and tolerated as a iveness of dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine versus artesunate– standard sequential treatment of uncomplicated acute Plasmo- mefloquine in falciparum malaria: an open-label randomised dium falciparum malaria: randomized, double-blind study in comparison. Lancet 2006 367, 2075–2085. Thailand. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Tran TH, Dolecek C, Phan PM et al. (2004) Dihydroartemisinin– Hygiene 67, 465–472. piperaquine against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum ter Kuile FO, Nosten F, Luxemburger C et al. (1995) Mefloquine malaria in Vietnam: randomised clinical trial. Lancet 363, 18–22. treatment of acute falciparum malaria: a prospective study of WHO (2003) Position of WHO’s Roll Back Malaria Department non-serious adverse effects in 3673 patients. Bulletin of the on malaria treatment policy. Available at: http://www.who.int/ World Health Organization 73, 631–642. malaria/docs/who_apt_position.pdf. Accessed in June 2005. Newcombe RG (1998) Interval estimation for the difference WHO (2006) Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria. (WHO/ between independent proportions: comparison of eleven HTM/MAL/2006.1108) WHO. Available at: http:// methods. Statistics in Medicine 17, 873–890. Available at: www.who.int/malaria/docs/TreatmentGuidelines2006.pdf, http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/medicine/epidemiology_statistics/ci- accessed in June 2006. proportion.xls, accessed in July 2006. Yeung S, Pongtavornpinyo W, Hastings IM, Mills AJ & White NJ Nosten F, van Vugt M, Price R et al. (2000) Effects of artesunate– (2004) Antimalarial drug resistance, artemisinin-based combi- mefloquine combination on incidence of Plasmodium falcipa- nation therapy, and the contribution of modeling to elucidating rum malaria and mefloquine resistance in western Thailand: a policy choices. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and prospective study. Lancet 356, 297–302. Hygiene 71 (Suppl. 2), 179–186. Piaggio G, Elbourne DR, Altman DG et al. (2006) Reporting of noninferiority and equivalence randomized trials: an extension of the CONSORT statement. JAMA 295, 1152–1160. Corresponding Author Bart Janssens, Grotebeerstraat 52, 2018 Antwerpen, Belgium. E-mail: b.janssens@bigfoot.com Une etude randomisee ouverte pour evaluer l’efficacite et la tolerance du dihydroartemisinine-piperaquine dans le traitement de la malaria ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ falciparum non compliquee au Cambodge ´ objectifs Comparer l’efficacite et la tolerance du dihydroartemisinine-piperaquine (DHA–PQP) a celles d’un regime a base de mefloquine de trois ´ ´ ´ ´ ` ´ ` ´ jours (MAS3) pour le traitement de la malaria falciparum non compliquee au Cambodge. ´ methode Etude Randomisee ouverte de non inferiorite sur 64 jours. ´ ´ ´ resultats 464 patients ont ete inclus dans l’etude. Les taux guerison au jour 63 ajustes par les resultats du genotypage par la reaction en chaıne de la ´´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ˆ polymerase etaient de 97,5% (IC95%: 93.8–99.3) pour le DHA–PQP et de 97,5% (IC95%: 93,8–99,3) pour le MAS3, P ¼ 1. Il n’y avait aucun effet ´ ´ adverse serieux, mais de facon significative, des episodes de vomissement (P ¼ 0,03), des vertiges (P ¼ 0,002), des palpitations (P ¼ 0,04), et des ¸ ´ ´ troubles de sommeil (P ¼ 0.03) ont ete rapportes dans le groupe du traitement au MAS3, ce qui etait consistant avec les profiles d’effets secondaires du ´´ ´ ´ mefloquine. ´ conclusion le DHA–PQP etait aussi efficace que le MAS3, mais bien mieux tolere, le rendant ainsi plus approprie pour l’usage en routine dans le ´ ´´ ´ cadre d’un programme. Cette combinaison a dose fixe de grande efficacite, sure et plus accessible pourrait devenir le traitement de choix pour la malaria ` ´ˆ a Plasmodium falciparum au Cambodge. ` mots cles efficacite, tolerance, dihydroartemisinine-piperaquine, malaria falciparum ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ 258 ª 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 9. Tropical Medicine and International Health volume 12 no 2 pp 251–259 february 2007 B. Janssens et al. DHA–PQP vs. MAS3 against malaria in Cambodia Estudio abierto y aleatorizado para evaluar la eficacia y la tolerabilidad de la dihidroartemisinina-piperaquina para el tratamiento de la malaria no complicada por falciparum en Cambodia objetivos Comparar la eficacia y la tolerabilidad de la dihidroartemisinina-piperaquina (DHA–PQP) con la de un regimen de 3 dıas de mefloquina ´ ´ (MAS3), para el tratamiento de la malaria no complicada por falciparum en Cambodia metodo Estudio aleatorizado, abierto, de no-inferioridad, durante 64 dıas. ´ ´ resultados Se incluyeron 464 pacientes en el estudio. Las tasas de curacion en el dıa 63, ajustadas por genotipaje mediante PCR, fueron del 97.5% ´ ´ (95% IC: 93.8–99.3) para DHA–PQP y del 97.5% (95%IC: 93.8–99.3) para MAS3, P ¼ 1. No se observaron eventos adversos serios, pero si se reporto ´ un numero significativo de episodios de vomitos (P ¼ 0.03), mareos (P ¼ 0.002), palpitaciones (P ¼ 0.04), y desordenes del sue,no (P ¼ 0.03) entre el ´ ´ ´ grupo de tratamiento con MAS3, algo consistente con el perfil de efectos secundarios de la mefloquina. conclusiones La DHA–PQP fue tan eficaz como la MAS3, ademas de ser mejor tolerada, siendo mas apropiada para el uso dentro del marco de un ´ ´ programa de rutina. Esta combinacion de dosis fija, altamente eficaz, segura y mas asequible, podrıa convertirse en el tratamiento de eleccion para ´ ´ ´ ´ malaria por Plasmodium falciparum en Cambodia. palabras clave eficacia, tolerabilidad, dihidroartemisinina-piperaquina, malaria por falciparum 259 ª 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd