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Improve Your Java Code, Functional-Style - Now! John Ferguson Smart john.smart@wakaleo.com h2p://www.wakaleo.com Twi2er: wakaleo

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So who is this guy, anyway? Consulta nt Trainer Mentor Author Speaker Coder John Fer guson S mar t

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f(x,y) = x + yFunc:onal Programming is the new black

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Immutability is your friend

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Avoid nasty side-­‐effects

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Benefit from concurrency

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No more messy loops

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HowWhat

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Func:onal Programming in Java Coming to a JVM near you the summer of 2013

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Java 8 supports Lambda ExpressionsList<String> names = Arrays.asList("Aristotle", "Plato", "Socrates", "Pythagoras");List<String> filteredNames = names .filter(name -> name.startsWith("P")) .into(new ArrayList<String>());assertThat(filteredNames, contains("Plato", "Pythagoras"));

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Java 8 supports Lambda Expressions["Aristotle", "Plato", "Socrates", "Pythagoras"] names.filter(name -> name.startsWith("P")) .into(new ArrayList<String>()); ["Plato", "Pythagoras"]

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Java 8 supports Lambda Expressionspublic class Pet { private String name; private Species species; Pet(String name, Species species) {...} public String getName() {...} public Species getSpecies() {...} @Override public boolean equals(Object o) {...} @Override public int hashCode() {...} enum Species { Cat, Dog, GuineaPig; Pet called(String name) { return new Pet(name, this); } }}

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Java 8 supports Lambda Expressions public class Pet {List<Pet> private String name; pets = Arrays.asList(Cat.called("Ginger"), private Species species; Dog.called("Spot"), GuineaPig.called("Fluffy"), Pet(String name, Species species) {...} Dog.called("Rover")); public String getName() {...}List<Pet> public Species getSpecies()-> a.getSpecies() == Dog) sortedDogs = pets.filter(a {...} .sorted((a, b) -> a.getName().compareTo(b.getName())) .into(new ArrayList<Pet>()); @Override public boolean equals(Object o) {...}assertThat(sortedDogs, contains(Dog.called("Rover"), @Override Dog.called("Spot"))); public int hashCode() {...} enum Species { Cat, Dog, GuineaPig; Pet called(String name) { return new Pet(name, this); } } }

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Java 8 supports Lambda Expressions [Ginger, Spot, Fluffy, Rover]pets.filter(a -> a.getSpecies() == Dog) .sorted((a, b) -> a.getName().compareTo(b.getName())) .into(new ArrayList<Pet>()); [Rover, Spot]

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Java 8 supports Lambda Expressions [Ginger, Spot, Fluffy, Rover]pets.filter(a -> a.getSpecies() == Dog) .map(e -> { return e.getName(); }) .sorted((a, b) -> a.compareTo(b)) .into(new ArrayList<Pet>()); ["Rover", "Spot"]

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Java 8 supports Lambda Expressions [Ginger, Spot, Fluffy, Rover]Predicate<Pet> carnivores = (pet) -> (pet.getSpecies() == Dog || pet.getSpecies() == Cat);List<Pet> carnivorousPets = pets.filter(carnivores).into(new ArrayList<Pet>()); ["Ginger", "Spot", "Rover"]

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Java 8 supports Lambda Expressions [Ginger, Spot, Fluffy, Rover]pets.filter((pet) -> (pet.getSpecies() == Dog || pet.getSpecies() == Cat)) .into(new ArrayList<Pet>()); ["Ginger", "Spot", "Rover"]

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Java 8 supports Lambda Expressionspublic class VetStay { private Pet pet; private Date startOfStay; private String diagnosis; public VetStay(Pet pet, Date startOfStay, String diagnosis) { this.pet = pet; this.startOfStay = startOfStay; this.diagnosis = diagnosis; }} List<VetStay> vetStays = pets.map(pet -> { return new VetStay(pet, new Date(), "sore paw");}) .into(new ArrayList<VetStay>());

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Java 8 supports Lambda ExpressionsList<Pet> pets = Arrays.asList(Cat.called("Ginger"), Dog.called("Spot"), GuineaPig.called("Fluffy"), Dog.called("Rover"));assert pets.anyMatch(pet -> pet.getSpecies() == Dog)

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But Func:onal Programming in Java today?Surely this is madness!

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Google Guava

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Immutable Collec:onsDefensiveThread-safeEfficient

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Immutable Collec:ons Creating an immutable listList<String> colors = ImmutableList.of("red", "green", "blue"); Set<String> colors = ImmutableSet. of("red", "green", "blue"); Set<String> myColors = ImmutableSet.copyOf(colors); Creating an immutable copy

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No more returning Null“Null sucks.” - Doug Lea“I call it my billion-dollar mistake.” - Sir Tony Hoare

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No more returning Null What does a null return value mean?interface ClientService { Client findByName(String name);} No matching client found (but we were expecting one)? No matching client found (but we’re cool with that)? Something went wrong?

