course material

1. CON 321 Health Related Research
Answer:
Introduction
The health belief model is a type of theoretical framework which is used by the healthcare
professionals for guiding a health promotion plan and thereby helping in disease
prevention. The model helps in explaining and predicting individual changes in health
behaviour within the targeted population. It is one of the most common method which is
used for understanding the health behaviour (Azadi et al., 2021). The following paper will
discuss about the health belief model along with the apparent barrier and benefits
associated in implementing such model.
Description Of Health Belief Model
The health belief framework helps in guiding the health promotion plan and thereby
preventing various disease. It is used for elucidation and expecting the individual alteration
in health behaviour. The key elements of health belief model help in focusing upon health
condition and thereby it helps in predicting the individual health related behaviour. The
model helps in defining the perceived predisposition, perceived strictness, perceived
assistances and improving the confidence in ability. The five stages of health belief model
include- precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance. It is a type
of tool which helps in assessing the health problem and determining the benefits of the new
behaviour and preventing the health issues (Jones et al., 2015).
Benefits And Barriers
It is determined that about 0.5 million deaths occur all over the world which causes almost
70% of the deaths. The advanced number of deaths occurs due to overdosing of drugs
which is usually recommended to the patients. The overdosing of drugs occurs from
morphine, tramadol, fentanyl. Similarly, it is determined that almost 275miilion people used
drugs at least for once. The signs and symptoms of opioid overdose are- pinpointing pupils,
difficulties with breathing and unconsciousness. The risk factors of this incident are- taking
opioid infections, developing of opioid use disorder, using prescription opioid without any
medical supervision and it is mostly prevalent among the people belonging to poor socio-

2. economic class and suffering from various disease such as lung disease and HIV (who.int,
2021). A proper health promotion plan needed to be implemented for the younger adults
adhering to substance abuse. Numerous neurobiological and ecological issues often impact
the enthusiasm for drinking liquor. For example, youths often drink liquor due to peer
compression or out of inquisitiveness (Derges et al., 2017). It is often shared occurrences
where youths consume liquor after overwhelming stimulus from populace social media or
for satisfaction and lack of self-assurance. Adolescents belonging to indigenous populace
are more probable to use these drugs due to domestic ferocity, school dropouts, everyday
pressure, lack of teaching or due to lack of knowledge and service. The health belief model
can be applied in schools for improving the health, lowering the risk of developing
complications and improving the health of the individual. The model will be helpful in
improving the knowledge of the youth regarding the risk-taking attitude of the population.
The health promotion plan with this model also helps in altering the lifestyle of the youths
by understanding the factors such as the social and environmental factor. The
determination of the health elevation plan is to educate for stopping alcohol ingesting in
primary, secondary and tertiary level as three stages are able to recover the information
concerning the prescription drug overdose among the youth along with that recovering
from the emergency drug overdosing condition, suicidal opinions and other related
significances can be abridged. The implementation of the motivational counselling or
behavioural counselling will be effective for altering the behaviour of the individual
especially the young adults. The barriers which might occur or lower the effectiveness of
the behaviour model includes- lack of proper resources, lack of proper effectiveness of the
implementation of the interventions, long of proper longevity of the planned intervention.
Proper funding is required for implementing behavioural counselling program which might
impact the effectiveness of the intervention. The perceived benefit of the model includes
one's confidence in the effectiveness of the optional health behaviour in dropping the
jeopardy or importance of the disorder. There exists a threat in adhering to a particular
action and maintaining the long-term change. The long-term engagement is also limited in
this case which will affect the health of the population by increasing the chance of
developing relapse phase (Curtis et al., 2018).
Two Other Constructs Of Health Belief Model
Two other concepts of health belief model include barriers to action and social cognitive
theory. The barriers to action of health promotion includes- lack of proper resources which
lowers the efficacy in implementing the programs in rural areas, lack of proper parental
involvement and violence which might impact the health behaviour and involvement of
rural area youths due to lack of communication. The social barriers can be explained on the
basis of social cognitive theory which highlights that there exists discrimination in assessing
the plans which lowers the efficacy of the intervention. The poor community people might
face difficulty in accessing the care plan by the adolescents (Carico et al., 2021).
Summary of HBM

3. The five stages of health belief model include- precontemplation, contemplation,
preparation, action and maintenance (Liu et al., 2021). It is a type of tool which helps in
assessing the health problem and determining the benefits of the new behaviour and
preventing the health issues. Two other constructs of health belief model include barriers to
action and social cognitive theory (Wu et al., 2020).
Conclusion
The above paper discussed about Health belief model and its implementation in the health
promotion plan. The model helps in defining the apparent predisposition, apparent severity,
perceived aids and improving the confidence in ability. Lastly, the paper discussed about
constructs of the HBM.
References
Azadi, N. A., Ziapour, A., Lebni, J. Y., Irandoost, S. F., Abbas, J., & Chaboksavar, F. (2021). The
effect of education based on health belief model on promoting preventive behaviors of
hypertensive disease in staff of the Iran University of Medical Sciences. Archives of public
health = Archives belges de sante publique, 79(1), 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-
021-00594-4
Carico, R. R., Jr, Sheppard, J., & Thomas, C. B. (2021). Community pharmacists and
communication in the time of COVID-19: Applying the health belief model. Research in
social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP, 17(1), 1984–1987.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.03.017
Curtis, B. L., Lookatch, S. J., Ramo, D. E., McKay, J. R., Feinn, R. S., & Kranzler, H. R. (2018).
Meta-Analysis of the Association of Alcohol-Related Social Media Use with Alcohol
Consumption and Alcohol-Related Problems in Adolescents and Young Adults. Alcoholism,
clinical and experimental research, 42(6), 978–986. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13642
Derges, J., Kidger, J., Fox, F., Campbell, R., Kaner, E., & Hickman, M. (2017). Alcohol screening
and brief interventions for adults and young people in health and community-based
settings: a qualitative systematic literature review. BMC public health, 17(1), 562.
Jones, C. L., Jensen, J. D., Scherr, C. L., Brown, N. R., Christy, K., & Weaver, J. (2015). The
Health Belief Model as an explanatory framework in communication research: exploring
parallel, serial, and moderated mediation. Health communication, 30(6), 566–576.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2013.873363
Liu, Q., Huang, S., Qu, X., & Yin, A. (2021). The status of health promotion lifestyle and its
related factors in Shandong Province, China. BMC public health, 21(1), 1146.

4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11152-6
who.int. (2021). Opioid overdose. Who.int. Retrieved 20 December 2021, from
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/opioid-overdose.
Wu, S., Feng, X., & Sun, X. (2020). Development and evaluation of the health belief model
scale for exercise. International journal of nursing sciences, 7(Suppl 1), S23–S30.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnss.2020.07.006