The document discusses several congenital heart diseases including ventricular septal defects (VSD), atrial septal defects (ASD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), pulmonary stenosis, aortic stenosis, and coarctation of the aorta. It describes the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, investigations, and management of each condition. Cyanotic heart diseases are defined as those involving a right-to-left or left-to-right shunt leading to low oxygen saturation. The document provides classification, epidemiology, etiology and detailed information about specific lesions causing cyanosis.

1. CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES Nursakinah bt Bohari Salwa Hanim bt Mohd Saifuddin Siti Hajar bt Wahid

2. Circulatory Changes at birth

10. Left-to-right shunts

19. X-Ray chest PA View There is cardiomegaly, prominent main pulmonary artery segment and right pulmonary artery. Enlarged left pulmonary artery shadow is seen below the left cardiac border, within the cardiac silhouette. The enhanced vascular markings are visible on the right side whereas it is obscured by the cardiac shadow on the left side cardiomegaly Increased pulm markings Enlarged pulm arteries

28. Echocardiography: RV dilation with RV pressure overload as evidenced by flattening of the interventricular septum in systole.

29. Management

31. Patent Ductus Arteriosus

36. d) PDA visualised on angiography. e) A coil used to close the ducts. It’s passed through a catheter via the femoral artery. f) angiogram to show coil in the duct

38. ACYNOTIC Outflow Obstruction

42. Pathophysiology The right ventricle pump harder and at a higher pressure to propel blood through the valve Right ventricular hypertrophy Pulmonary valve is mildly to moderately narrowed

43. severe stenosis in a neonate Right ventricle cannot eject sufficient volume of blood flow into the pulmonary artery Right ventricular pressure becomes extremely high Right-to-left shunt cyanosis Lead to right-to-left shunting through a patent foramen ovale/ atrial septal defect

47. (a) Pulmonary valve stenosis. (b) Murmur. (c) Chest X-ray. (d) ECG.

49. Aortic stenosis a narrowing of the valve that opens to allow blood to flow from the left ventricle into the aorta and then to the body.

55. (a) Aortic stenosis. (b) Murmur. (c) Chest X-ray. (d) ECG.

60. The aorta narrows reduces blood flow to the lower half of the body the BP is lower than normal in the legs and tends to be higher than normal in the arms HPT

64. (a) Coarctation of the aorta. There is narrowing of the aorta distal to the left subclavian artery adjacent to the insertion of the arterial duct. (b) Murmur. (c) Chest X-ray. (d) ECG.

65. CHEST XRAY red : rib notching caused by the dilated intercostal arteries. yellow : the aortic knob blue : the actual coarctation green : the post-stenotic dilation of the descending aorta. Coarctation of the Aorta

68. CYANOTIC HEART DISEASE By: SALWA HANIM BINTI MOHD SAIFUDDIN (2008289416)

73. 1.TETRALOGY OF FALLOT

80. 2.TRANSPOSITION OF GREAT ARTERIES

86. 3.TRICUSPID ATRESIA

91. 4. Truncus arteriosus

96. 5. Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return