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Biodiesel
1.
2. Table of contents
Introduction to biodiesel
Applications of biodiesel
Advantages & disadvantages of biodiesel
Sources of biodiesel
Future of biodiesel
Case study on Iran
Conclusions
3. Introduction to biodiesel
History
Rudolf diesel was the inverter of biodiesel, estimated 100
years ago. It was developed in the year 1890s.
What is biodiesel?
Biodiesel is made up of monoalkyl esters of long chain
fatty acids that come from vegetable oil or animal fats.
After which, the feedstock is converted by trans-
esterification, into biodiesel.
4. Biodiesel is replacement for petroleum diesel fuel.
It can be blended with petroleum diesel fuel in any proportion.
Biodiesel can be used 100% (B100) or in blends with petroleum diesel
fuel.
Blends are indicated by B##, which correspond to the percentage of
biodiesel in the blended fuel.
5. Applications of biodiesel
Biodiesel has a wide variety of application in
all the fields where fuel is used. To add on, it
added advantages of efficiency improvement.
Examples includes:
Motorbikes, Airplanes, Mass transit (trains, buses)
Trucks & heavy equipment , Electrical generators
Farm equipments, Marine uses ,Biodiesel as lubricant & solvent
6. Biodiesel as lubricant and
solvent
• Potential markets for biodiesel extend beyond the
transportation and electrical-generation sectors.
Biodiesel can be used straight as
a machinery lubricant.
Biodiesel’s solvent properties
may be used to clean dirty or
greasy engine or other machine
parts.
7. Marine uses
Biodiesel is an ideal choice for the use in
marine applications.
Biodiesel have more environmental
benefits.
Biodiesel is “user-friendly”
Biodiesel can work in several marine
factions.
8. Advantages of Biodiesel
Renewable energy source Can distribute through
existing diesel fuel pumps
Less polluting
Can use in existing oil
heating systems and
Extends life of catalytic diesel engines
converters & engines
Can be mixed with
Utilizes excess production of petroleum diesel at any
soybeans for manufacture concentration and time
9. Disadvantages of Biodiesel
More expensive
Could harm rubber hoses in engines
Requires energy to:
Produce biodiesel from soy crops &
sow, fertilize and harvest
Requires frequent filter changing
Requires improvement in distribution
infrastructure
10. Sources of biodiesel
• Algal Biodiesel
• Fungus
• Used coffee grounds
• Exotic resources
11. Algal Biodiesel
Utilizing algae that contains
natural oil content>50%
Can be grown on algae
ponds at wastewater
treatment plants
Extracted from the system
and processed into biodiesel
Does not entail a decrease in
food production
12. Fungus
Utilizing single-cell fungi that contains
lipids .E.g.Cunninghamella japonica
Extracted from the cell and turned into
Biodiesel
Recent discovery of a variant of fungus
Gliocladium roseum
production of ‘myco-diesel’
(medium length hydrocarbons) from
cellulose
Discovered in the rainforests of northern
Patagonia
13. Used coffee grounds
Utilising used coffee grounds
that contains oil content 10-15%
Extracted and underwent
conventional processing into
Biodiesel
14. Exotic resources
Utilizing alligator fat which is a
primary waste product
• cheaper to refine
Biodiesel produced is similar
in composition to biodiesel
created from soybeans
16. Microalgae
Its species are rich in oil
Abundant; almost in every
ecosystem
CO2+ sunlight -> oxygen + biomass
• Produce almost half of the
atmospheric oxygen
17. Microalgae Biodiesel
Under optimized condition, can produce up to 90%
oil of dry weight
Potential production of oil higher than oil crops
• Use little land resource w/o causing potential
biomass deficit
Can grow in extreme environment
Cultivated only by using seawater, CO2 and sunlight
21. Microalgae Genetic
Engineering
• Optimization for enhanced
biofuel production
• Improve accumulation of
Why? targeted bioenergy carriers
• Quantity & quality of biodiesel
linked as to how lipid
metabolism is controlled
Solution
Manipulate the biology of microalgae
cells to allow for secretion of lipids
22. Case Study: Future of Bioenergy in
Iran
Extensive use & export of Iran’s crude
oil and natural gas will be limited in
the future. Thus renewable liquid
fuels will be heavily needed to
eventually totally replace petroleum-
derived transport fuels which in
addition, contributes to the emission
of greenhouse gases
Salt lake “Urmia” which have given rise
to new species of algae for biofuel
23. Case Study: Solution for Biodiesel
Production
Overcoming the challenge, two
options
• Managing the agriculture
residues & energy production
like bioethanol and biogas
• Investing on non-food crops
e.g. microalgae
Due to climate & • Looking at this table, microalgae come
geographical problems views itself as the only source that has
• Only 12% of total land the potential to completely replace
area can be use for crop
growing thus depending
petroleum-derived diesel
on energy crops not • Therefore, microalgae genetic
feasible engineering would help to visualize
more the economic production of
biodiesel in Iran
24. Case Study: Project on
microalgae
Researches at Teheran’s Shiraz University carried a biofuel
project
Microalgae were isolated during a screening program from
soil & water
• samples are collected from the paddy fields of Fars
province and the Maharlu Salt Lake
Has succeeded in producing green fuel from the algae
Chlamydomonas
The researchers registered their findings at the National
Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)which is based
in the USA
25. Case Study: Having potential of using
microalgae genetic engineering
Iran has a good potential and possibilities due to:
Presence of saline lakes in
Iran, containing various Good capacity building
species of microalgae
Establishing microalgae
culture ponds in different Gained experiences in plant genetic
areas of Iran engineering within the last decade
• Unlimited access to saline
waters and sunlight
Strong government support
• Based on the law, production and
Presence of highly efficient release of transgenic organisms are
genetic engineering free in Iran provided that they pass all
technologies in the world the biosafety requirements imposed
by Iran’s National Biosafety Law (INBL)
27. Credits
• Design of power point slides : Soh Xiao Fen
• Creator of tumblr: Marhamah
• Slides number: 3- 7 (Soh Xiao Fen)
8-14 (Yeo ming)
15-26 (Marhamah)
Our group website:
• http://mesmerizedbynature.tumblr.com/
28. References
Introduction & applications of biodiesel
• http://www.biodiesel.org/markets/mar/
• http://alphabiofuels.sg/pages/bioOSR/osr_index.html
• Title: Biodiesel- growing a new energy economy (second edition)
Author: Greg Pahl foreword by Bill McKibben
Advantages and disadvantages of Biodiesel
• http://www.cpast.org/Articles/fetch.adp?topicnum=61
• http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Advantages_and_Disadvantages_of_Biofuels
• http://www.berkeleybiodiesel.org/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-biodiesel.html
Current Research
• http://web.archive.org/web/20060324084858/http://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alg
e.html
• http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/154/11/3319
• http://www.springerlink.com/content/c8l814q6064m0u75/
• http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/16/science/16objava.html
Case study
• http://www.greenprophet.com/2010/01/algae-biofuel-iran/
• An article titled Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews from www.elsevier.com
-Biodiesel engine had become the engine of selection for reliability, power, and high fuel economy, worldwide. -Simply, the trans-esterification reaction means taking one type of ester and turning it into another. For example, taking vegetable oil and turning it into biodiesel.The alcohol used in the process can be either ethanol ( made from grains) or methanol ( made from wood, coal or natural gas) Methanol is usually preferred because it’s cheaper and tends to produce a more predictable reaction.-If biodiesel is produced with methanol, it is referred to as methyl esters and if it is made with ethanol it is referred to as ethyl esters. A more generic term, alkyl esters, refers to any alcohol-produced vegetable-oil esters.
For example, a 20% blend of biodiesel with 80% diesel fuel is called B20. B20 is popular because it represents a good balance of cost, emissions, cold weather performance, materials compatibility, and ability to act as a solvent. B20 is also the minimum blend level that can be used for EPAct compliance for covered fleets. Pure Biodiesel (B100) can be used as a blending agent or as a pure fuel in diesel applications. B100 has the following key physical properties: It contains less than 15 ppm sulfur. It contains no aromatics. It has a high cetane level (47+). It is biodegradable. • It is non-toxic. • It has a high flashpoint (higher than 260° F). • It has a comparable BTU value (8% less than No. 2 diesel).
Lubricant can also use on bearings and gears. A effective cleaning element called Bio-OSR (Bio-oil & sludge remover).Bio-OSR is a biodegradable and environmental friendly product.It uses organic ingredients that comes from vegetation therefore it is safe for handling and transportation.Therefore the properties of Bio-OSR ensure that it does not pose a negative impact on safety, health and environment.http://alphabiofuels.sg/pages/bioOSR/osr_index.html
After Rudolf diesel’s engine was adapted for marine use as early as 1903. since then, diesel engine have spread to virtually every corner of the world’s marine environment. Unfortunately , diesel engine can cause considerable environmental damages, especially in the case of a petrol diesel fuel spill. Environmental fragility that makes marine use of biodiesel so attractive. Tests have shown that pure biodiesel is non-toxic, readily biodegradable and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. Biodiesel degrades about four times faster than petroleum diesel fuel.(e.g.:when there is spilled in water, biodiesel will be 95% degraded after 28 days as compared with only 40% for petrol diesel in the same time period.)Biodiesel is not harmful to fish and marine life.Biodiesel is easier on humans. By using biodiesel and biodiesel blends have proven to change in exhaust odor. Therefore it will not cause eye irritation.Because biodiesel can replace or blend with petroleum diesel with little or no engine modifications. Categories in marine industry includes: recreational boats, cruise ships and the U.S. Coast Guard Fleet. http://www.biodiesel.org/markets/mar/
During photosynthesis, algae and other photosynthetic organisms capture carbon dioxide and sunlight, and convert it into oxygen and biomass. These fuels do not affect freshwater resources, can be produced using ocean and wastewater, are biodegradable and relatively harmless to the environment if spilled. Algae farms can be hooked onto existing power plants and be used as huge carbon sinks.
