2. Age crime curve: peak
18 violent
16 property
½ by 32
½ by 21
59%-violent juveniles=adults
3. 1899-1st juvenile court-Illinois
-1500-1600’s –discovery of childhood
-”ideal” child produced
-”undesirable” prevented from developing
17th Century France: duels, mutinies, brawls, assaults on teachers
Student required to leave weapons at door
4. Ideal:
-educators, clergy, psychologists
Undesirable:
-no distinction for age
19th Century
-1st attempt social control
5. 1825:
NY House of Refuge
1826:
Boston
1828:
Philadelphia
Set standards for 25 years:
-ball & chain/handcuffs/whipping/work
6. Work:
-exploited kids
-rented out to industry
1850’s:
-”child saving organizations
7. Juvenile Court:
Illinois 1899
-Dependent
-Neglected
Theory of Parens Patriae
-court has ultimate authority over kids
-superseded parental rights
8. Due Process and Juveniles:
-non existent why?
1. Not criminal (statutory)
2. No determination of guilt (adjudicated)
3. Treatment versus punishment (not relevant)
9. 1960’s: Supreme Court
-In Re Gault (1967):
-arrested obscene call
-parents not notified
-no witnesses
-15 year old sentenced until 21
1. Fair notice of charges to prepare defense
2. Counsel
3. Face accusers
4. No self-incrimination
10. In re Winship (1970):
-preponderance of evidence changed to reasonable doubt
McKeiver v. PA:
-no right to jury
-states free to experiment
11. Teen (peer) Courts:
-Comprised of other teens
-admitted to offense
-low recidivism rates
13. Transfers:
-More severe sentences
Blended sentences:
-juvenile/adult time
Criminal Blended sentences:
-juvenile/criminal sanctions but juvenile system supervises.
14. Status Offenses:
-offenses only because of age
-MIP
-Truancy
-running away
-curfew
-Females 60% runaways
-Males 70% alcohol
Detention?:
-protect jurisdiction of court process
-protect community
-protect juvenile
16. Girls in a boy’s system:
-Substance abuse: psychosocial development interrupted
-Pregnancy: higher sexual activity v. non-offenders
-Academic performance: learning disabilities
-Societal factors: community-based program for girls rare
Editor's Notes
Age crime curve is the tendency for crime to be committed during a person's younger years and decline as they get older.