1. RENEWABLE
ENERGY:
SOLAR POWER
The Technology &
Agilent Solution

2. Agenda
 What is solar power?
 Solar market
 Solar system
 Solar panel produce process
 Solar panel test condition
- Cell and module I-V test
- Temperature test and Switching
 Inverter performance test
 Summary

3. What is SOLAR(Photovoltaic) POWER?
-
+ - + - + - + -
+
Cross-Section of a PV cell
When a photon is absorbed by a semiconducting material, it increases
the energy of a valence band electron, thrusting it into the conduction
band. The conducting band electron then produces a current that moves
through the semiconducting material.

4. Outlook for 2011 PV capacity
Change vs.
 22GW will be added this year Country
2010
1 Germany -
 Rapidly falling module price
 Establishing incentives in new markets 2 Italy -
 Planned cuts in existing markets by year’s end 3 USA +1
4 China +5
Europe : FLAT 5 Japan +1
 Overall Europe will be down -1% 6 France -1
 But still have 70% of global installation
7 Australia +3
 Except 4 of top 10 country,
Europe ranked 11 to 15 of top country 8 India +8
9 Spain -2
Asia : Roaring
10 Canada +2
 China lead market
with just-unveiled national FIT PV Installation Top 10 Country
and Golden Sun Program
Source : IMS Research

5. Outlook of Korea PV market
Solar cell sales
Solar cell portion of
renewable energy
Installation
amount
Compared with
WW market
72 times
increase
Installation scale Solar plant power sales
Source : Hanaif.re.kr
145.3% rapidly growth over 5 years
 Due to RPS(Renewable Portfolio Standards), Korea Solar market will be increase
 2012 RPS volume settled as 32.3MW
 Korea Hydro and Nuclear power : 21MW
 KOSEP: 4.3MW, KOIMPO: 4.0MW, KWP: 3.0MW

6. Solar system type
Off-grid connected
DC AC
Solar
Panel Battery Inverter Loads
Grid connected
Power company
DC AC
Solar
Loads
Panel Inverter

7. Element of Solar System example
Power company
DC AC
Solar Panel Inverter Loads
Grid-connected system

8. Element of Solar System example
Power company
DC AC
Solar Panel Inverter Loads
Grid-connected system
Today focus area

9. Solar Cell Type
Solar Cell
Compound
Silicon
Semiconductor
Ⅱ-Ⅵ: Ⅲ - Ⅴ: Tandem :
Amorphous
Crystalline
Group GaAs/GE,
CIS, CdTe GaAs, InP GaAlAs/GaAs
Polycrystalline Organic, Dye
Single Crystal Poly Crystal Thin Film Solar Cell
Thin Film Solar Cell

10. Solar Panel production process
Ingot &
Poly Si Wafer PV Cell PV Module PV Array
Crystalline Silicon Solar Panel

11. Solar Panel production process
Ingot &
Poly Si Wafer PV Cell PV Module PV Array
Energy Conversion
Installation
in Cell and Modules
Crystalline Silicon Solar Panel

12. Solar Panel production process
Ingot &
Poly Si Wafer PV Cell PV Module PV Array
Electrical Energy Conversion
Installation
test need in Cell and Modules
Crystalline Silicon Solar Panel

13. Solar Panel Test Condition
 STC(Standard Test Condition)
– Incidence Irradiance : 1000Watts/m2
– Temperature of Solar cell : 25℃
– AM(Air Mass) : 1.5
 PTC(PVUSA Test Condition)
– Incidence Irradiance : 1000Watts/m2
– Temperature of Ambient : 20℃
– AM(Air Mass) : 1.5
– Wind speed : 1m/s

14. Solar Panel Test Requirement
I-V test
Temperature measure
Switching
STC : KS C IEC 60904-1
KS C IEC 60891

15. Solar Panel Test Requirement
I-V test
KS C IEC 60904-1

16. Solar Cell and Module Electrical Test
Basics(illuminated)
• Open-circuit voltage (Voc)
• Short-circuit current (Isc)
• Maximum power output of the cell (Pmax)
• Voltage at Pmax (Vmax, Vmp)
• Current at Pmax (Imax, Imp)
• Conversion efficiency of the device (η) Solar cell I-V curve
• Fill factor (FF) = Pmax / (Voc * Isc)
• Cell diode properties
• Cell series resistance
• Cell shunt resistance
Solar cell DC circuit equivalent

17. Solar Cell and Module Electrical Test Basics(dark)
• Cell diode properties
• Cell shunt resistance
Diode Solar cell Dark I-V curve
PV module PCS
Loads
Performed to ensure cell quality meets Solar cell DC circuit equivalent
requirments and to ensure the cell is defect free

