1.
BY WARDAH AZHAR- Lecturer

2.
“One of the Most Important Aspects
to be Successful in Your Research,
Your Job and Your Career is”
Citation comes from Prof. Sherman Frankel and it is full confirmed by 
Excellent Oral and Written
Communication

3.
What is Oral Delivery?
 To Present any content at anytime where you have to
speak in public is Oral Delivery!
 Speaking in public scares most people than going to
the dentist, falling, or death!
 We will discuss public speaking basics and realize
some good multimedia presentation skills at the same
time.

4.
Oral Communication Exercising Your Presentation Muscle
 Overcoming Speech Anxiety
 Openings and Closings of Presentation
 Presentation Organization
 Visual Assistance
 Presentation Delivery

5.
Objectives of Oral Communication
To :
 Inform
 Educate
 Convince
 Persuade
 Lead to Action

6.
Often You May Experience
 “Although he could boast of a PhD in his field, he was
a poor communicator.
He showed dozens of transparencies crammed with
complex equations and text descriptions.
He delivered, at times read, his narration in a
monotone tone addressed to the screen, oblivious to
us, the audience.
I tried not to, but I fell asleep.”

7.
Myths and Mistakes of Presentations Popular Myth: Audience requires a lot of technical
details in order to evaluate the speaker’s ideas
 In 1989 HP conducted a survey to determine what
audience (class/students) want to hear from other
presenters/ teachers.

8.
????
 Result: Listeners want talks which are easy to
follow and well organized; they want simplified
message
 “less is more”
 Studies showed that simplifying and repeating the main
idea will result in increased attentiveness and retention

9.
Myths and Mistakes of Presentations
 HP study indicated that technical audience wanted
more enthusiasm and effective style, which included
better visual assistance.
 Often unenthusiastic delivery will ruin a speaker’s
effectiveness
 Mehrabian, a communication theorist, showed
that
 Body language and tone of voice together supply 93%
of the overall message impact
 Actual words only supply 7% of the overall impact
Popular Myth: Content is everything. Style is
unimportant and enthusiasm is offensive

10.
Myths and Mistakes of Presentations
 Presenters traditionally rely too much on slides
 Often, audiences find the slides distracting and boring
 Remember, the speaker is always the focal point of
presentation, visual assistance only helps
 Pace of the presentation
 Flow of the information presented
Popular Myth: The text on the visuals is more
important than the speaker.

11.
Myths and Mistakes of Presentations Popular Myth: Strategic organization is not
necessary for lectures.
 Presenters often think that as long as they supply all the
details, the audience is capable of drawing the
appropriate conclusions.
 Speakers often jump into the body of the presentation
and start discussing data
 Often the objective of the talk is not stated until the end
of the talk
 Teachers must not rely on the audience to fill in
gaps and reach appropriate conclusions.
 Speakers must understand different types of
presentations, organization, and strategies for a
particular type of speech.

12.
There are four kinds of oral presentation
 Extemporaneous
 Reading
 Memorization
 Impromptu

13.
Strategies for an Effective Oral
Delivery:
 Pitch
 Rate
 Volume
 Vocal Quality
 Pronunciation

14.
Strategies for Reducing
Stage fright
 Being at ease, or simply give the impression of being at
ease which is difficult for most people.
 Few people can approach an audience without some
 feeling of discomfort.
 Pickup any newspaper, read
 Many resist and fear the idea

15.
Signs of Discomfort:
 Signs of discomfort are usually experienced.
 The heart rate increases and the blood pressure &
body temperature rises and some say their mouth feel
dry.
 Look carefully at each of the above stated points. You
may be aware of these things but they are not obvious
to the audience.

16.
Fears…  While most people fear
public speaking there
are some very simple
ways to get around it…
 Practice
 Practice
 Practice
 By practicing you get
around the reason for
the fear: saying
something stupid or
messing up in front of
people.

17.
Planning Your PresentationWhat do you present? Why do you present?
How do you
Present?
Who is your audience?
How Long do you present? Where do you present?

18.
Before the presentation… Preparation is key!
 Figure out a thesis for
your paper.
 Write down the structure
for your presentation.
 Introduction, body, and
conclusion.
 Read it out loud.
 Edit your writing.
 Read it out loud again.
 Put it into your
presentation.
 Practice again.

