ELECTRONICS LAB WORK REPORT FOR TELECOM AND ELECTRONICS STUDENTS

1. Sarhad University
OF
Science & IT
Peshawar
ELECTRONICS LAB WORK 2014
SUBMITTER TO: MR.SHAHID LATIF
SUBMITTED BY:WAQAS AHMAD
TELECOMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING
SU-12-01-003-005

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LAB#01
INTRODUCATION TO VARIOUS LAB INSTRUMENTS AND
COMPONENTS
Resister
Those type of electricdeviceswhichdecreasesthe currentorvoltage.
Capacitor
Those type of electricdeviceswhichstore electricityinthe formof electricfield.
Inductor
Inductorsare alsolike acapacitor but itstore electricityinthe formof magnetic
field.
Ammeter
Ammeteristhattype of electrical device whichisusedformeasuringthe
current.

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There are followingtypes.
Volt meter:
Usedfor measuringthe voltage.
Ohm meter:
Ohmmeteristhat device whichisusedtomeasure the resistance.
DMM
Its meansdigital multi meterDMMissimplyanalogmeteralsocalled
continuousmeter.
Bread Board
That device whichtrainsthe circuititalsocalledtrainercircuit.
Audio Generator
The device whichchangesthe currentfrequencyandincrease ordecrease the
frequency.
Power Supply
That device whichmake the current constant

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DC Supply
Whichgive DC voltage.
AC Supply
Whichgive ACvoltage.
Transformer
That electrical device whichincrease ordecrease the current
Step up
Whichconvertthe lowvoltage to highvoltage
Step down
Which convertthe highvoltage tolow voltage

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LAB #02
TO CALCULATE THE VALUE OF VERIOUS RESISTERS USING
 COLOUR CODING
 DIGITAL MULTIMETER (DMM)
COMPONENTS:
Resistors
Calculator
Digital multimeter (DMM)
PROCEDUDRE:
The resistors are used to low the original or high current .If there is different ohms of resistors
and we don’t know the value. So we find its value by two methods. First method is colour
coding we have differ value for any color and second method is DMM (digital multimeter).It
is very simple method. We attach one cable to one side of resistor second to second.
COLOUR CODING
COLOUR CODING
BLACK 0
BROWN 1
RED 2
ORANGE 3
YELLOW 4
GREEN 5
BLUE 6
VIOLET,PURPULE 7
GREY 8
WHITE 9

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TOLERANCE: -
SILVER = 10%
GOLD = 5%
RED = 2%
BROWN= 1%
S.NO COLOUR NAME
COLOUR
TOLERANCE
COLOUR
CODING
OHMIC
VALUE
TOLERANCE
VALUE
DMM
RESISTANCE
VALUE
1 BROWN,
BLACK,
RED
GOLD 1000 Ω 1000*5/100=50 Ω 985 Ω
2 RED,
BLACK,
YELLOW
GOLD 200000Ω 200000*5/100=
10000 Ω
199 kΩ
3 BLUE,
GREY,
BROWN
SILVER 680 Ω 680*10/100=68 Ω 675 Ω
4 RED,
BLACK,
ORANGE
GOLD 20000 Ω 20000*5/100=
1000 Ω
20.2 kΩ

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LAB #03
TO INAVESTIGATE THE WORKING AND VI CHARACTERISTIC
OF P-N JUNCATION DIODE IN
 FORWARD BIAS MODE
 REVERSE BIAS MODE
COMPONENTS:
PN-junction diode
Digital multimeter (DMM)
PROCEDUDRE:
In this lab we discuss the diode in forward bias mode and reverse bias mode with the help of
DMM When we attach the positive terminal of DMM to the positive terminal of diode and
negative terminal of DMM to the negative terminal of diode. The DMM show the continuity
.It is in forward bias mode. And when we attach the positive terminal of DMM to the negative
terminal of diode and negative terminal of DMM to the positive terminal of diode. The DMM
show the no continuity. It is in reverse bias mode. If the diode shows the continuity on both
biased so the diode is damage.
FORWARD BIAS MODEREVERSE BIAS MODE

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S.NO TEST POSITION
FORWARD
Ω TEST POSITION
REVERSE
Ω
1 0.575V 1.67K 0L 0L
2 0.519V 1.456K 0L 0L
3 0.563V 1.604K 0L 0L

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LAB #04
TO STUDY THE CONSTRUCATION WORKING AND OUTPUT
WAVEFORM OF HALF WAVE-RECTIFIER CIRCUIT
 POSTIVE HALF WAVE-RECTIFIER
 NEGATIVE HALF WAVE-RECTIFIER
COMPONENTS:
PN-junction diode
AC voltage Source
Resister (1 kΩ)
Ground cable .2
Oscilloscope
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC),
which flows in only one direction. The process is known as rectification. In half wave
rectification, either the positive or negative half of the AC wave is passed, while other half is
blocked.
PROCEDUDRE:
In this lab we make the half wave rectifier circuit. We connect the positive terminal of AC
voltage Source to the PN-junction diode and the diode is connected to Resister (1 kΩ) is
connected to negative terminal with AC voltage Source and ground the whole circuit.
Oscilloscope having two channels. The channel (A) is connected near to the positive terminal
of AC voltage Source and channel (B) is connected between the diode and Resister. Channel
(A) is used for to show input wave form and channel (B) is used for to show output wave
form.

