4. 1. Kontingensi:
peristiwa dan
pemikiran
terjadi secara
acak dan
terdapat
kecelakaan
sejarah
2. Skeptis
terhadap
semua klaim
politis
(ahistoris)
5. 1. Mencari deskripsi keteraturan, perbedaan, dan transformasi
(non-interpretif)
2. Menghindari pencarian penulis (orisinalitas) dan
berkonsentrasi pada pernyataan/praktik (non-antropologis)
6. Discourse
• Seperangkat pernyataan yang teratur dan
sistematis (non-linguistik)
– Identifikasi aturan produksi pernyataan
– Identifikasi aturan yang membatasi apa yang bisa
dikatakan
– Identifikasi aturan yang membentuk ruang dimana
penyataan baru bisa dibuat
– Identifikasi aturan yang menjamin bahwa sebuah
praktik bersifat material dan diskursif secara
bersamaan
7. Knowledge
• The knowledge used ranges from very simple,
informal knowledge to very complex, formal
knowledge and the range includes knowledge
called rational, within modern social sciences,
and knowledge called irrational.
8. Kekuasaan vs Kuasa
• Kekuasaan bersifat represif, melarang,
menghambat kehendak
• Kuasa bersifat produktif, strategis, dan
relasional
• If power was never anything but repressive, if
it never did anything but say no, do you really
believe that we should manage to obey it?
9. Kuasa
• power is not a thing but a relation
• power is not simply repressive but it is productive
• power is not simply a property of the State.
Power is not something that is exclusively
localized in government and the State (which is
not a universal essence). Rather, power is
exercised throughout the social body.
• power operates at the most micro levels of social
relations. Power is omnipresent at every level of
the social body.
• the exercise of power is strategic and war-like
10. Foucault
• Power is the process of 'keeping things going', it is not a 'thing', in
the way fuel or electricity is.
• Power is a relation between forces, or rather every relation
between forces is a power relation
• Force is never singular but essentially exists in relation with other
forces, such that any force is already a relation, that is to say power:
force has no other subject or object than force.
• It is 'an action upon an action
• Power, then, is not essentially repressive; it is not possessed, but is
practiced. Power is not the prerogative of 'masters', but passes
through every force. We should think of power not as an attribute
(and ask 'What is it?'), but as an exercise (and ask 'How does it
work?').
12. • ”Bila Saudara mengamati, di Jawa Barat
ternyata sulit atau tidak dapat dijumpai jalan
yang bernama Jalan Gajah Mada dan Jalan
Hayam Wuruk. Harap Saudara kemukakan apa
sebabnya. Apa yang Saudara ketahui tentang
Pasundan Bubat?” (Orang Sunda Mencari
Jatidiri : Pikiran Rakyat, 20-06-2006)
13. Jono de Barros (1615)
Pulau Jawa dipisahkan oleh sungai Chiamo (cimanuk)
14. • The inhabitant are not very warlike, much
addicted to their idolatries, and hate the
Mahomedans, and particularly since they
were conquered by the Sangue Pati Dama”
(Jono de Barros dalam Raffles, 1830 (1817);
xv-xvii)
15. • Tanahnya sangat kaya. Emas murni seberat 6
karat, telah ditemukan…terutama masalah
produksi pulau ini, dimana lebih dari tiga
puluh ribu kuintal lada dipanen tiap tahunnya.
(Jono de Barros dalam Raffles, 1830 (1817);
xv-xvii)
16. • ”...The Sundas exhibit many features of a
mountainous race. They are shorter, stouter,
hardier and more active men, than the
inhabitant of the coast and eastern district. In
some respect they resemble the Madurese,
who display a more martial and independent
air, and move with bolder carriage than the
natives of Java” (Raffles, 1830 (1817); 67)
17. Tujuan analisis
• Wacana memberikan kategori-kategori
pengetahuan tententu
• Problematisasi common sense tentang sebuah
wacana.
• Desubjeksi: menghindari pembentukan subjek
kita dari wacana