19.
Steps for Preparing Effective
Oral Presentation:
 Determine the Purpose
 Analyze the Audience & Occasion
 Select the main Ideas for the Message
 Research the Topic
 Organize Data and Write Draft
 Create Visual Aids
 Rehearse the Talk

20.
Determine the Purpose:
We communicate to produce a result. We wish
something to occur as a result of our words. On the
macro level those goals are to:
 inform or instruct
 persuade
 entertain

21.
Analyze the Audience &
Occasion:
 Whether one writes or speaks, the message must be
adapted to the audience. If you talk within your
organization, you will have some idea about who and
how many people will be in the audience.
 If all audience members have same occupation then
we can use more technical expressions and
illustrations (Jargon).

22.
Message:
 We should select the main idea for the message
firstly. Then we should include the information which
supports our main idea.
Research the Topic: It is obvious that we
 will not possess all information relating our central
theme.
 Thus, we will collect all the facts and data information
required to complete research on the topic

23.
Draft:
After collecting all the data we should organize
it in proper form as we have to present in front of the
audience and after that write the draft. This include the
following:
 Introduction
 Body
 Summary or Conclusion

24.
Basics of Public Speaking
 Know your topic
 Your are the expert of the topic you have chosen.
 Nobody in the room knows more than you so make sure that you know it thoroughly so
you can teach others.
 Know your audience
 What do they find funny? What are they interested in? What would they like to hear
about your topic?
 Find a hook
 A hook is an interesting, funny, or creative beginning to your presentation. The first 30
seconds of a presentation are very important, so a good hook will keep your audience
focused.
 Be yourself
 If you try to do what your friends would do, you will mess up. Just be yourself and you
will feel the most comfortable!
 Stay on point
 Do not discuss topics that are not important to your presentation. They will distract
your audience and you will lose your focus.
 Do not repeat yourself
 Do not repeat yourself.  Repeating a point more than a few times sounds as if you do
not have anything else to say. So avoid repetition.

25.
Confidence
•Project a calm, confident
tone while speaking.
•You are the expert on the
topic, so you have nothing
to worry about!
•Audience members can
tell when you are nervous
or do not know what you
are talking about.
•Confidence can be gained
through good preparation
and effective practicing.

26.
Exercising Your Presentation Muscle (How
and Why)
 Do you exercise your presentation muscle?
 Need practice good speaking skills by delivering oral
presentations on a regular basis
 Why?
 Person with a strong presentation muscle can think a
problem through and communicate his/her analysis
 She can express her thoughts well enough to persuade
others to see her point of view
 She can efficiently instruct others
 She can speak effectively before an audience of any size
 Often promotion/salary depends on speaking skills!!!

27.
Useful Tips and Tools to Overcome Speech
Anxiety (How)
 Symptoms of Speech Anxiety:
 Nervous when asked to give a speech? Before speech your heart is racing?
Are you fearful that you will begin to shake? Are you fearful that your words
will somehow be lost? Are you afraid that you are not going to be
understood?

28.
Useful Tips and Tools to Overcome Speech
Anxiety (How)
 Skills Training
 Do practice your speech at home
 Do forget about forgetting
 Breathe slowly and deeply before/during speech
 Keep your body relaxed

29.
Tips
 Attitude is everything!
 Preparation is key
 Confidence comes with practice
 Refer to sources correctly
 You will need to have outside sources for your information in the
presentation. Make sure to know how to pronounce names and the
author’s main idea correctly.
 First 30 seconds are the most important!
 This is the hook.
 If you have a creative, witty, or interesting introduction, you can hold
the audience’s attention for the rest of the presentation.
 Strong conclusion
 Just like the introduction, have a strong message the audience can
take away from your presentation.
 Avoid just repeating your introduction and your thesis statement.
 Action statements make good conclusions.