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POSTIVE HALF WAVE-RECTIFIER
NEGATIVE HALF WAVE-RECTIFIER

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LAB #05
TO UNDERSTAND THE WORKING CONSTRUCTION AND OUTPUT
WAVEFORM OF THE CENTER TYPE TRANSFORMER FULL
WAVEFORM
COMPONENTS:
PN-junction diode 2
AC voltage Source
Center type Transformer
Resister (1 kΩ)
Ground cable .3
Oscilloscope
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC),
which flows in only one direction. The process is known as rectification. In full wave
rectification, either the positive or negative full of the AC wave is passed.
PROCEDUDRE:
In this lab we make the full wave rectifier circuit. We connect the positive terminal of AC
voltage Source to the one terminal of Transformer and negative terminal of AC voltage
Source connect to second terminal Transformer and other side of transformer one terminal is
connect to PN-junction diode and the second diode is connected to the second terminal of
transformer the both diodes is in forward bias. We take the center type of transformer and
ground. The one side of Resister (1 kΩ) is connected between the two diode and other side
ground. Oscilloscope having two channels. The channel (A) is connected near to the positive
terminal of AC voltage Source and channel (B) is connected to the resister side which is
connected between the diodes and Resister. And ground alsothe Oscilloscope

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LAB#06
TO UNDERSTAND THE CONSTRUCTION WORKING AND OUTPUT
WAVE FORM OF BRIDGE FULL WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT
COMPONENTS:
AC voltage Source
Resister
Bridge diodes
Grounds cables
Oscilloscope
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts the alternating current (AC),to direct current
(DC),which flows in only one direction. The process is known as rectification. In the full
wave rectification we use the bridge of diodes. In bridge two diodes are in forward bias and
other is in reverse bias. Therefore it makes full wave form.
PROCEDURE:
In this lab we make the full wave rectifier circuit with the help of AC source .AC source is
connected to the bridge diode in forward biased and the negative terminal to the other side of
the bridge diode and resister is also is connected between the bridge. Oscilloscope Channel
(A) is connected near to the positive terminal of the AC source .channel (B) is connected
across the resister and ground the oscilloscope.

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LAB#07
TO UNDERSTAND THE CONSTRUCTION WORKING AND OUTPUT
WAVEFORM OF CLIPPER CIRCUIT
 POSITIVE CLIPPER
 NEGATIVECLIPPER
 DUAL CLIPPER
 BIASED CLIPPER
COMPONENTS:
PN-junction diode 2
AC voltage Source
Resister (1 kΩ)
Ground cable .3

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Batteries
Oscilloscope
Clipper is an electrical device which cut off voltage above or below specified levels. Clipper
also called diode limiter. It add a dc level to an ac voltage
PROCEDUDRE:
In this lab we make the clipper circuits. We connect the AC voltage Source to the Resister (1
kΩ) to the PN-junction diode and ground. Oscilloscope The channel (A) is connected near to
the positive terminal of AC voltage Source and channel (B) is connected to between the
resister and diode. This is positive clipper. In this when the diode is reverse so it becomes
Negative clipper. And when connect two diodes one in forward and second is in reverse it
become dual clipper. And when we connect the batteries in reverse biased. It is biased
clipper.
POSITIVE CLIPPER
NEGATIVE CLIPPER

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DUAL CLIPPER
BIASEDCLIPPER

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LAB#08
TO UNDERSTAND THE CONSTRUCTION WORKING AND OUTPUT
WAVEFORM OF CLAMPER CIRCUIT
 POSITIVE CLAMPER
 NEGATIVE CLAMPER
COMPONENTS:
PN-junction diode
AC voltage Source
Polarized Capacitor
Ground cable
Oscilloscope
Clamper is an electrical device which adds the capacitor voltage with the AC voltage Source.
PROCEUDRE:
In this lab we make the clipper circuits. We connect the AC voltage Source to the Polarized
Capacitor to the PN-junction diode in reverse mode and ground the whole cirtcuit.Oscilloscope
the channel (A) is connected near to the positive terminal of AC voltage Source and channel
(B) is connected between the Polarized Capacitor and diode in reverse mode. This is positive
clamper circuit. In this when the diode is forward mode so it becomes Negative clamper.
POSITIVE CLAMPER

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NEGATIVE CLAMPER

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LAB#09
TO UNDERSTAND HOW TRANSISTOR (BJT) WILL WORK AS A
SWITCH
COMPONENTS:
Audio frequency Generator / function Generator
Oscilloscope
Ground cable.4
Resistor R1 3.3kΩ
Resistor R2 270 Ω
NPN Transistor 2N2222
Light Emitting Diode LED
Battery 9v
Transistor is use as a switch and an amplifier
PROCEUDRE:
In this lab we make the Transistor (BJT) will work as a Switch circuits. We connect the AFG
negative terminal to the ground second terminal to the Resistor R1 3.3kΩ to the base of NPN
Transistor 2N2222 the collector is connected to the negative terminal of LED positive
terminal is connected to the Resistor R2 270 Ω with the positive terminal of Battery 9v and
negative ground and the Emitter of Transistor to ground. Oscilloscope The channel (A) is
connected between the positive terminal and R1. And channel (B) is connected between the
LED and R2.

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