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No more returning Null Sometimes we might not return a client interface ClientService { Optional<Client> findByName(String name); } This forces us to cater for this case in our codeOptional<Client> clientOptional = clientService.findByName("Smith");if (clientOptional.isPresent()) { Client client = clientOptional.get();} else { // No client was found}

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No more returning Null A person may not have a favorite color class Person { Optional<Color> getFavoriteColor(); }Color colorToUse = person.getFavoriteColor().or(Blue) If not, use Blue

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And lots of other stuff...

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No more returning Null What does a null return value mean?interface ClientService { Client findByName(String name);} No matching client found (but we were expecting one)? No matching client found (but we’re cool with that)? Something went wrong?

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No more returning Null Sometimes we might not return a client interface ClientService { Optional<Client> findByName(String name); } This forces us to cater for this case in our codeOptional<Client> clientOptional = clientService.findByName("Smith");if (clientOptional.isPresent()) { Client client = clientOptional.get();} else { // No client was found}

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No more returning Null A person may not have a favorite color class Person { Optional<Color> getFavoriteColor(); }Color colorToUse = person.getFavoriteColor().or(Blue) If not, use Blue

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lambdaj– DSL for manipulating collections in a functional style– Replace loops with more concise and readable code

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LambdaJ support many high levelcollection-related functions filter aggregate sort convertextract group

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Filtering in LambdaJimport static ch.lambdaj.Lambda.filter;import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.startsWith;...List<String> names = Arrays.asList("Aristotle", "Plato", "Socrates", "Pythagoras");List<String> filteredNames = filter(startsWith("P"), names);assertThat(filteredNames, contains("Plato", "Pythagoras")); LambdaJ Hamcrest

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Filtering in LambdaJ["Aristotle", "Plato", "Socrates", "Pythagoras"] filter(startsWith("P"), names) ["Plato", "Pythagoras"]

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Filtering in LambdaJList<String> filteredNames = new ArrayList<>();for(String name : names) { if (name.startsWith("P")) { filteredNames.add(name); }} Old-style Java names.filter(name -> name.startsWith("P")) .into(new ArrayList<String>()); Java 8 filter(startsWith("P"), names) Lambda J

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Filtering in LambdaJList<Pet> pets = Arrays.asList(Cat.called("Ginger"), Dog.called("Spot"), GuineaPig.called("Fluffy"), Dog.called("Rover"));List<Pet> sortedDogs = filter(having(on(Pet.class).getSpecies(), is(Dog)), pets);assertThat(sortedDogs, contains(Dog.called("Rover"), Dog.called("Spot")));

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Filtering in LambdaJ [Ginger, Spot, Fluffy, Rover]filter(having(on(Pet.class).getSpecies(), is(Dog)), pets); [Rover, Spot]

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Sor:ng in LambdaJ [Ginger, Spot, Fluffy, Rover]sort(sortedDogs, on(Pet.class).getName()); [Fluffy, Ginger, Rover, Spot]

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Filtering and Sor:ng in LambdaJ [Ginger, Spot, Fluffy, Rover]List<Pet> filteredDogs = filter(having(on(Pet.class).getSpecies(), is(Dog)), pets);List<Pet> sortedDogs = sort(filteredDogs, on(Pet.class).getName()); [Rover, Spot]

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Extrac:ng in LambdaJ [Ginger, Spot, Fluffy, Rover]pets.filter(a -> a.getSpecies() == Dog) .map(e -> { return e.getName(); }) .sorted((a, b) -> a.compareTo(b)) .into(new ArrayList<Pet>()); Extracting with Java 8 ["Rover", "Spot"]

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Extrac:ng in LambdaJ [Ginger, Spot, Fluffy, Rover]List<Pet> dogs = filter(having(on(Pet.class).getSpecies(), is(Dog)), pets);List<String> dogNames = extract(dogs, on(Pet.class).getName());List<String> sortedDogNames = sort(dogNames,on(String.class)); Extracting with LambdaJ ["Rover", "Spot"]

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Extrac:ng in LambdaJ [Ginger, Spot, Fluffy, Rover]List<Pet> filteredDogs = new ArrayList();for(Pet pet : pets) { if (pet.getSpecies() == Dog) { filteredDogs.add(pet); }}Collections.sort(filteredDogs, new Comparator<Pet>() { @Override public int compare(Pet pet, Pet pet1) { return pet.getName().compareTo(pet1.getName()); }}); Extracting with old-style ["Rover", "Spot"] Java

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Extrac:ng in LambdaJ [Ginger, Spot, Fluffy, Rover]List<Pet> dogs = filter(having(on(Pet.class).getSpecies(), is(Dog)), pets);List<String> dogNames = extract(dogs, on(Pet.class).getName());List<String> sortedDogNames = sort(dogNames,on(String.class)); Extracting with LambdaJ ["Rover", "Spot"]

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Conver:ng in LambdaJList<VetStay> vetStays = pets.map(pet -> { return new VetStay(pet, new Date(), "sore paw");}) .into(new ArrayList<VetStay>()); Converting with Java 8 convert(pets, toVetStay()); private Converter<Pet, VetStay> toVetStay() { return new Converter<Pet, VetStay>() { @Override public VetStay convert(Pet pet) { return new VetStay(pet, new Date(), "sore paw"); } }; } Converting with LambdaJ