30.
Useful Tips and Tools to Overcome Speech
Anxiety (How)
 Skills Training
 Do memorize your first and last few sentences
 Do divert your nervous energy into helpful gestures and
movements, do not repress your nervousness
 Don’t pace
 Don’t fumble with a pencil, watch, or ring while you
speak
 Don’t speak too rapidly

31.
Presentations – Opening and Closings (What
and How)
 Each presentation (as good stories) have an
 Introduction (tell them what you are going to tell them)
 Body (tell them)
 Conclusion (tell them what you just told them)

32.
Openings
 Purpose
 Grab audience’s attention so that they will want to hear
what you have to say
 Should be a “grabber” or “attention seeker”
 Not only arouse interest, but also suggest theme of
speech
 Openings can be dramatic, emotional, humorous or
rhetorical
 Opening does not have to have words, you can use
gestures, demonstration, silence – related to the topic

33.
Good Openings
 Startling question
 Challenging statement
 Appropriate short quotation or illustration
 Surprising generalization
 Exhibit – object, article, picture
 Personal story

34.
Poor Openings
 Long or slow-moving quotation
 Self introduction
 Apologetic statement
 Story, joke or anecdote which does not connect to the
theme
 Stale remark
 Statement of your objective

35.
Closings of Presentation Purpose
 Accent your speech objectives
 Leave the audience with something to remember
 Closing is the “whip-cracker”, the “clincher”, ultimately
the “result getter”.
 Closing can be dramatic, emotional, humorous or
rhetorical
 Closing does not have to have words; you can use props,
gestures, a demonstration or silence
 Closing must tie with your opening and your theme
 Poor closing can seriously detract from an otherwise
excellent presentation

36.
Good Closings
 Call or an appeal for definite action
 Appropriate short quotation or illustration
 Exhibit – an object, article, picture
 Personal challenge

37.
Poor Closings
 Commonplace statement delivered in a commonplace
way
 Apologetic statement
 Stale remark
 Solicitation of questions

38.
Body Presentation Strategy
(Deductive Strategy)
 Decide on what sort of message you will be
delivering
 Deductive Strategy
 Speaker immediately presents the main idea, provides
the supporting detail, then recaps her main idea.
 Usually used to present good news or routine statements
 Example:
 Main Idea: My grant proposal was funded
 Detail: This means more money for research …
 Recap: Hard work is rewarded.

39.
Body Presentation Strategy
(Inductive Strategy) Speaker begins only by hinting at the main idea, then
presents details leading to the main idea
 usually from most easily acceptable details to more
“controversial” details
 After details the main idea is communicated
 Speaker concludes with recap
 Example:
 Hint: We compliment your research efforts and would like to
explain some recent events – NSF funding was cut, strategic
direction was changed, ..
 Main Idea: Although it was a good effort, we must pull the
funding from this line of research.
 Recap: You will need to switch directions of research.

40.
Formulas for Speech/Presentation
Organization
 OIBCC – Basic Formula
 Opening – grab attention
 Introduction – “Why bring this topic up?”
 Body – bulk of the presentation
 Remember that for every important point that you make, you
must provide support and this support can take the form of
 Statistics, analogies, testimony, illustrations, or specific
examples.
 Conclusion – summarize briefly points
 Close – last strong sentences that leave the audience
with something to remember
 Must tie to your main idea and should tie to your opening to
be effective

41.
Harvard School Formula For persuasive speeches
 PREPY
 Point of View – “Smoking is hazardous for your life”
 Reasons – “Smoking causes cancer”
 Examples/Evidence – “50,000 people die per year from
cancer”
 Point of view restated – “If you want a long full life, give
up cigarettes”
 “You” oriented – “Take the first step tonight and sign up
for ‘no more smoking’ seminar”

42.
Visual Assistance (How) Studies show that people store and access information
in three primary ways:
 Visually, auditorially, kinesthetically
 Adults absorb, retain and learn:
 10% what they read
 20% what they hear
 30% what they read and hear
 50% what they hear and see
 90% what they do

43.
Visual Medium (How) Visuals support the speech, they are NOT the
primary message
 Visuals are only used to dramatize and clarify the
message
 Practice your main points of the presentation
without relying on the visuals
 Visuals should assist you in controlling
 Pace of the presentation
 Flow of the information
 Important! – When you transition from one visual
to the next, introduce the topic area of the next
visual before it is revealed.