18. Measure Cell/Module I-V curve
High power(up to 600W) Med power(up to 100W)
: N3300 Electric Load : 661xC or 663xB 2-quad source
N6060B/6063B Electric Load
-
Low power (up to 20W) High performance +
: N6784A 4-quad SMU semiconductor parameters
U2723A 4-quad SMU : B1500A
B1505A
B2900A

19. Testing Solar Cells and Modules with Electronic
Loads
N3300A 6060B/6063B
Features that make the N3300A Series electronic loads ideal for solar test:
 High power handling capability in a compact unit: the 1,800-W N3300A is a full-rack unit and the
600-W N3301A is a half-rack unit.
 The 6060B and 6063B provide power handling capabilities of 300 W and 250 W and share most of
the features and specifications of the N330xA family.
 Simultaneous channel measurements and simultaneous current, voltage, and power measureme
nts from a single channel for high-throughput testing
 Built-in digitizer can make measurements of current or voltage vs. time
 Temperature coefficient specifications make calculating accuracy for outdoor testing easy
 High input stability to prevent oscillations in test setup
 High-impedance external sense capability
PV Cell PV Module

20. Testing Solar Cells and Modules with Electronic
Loads
 Electronic loads typically have three modes of operation:
Constant Current (CC), Constant Voltage (CV), and Constant Resistance (CR)
 Electronic loads are a great solution for solar module testing because of their wi
de power range and ability to sink large amounts of current
 CV mode for I-V curve tracing allows stepping through voltages incrementally
and to measure the current output of the module under test
N3302A N3303A N3304A N3305A N3306A N3307A
0-30A 0-10A 0-60A 0-60A 0-120A 0-30A
Input
0-60V 0-240V 0-60V 0-150V 0-60V 0-150A
rating 150W 250W 300W 500W 600W 250W
Resolution
1mV 4mV 1mV 2.5mV 1mV 2.5mV
(CV mode)

21. Testing Solar Cells and Modules with Electronic
Loads
Under 2Volt, Electronic Load can’t provide current
which should be consummated

22. Testing Solar Cells and Modules with Electronic
Loads
 N330xA’s ability to draw current is reduced at voltag
e levels below 2 V. At 0 V, no current can flow into th
e load. Adding a simple power supply in series with
the N330xA optimizes performance.

23. Testing Solar Cells with a Two-Quadrant Power
Supply
The Agilent 661xC and 663xB DC source families provide:
 High measurement accuracy
 Fast response
 Great output stability
 Low price
For solar cell tests that demand four-quadrant type measurements, Agilent DC
sources can be easily configured with minor switching overhead to be used
like four-quadrant devices.
PV Cell PV Module

24. Testing Solar Cells with a Two-Quadrant Power
Supply
Solar cell electrical
characterization
test setup configured
to capture the I-V curve
of a solar cell
Solar Cell I-V Curve
Solar cell electrical
characterization
test setup configured
to capture the reverse bias
electrical characterization
of a solar cell
Reverse bias region of solar cell

25. Testing Solar Cells with Paired Two-Quadrant Power
Supply

26. Testing Solar Cells with SMU(U2723A)
20V
-120mA 120mA
-20V
Working Range
 3-channel USB SMU with ±20V, ±120mA each (7.2W max)
 4-quadrant operation
 High current sensitivity of 100pA with 16 bit resolution
 0.1% basic accuracy, good for static measurement
 Comes with embedded test scripts – with 2 programmable list for each channel.
 Higher throughput with parallel output and shorter rise and fall time.
PV Cell

27. Testing Solar Cells with SMU(U2723A)
Channel Configuration Graph Display
Program Memory Editor
Available Commands
Command Settings
Commands to be
Executed
Up to 100 commands
IV Curve Interface

28. Testing Solar Cells with SMU(N6784A)
+20V
-1A +1A
-6V +6V
-3A +3A
- 20V
N6705B N6784A Working Range
 Up to 4 channel SMU with ±20V in one mainframe(N6705B)
 4-quadrant operation
 High current sensitivity of 100pA with 16 bit resolution
 Can measure from 100nA to 3A at up to 200k samples/s
 High load capacitance up to 150uF
PV Cell

29. Testing Solar Cells with SMU(B2900A)
20V
-3A 3A
-20V
Working Range
 Range of up to 210 V and 3 A (DC)/10.5 A (pulsed) provides wider
coverage for testing a variety of devices
 Measurement resolution of 10 fA and 100 nV offers better source
and measurement performance
 Quick bench-top testing, debug and characterization
PV Cell

30. Testing Solar Cells with SMU(B2900A)
Single View:
Set IV sweep pa
rameters
interactively
Graph View:
Characterize IV
curves on the fr
ont panel
Roll View:
Display data Dual View:
in time domain See all set and meas
as a strip chart ure values with all di
gits displayed

31. Testing Solar Cells with SMU(B2900A)
Agilent B2900A Quick IV measurement software is furnished for free!
 You can easily make measurements without writing a program
Setting
Graph Spread Sheet

