1. 19th Century Latin America Mid-Term Part 2 Sarah Williamson

2. Independence Movement: Background Political and Economic movement ending Spanish and Portugal rule over Latin America. Spanish: -Colonies stretched from Western U.S. and Mexico to Argentina - Independence Movement began in spanish territory. Portuguese: - Empire in Brazil Reasons for Revolution: - New Political Enlightenment ideas -Colonists wanted personal control over economic and government issues

3. Independence Movement: Outcomes Difficult Times: -Ill-prepared to function effectively - Underdeveloped, no political foundation - Caused many arguments and wars amongst countries - Unsure of involvement of Catholic church

4. Mid-Century :Economy Technology improvements helped Economy: - Expansion on Export Trade - Steam Ships allowed for faster, more efficient trade with Europe and the U.S. - Ability to export livestock; such as cattle - These improvements brought new jobs in shipping, brokers and insurers

5. Mid-Century:New Ideas Enlightenment Ideas: - Emphasis on science and reason; Challenged political and social institutions - Modeled after the American and French Revolutions; demise of Monarchs and rise of independent/republican governments. - Questioned traditional beliefs and authority

6. British Influences: British Trade Involvement: - British government negotiated trading privileges in Brazil as a thank you for supporting for the Portuguese royal family during Napoleonic Wars - 1/3 of their trade was with Brazil -Britain possessed a dominant role in public finance, shipping, the import trade, export credit, railways, cables and telegraphs - Britain's main interests were in Peru, Chile and Uruguay, and many smaller investments

7. British Influences: British Trade Involvement: - British trade reached its peak between 1870 and 1914 - Ended before the start of WWI - United States gained precedence in Latin America, pushing out European powers - Trade declined, and Britain's investments became unprofitable - Depression in Britain in 1930’s

8. 19th Century Wars: Spanish South America Independence movement created tension: - People still claimed loyalty to the king - Many military campaigns -North: - Simon Bolivar : - Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, and Bolivia - FoughtagainstRoyalistforces -South: - Jose de San Martin : - Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, and Peru

9. 19th Century Wars:Mexico, Central America, & theCaribbean Mexico: - Peninsulares desired stability in Mexico - Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla: - Fought for Independence reform Central America: - Under colonial rule - Part of the captaincy-general of Guatemala - Lead by GabinoGainza - Constitution of 1824 created a federation: United Provinces of Central America -Included: Guatemala, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Caribbean: - Santo Domingo achieved independence before the end of the 19th century - Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule until 1898

10. Mexico: 1910-1921: The Mexican revolution began soon after the re-election of Porfirio Díaz. Another leading cause was the battle between those favoring secular society and separation of Church and State, against those favoring power in the hands of the Roman Catholic Church. It is estimated that between 1910 and 1921 about 900,000 people died for the revolution.

11. Mexico: Mexico competed at the modern Olympic Games for the first time at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, France. The period of 1900 to 1929 is pivotal in the formation of modern Mexico and its subsequent relationship with the United States.