44.
Creating Your Visuals (How)
 14 lines per visual (max)
 Do not put too much information within a single visual
 A title for each visual
 Title must be meaningful
 Simple readable labels
 Labels on charts or graphs should be specific and precise (balance
with simplicity)
 Labels must be meaningful yet simple
 Readable from the rear
 Print size at least 20 points
 No more than 3-5 major points
 Each point must be easily identifiable
 Use highlights, colors, bullets, different text size

45.
Creating Your Visuals (How) Consistency is a must
 Having a consistent background adds to your presentation.
 An easy way to distract your
audience is by having your
slide background constantly
change.
 You want to seem in charge
of your presentation,
so keep the design simple
and consistent.

46.
 Use colors appropriately
 Never use the color red for your main text, title or labels,
red color is difficult to read from distance
 Use red as a highlight color, indicating problem area
 Use green as a highlight color
 Two of the most common and readable colors are blue
and black
 Blue color (especially light blue) is the most soothing
color on an eye.
 Visuals Must be organized
 Your visuals must have introduction, body and closing
Can you read
me now?
Can you read
me now?

47.
Animation
 Animation can assist in a
given situation, but too
much can distract.
 Animation can be for an
image or letters in a slide
or between slides.
 There are two types of
animation to the left;
which one is more
distracting?
 Use animation to give
some flavor to a slide
that is a little flat.
Too many words?
Animation can help
improve a slide!
Too many words?
Animation can help
improve a slide!

48.
Large…
Notice that in this slide everything is large and easy to see. Making your
words and pictures large is very important when working with power
point!

49.
Wordy Slides…  Multimedia presentations are
visual tools. It is not a good tool to
use if you have too much to say.
 So keep your words to a
minimum.
 This slide has quite a few words,
some may say too many.
 They are easy to read, however,
because they are large enough.
 Also, the addition of the fish
animation adds to the slide.
 A multimedia presentation is not a
chance for you to write a paper. It
is a chance to give a summary of
the main points of a paper.
 Use bullet points to break up the
writing.

50.
Images…
 Images are important to
a multimedia
presentation, so do not
shy away from clip art,
images, or artistic
designs to show off your
text.
 The slide at right has an
image, a box around the
words, and a strong
background.
 The overall effect is very
professional and
pleasing to the eye.

51.
Presentation Delivery (Who and
How and What)
Albert Mehrabian, a well-known communication
theorist, specifies that message impact can be
divided into three factors:
 Body language
 Contributes 55% toward message impact
 Tone of voice
 Contributes 38% toward message impact
 Actual words
 Contributes 7% toward message impact

52.
Time Control (How Long)
 Prepare SEVERAL versions:
 5 minute presentation of your research (on the way to
the train station or in the elevator)
 15 minute presentation of your research (in conference)
 45-50 minute presentation of your research (in job talk,
invited talk, keynote)
 55-100 minute presentation of your research (in
classroom)
 Be in control of time
 You may loose audience otherwise

53.
Place (Where)
 Small Conference room
 Big auditorium
 Big and long conference room

54.
Audience (Who)
 Background
 Age
 Hobby
 Interest
 …

55.
Self Assessment ChecklistDid you introduce yourself to your audience ? Yes No
Did you aim to arouse the interest of your
audience ?
Yes No
Did you begin with a clear introduction of your
topic with an overview of what you will cover ?
Yes No
Were your ideas presented clearly with a
logical flow from one point to the next ?
Yes No
Did you conclude by summing up what you
had said ?
Yes No
Were your visual aids presented clearly ? Yes No

56.
Did you have good control over your material with
everything in the correct order
Yes No
Did you present the right amount of facts and
figures? Could your audience understand them ?
Yes No
Did you avoid reading too much from your cues ? Yes No
Did you look comfortable and relaxed ? Yes No
Did you display any nervous gestures, such as
hand waving or pen clicking ?
Yes No
Did you look and sound interesting and
enthusiastic ?
Yes No
Did you get your timing right ? Was it too long?
Too short ?
Yes No
Did you provide hand-outs for the audience? Yes No

57.
Did you take up a good position(s) during your
presentation ?
Yes No
Was your voice loud enough to be heard clearly
by all ?
Yes No
Did you speak too quickly ? Yes No
Did you look at, and speak to, the audience ? Yes No
Were there any words you had difficulty in
pronouncing ?
Yes No
Did you allow time for questions and invite the
audience to make comments?
Yes No

58.
Handling Questions Your presentation doesn't end once you've finished
what you have to say. The question period often is
the part of the talk which influences the audience
the most. After all, you've had time to practice the
rest of the talk.
 This is the part of the presentation where your
ability to interact with the audience will be
evaluated.
 Since you can't always predict what you will be
asked, how can you prepare for the questioning?