32. Testing Solar Cells with SMU(B1505A)
HCSMU
C-Vdc
40A (2xHCSMU)
20A
 Four-quadrant
 From 10fA/2uV
40V
 Up to 40A/3,000V C-f
 I-V, C-V
 GPIB port
 Prober control HVSMU
8mA
3000V
PV Cell PV Module

33. Advanced Test Environment for Solar Cell Evaluation
Measurement solution example for
parallel measurement and
control of other instruments/equipment

34. EasyEXPERT Solar Cell Application Tests

35. Solar Cell Test Example
C-AC Voltage Plot
Drive-level Capacitance
Profile (DLCP)
I-V forward

36. Solar Panel Test Requirement
Temperature measure
Switching
KS C IEC 60891

37. Temperature Measurement and switching with
34970A
34970A
data acquisition switch unit
 Three-slot mainframe with a built-in 6½ digit digital multimeter
 Each channel can be configured independently to measure one of 11 diff
erent functions without the added cost or hassles of signal-conditioning
accessories
 Eight optional plug-in modules to create a compact data logger, full-featu
red data acquisition system or low-cost switching unit

38. Temperature Measurement and switching with
34980A 34980A multifunction switch/measurement unit
 Eight-slot mainframe
 Includes an optional built-in 6½ digit DMM.
 21 optional plug-in modules available
• Various switch matrices
• MUXs
34980A • General-purpose configured switching modules
34980A features that make it a good fit for solar cell test systems:
 Up to 560 2-wire multiplexer channels or 4096 matrix cross-points in one mainframe
 Switch current carrying capabilities up to 8 A
 Built-in Ethernet, USB 2.0, and GPIB connectivity, standard connectors, and software
drivers for most common programming environments
 Lower cost than a comparably configured PXI-based switching solution
 Optional built-in 6½ digit DMM lets you make measurements at greater than 3000 rea
dings/second
 Switch relay counters help predict end of switch life
 Temperature measurement capabilities with thermocouples, RTDs, or thermistors

39. PS-X10-100
Solar Cell I-V Test System
 TUV Taiwan used
 Quickly characterize a solar panel
• Capture an I-V curve 100 points in 10 ms
• Up to 30 A
• Monitor Reference junction 0.1 nA resolution
• Monitor temperature

40. Element of Solar System example
Power company
DC AC
Solar Panel Inverter Loads
Grid-connected system
Inverter test

41. Inverter system Type
MPPT Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking
Traditional system Micro Inverter Power Optimizer(DC to DC)
Micro Inverter Power optimizer
VDC VDC
MPPT
MPPT
VDC VAC VDC
VDC VDC
MPPT
VDC MPPT
VAC VDC
VDC VDC
MPPT
MPPT
VDC VDC
VAC
Internet Internet
Inverter Inverter
MPPT House AC MPPT
House AC House AC

42. What need to test for inverter?
Photovoltaic I V Characteristics
I
Rsh
Inverter MUST Track Maximum
power point for maximizing power
Decreasing Rsh
Decreasing Increasing However
Light Intensity Temperature Rs
Panel condition should be changed by
Increasing Rs - Irradiation level
- Temperature
V - Angle of Incidence
No Shadow
Module Current
No bypass diodes
Module Voltage

43. E4360A Solar Array Simulator
E4360A Solar Array Simulator
 2 outputs in 2U
 510W or 600W per output
E4360A  65V, 8.5A or 130V, 5A standard outputs
 Series or Parallel operation for more V or I
Features that make the E4360A Solar Array Simulator ideal for inverter test:
 Remote sensing – reproduce I-V curve right at the desired location
 3 ways to define I-V curve – meet a variety of needs
 Parameter - tests such as compliance standards at minimum, nominal, and
maximum rated voltage
 Table – simulate almost any I-V curve such as shadow on individual solar cells
 Offset – easily simulate changes in temperature or illumination
 List mode – up to 512 parameter based curves (list steps) can be paced with dwell
times
 Accurate I-V curve reproduction – test Maximum Peak Power Tracking circuitry and
algorithms
 Data Logging – simultaneous V & I measurements allow for power calculation to
confirm proper simulation

44. Summary
PV Cell PV Module Temperature Inverter
Unlit I-V Characterization < 1A Unlit I-V Characterization < 1A Temperature Inverter Input test
• U2722A/U2723A • U2722A/U2723A • 34970A • E4360A
•B1500A Precision Characterization • B1500A Precision Characterization • 34980A Solar array simulator
Lit I-V Characterization 3A – 6A Lit I-V Characterization >6A Mux Power component test
• B1505A Precision Characterization • Loads and PS • 34970A • B1505A
• 2–6631Bs anti-series connection • B1505A Precision Characterization • 34980A Precision Characterization
• Load and PS