59.
Some Answering Guidelines1. Repeat each question so the entire audience knows
what you've been asked.
2. Before you answer, take a moment to reflect on the
question. By not rushing to give an answer, you
show a degree of respect for the questioner, and
you give yourself time to be sure you are answering
the question that actually was asked.
3 If you are unsure of the question, try to restate it,
(and then check you have it correct), or don’t
forget you can ask for a clarification of the
meaning.

60.
Answering questions4. Wait for the questioner to finish asking the question before
you begin your answer!
The exception to this comes when it is necessary to break in on a
vague, rambling, or unnecessarily long question (usually
because it is more of a comment than a question)
 Here we remember - this is your presentation and you
have only a limited time.
 However, it is important that you break in tactfully. Say
something like "So, are you asking ....?" This will focus the
question and give you a place to begin an answer.

61.
Answering questions
5. If a question is asked during the talk, and it will clarify an
ambiguity, answer it immediately.
6. On the other hand, postpone questions aimed at
resolving specific problems (or arcane knowledge) until
the end of the talk, or in private discussions.
 This is particularly important if the answer will distract
either you, or the audience away from the flow of your
presentation.

62.
Answering questions
7. Avoid prolonged discussions with one person,
extended answers, and especially arguments.
8. If you can't answer a question, just say so.
Don't apologise (although it is OK to say – I am sorry,
I cannot answer that).
You then may:
• Offer to research an answer, then get back to the
questioner later.
• Suggest resources which would help the questioner to
address the question themselves.
• Ask for suggestions from the audience.

63.
Answering questionsFinish your answer by asking the person who asked the
question - whether or not you answered the question
sufficiently for them.
 This approach is a way in which you can acknowledge and
thank the questioner; it lets the rest of the audience feel
comfortable asking questions (and it gives you a chance to
more fully answer the question if your first effort was not quite
on target).
 If the questioner says you didn't answer it and you believe you
did, either ask them to clarity the question, or suggest that the
two of you go into more detail at a break or after the
presentation.

64.
Summary Pay attention to oral communication in every technical
communication !!!
 Giving Presentations is not the only oral communication :
Asking good questions is also oral and memorable
communication
 Be sincere, interested, enthusiastic, warm and friendly – be
yourself!!!
 Ultimate Goal: Be effective Communicator in every
Situation.
 Handling Questions

65.
References/Acknowledgments Toastmaster club
 http://www.toastmasters-public-speaking.com/toastmaster-club.html
 Source for the Presented Material: “Creative Communication by LBM”, Company in NJ
 Clark, Donald. “Making Presentations that Audiences Will Love.” PowerPoint
Presentation.http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/templates/presentations.ppt.
 —.“Monthly Speaking Tips.” LJL Seminars. http://www.ljlseminars.com/monthtip.htm.
 “Common Visual Aids.” Faculty Development Committee. Honolulu Community
College.http://hr.csi.edu/Orientation/Teachtip/Visuals.htm
 “Creating Visual Aids That Really Work: Designing Effective Slides Using PowerPoint.” Effective
Communications Group (ECG), Inc.http://ecglink.com/newsletter/visual.shtml.
 Davis, Barbara Gross. “Delivering a Lecture.” Tools for Teaching. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
1993.
 Edwards, Paul N. “How to Give an Academic Talk.” School of Information. University of
Michigan. http://pne.people.si.umich.edu/PDF/howtotalk.pdf.
 McKeachie, Wilbert, et al. McKeachie’s Teaching Tips: Strategies, Research, and Theory for College and
University Teachers. 12th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2005.
 “Presentations.” Teaching and Learning Center. Eastern Kentucky University.
 Sammons, Martha. “Students Assess Computer-Aided Classroom Presentations.” The Journal Online,
May 1995. http://thejournal.com/articles/1995/05/01/students-assess-computeraided-classroom-
presentations.aspx?sc_lang=en