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Grouping in LambdaJ [Ginger, Spot, Fluffy, Rover]Group<Pet> petsBySpecies = group(pets,by(on(Pet.class).getSpecies()));List<Pet> dogs = petsBySpecies.find(Dog); [Spot,Rover]

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FlaOening in LambdaJ [[Spot, Rover], [Ginger], [Fluffy]]List<List<Pet>> petsBySpecies = ...List<Pet> allPets = flatten(petsBySpecies); [Spot, Rover, Ginger, Fluffy]

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Checking existence in LambdaJ [Spot, Rover, Ginger, Fluffy]exists(pets, having(on(Pet.class).getSpecies(), is(Cat))) true

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Using Predicates in LambdaJPredicate<Pet> carnivores = (pet) -> (pet.getSpecies() == Dog || pet.getSpecies() == Cat);List<Pet> carnivorousPets = pets.filter(carnivores).into(new ArrayList<Pet>()); Java 8Matcher<Pet> carnivore = new Predicate<Pet>() { public boolean apply(Pet pet) { return (pet.getSpecies() == Dog || pet.getSpecies() == Cat); }};List<Pet> carnivores = filter(carnivore, pets); LambdaJ

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Using Aggregates in LambdaJList<Pet> pets = Arrays.asList(Cat.called("Ginger"), Dog.called("Spot"), GuineaPig.called("Fluffy"), Dog.called("Rover"));int ageOfOldestPet = maxFrom(pets).getAge();int ageOfYoungestPet = minFrom(pets).getAge();int totalPetAges = sumFrom(pets).getAge();

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Some real-­‐world examplesTestOutcome 1 SUCCESS TestOutcome 2 SUCCESS TestOutcome 3 TestOutcome 4 FAILURE PENDING TestOutcome 1 SUCCESS TestOutcome 2 SUCCESS

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Some real-­‐world examples TestOutcome 1 SUCCESS TestOutcome 2 SUCCESS TestOutcome 3 TestOutcome 4 FAILURE PENDINGfilter(having(on(TestOutcome.class).getResult(), is(SUCCESS)), outcomes); TestOutcome 1 SUCCESS TestOutcome 2 SUCCESS

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Some real-­‐world examples TestOutcome 1 SUCCESS TestOutcome 2 SUCCESS TestOutcome 3 TestOutcome 4 FAILURE PENDING filter(withResult(SUCCESS)), outcomes);private Matcher<?> withResult(TestResult expectedResult) { return having(on(TestOutcome.class).getResult(), is(expectedResult));} TestOutcome 1 SUCCESS TestOutcome 2 SUCCESS

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Some real-­‐world examples TestOutcome 1 SUCCESS TestOutcome 2 SUCCESS TestOutcome 3 TestOutcome 4 FAILURE PENDINGfilter(anyOf(withResult(SUCCESS), withResult(PENDING)), outcomes); TestOutcome 1 SUCCESSTestOutcome 2 SUCCESSTestOutcome 4 PENDING

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Some real-­‐world examplesTestOutcome 1 SUCCESS TestOutcome 2 SUCCESS TestOutcome 3 TestOutcome 4 FAILURE PENDING TestOutcome 2 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4

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Some real-­‐world examples Tag Tag 1 TagProvider1 Tag TagProvider2 Tag Tag Tag Tagflatten(extract(TagProviders, on(TagProvider.class).getTags())); Tag Tag 1 Tag Tag Tag Tag Tag

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And performance in all that?

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Keeping things maintainable“Excessive use of Guavas functional programming idioms canlead to verbose, confusing, unreadable, and inefficient code.” - the Guava team Can also be true of LambdaJ

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Keeping things maintainable RULE 1Use a functional style when it makes the intent more readable

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Keeping things maintainablesort(extract(filter(having(on(Pet.class).getSpecies(), is(Dog)), pets), on(Pet.class).getName()), on(String.class));List<Pet> dogs = filter(having(on(Pet.class).getSpecies(), is(Dog)), pets);List<String> dogNames = extract(dogs, on(Pet.class).getName());List<String> sortedDogNames = sort(dogNames, on(String.class));

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Keeping things maintainable RULE 2 One-liners are not always better

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Keeping things maintainableconvert(pets, new Converter<Pet, VetStay>() { @Override public VetStay convert(Pet pet) { return new VetStay(pet, new Date(), "sore paw"); } });convert(pets, toVetStay());private Converter<Pet, VetStay> toVetStay() { return new Converter<Pet, VetStay>() { @Override public VetStay convert(Pet pet) { return new VetStay(pet, new Date(), "sore paw"); } };}

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Keeping things maintainable RULE 3Write your own domain-specific matchers

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Keeping things maintainableprivate Matcher<?> withResult(TestResult expectedResult) { return having(on(TestOutcome.class).getResult(), is(expectedResult));} filter(withResult(SUCCESS)), outcomes); select(not(withResult(SUCCESS))), outcomes); select(anyOf(withResult(SKIPPED), withResult(IGNORED)), outcomes);

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Thank You John Ferguson Smartjohn.smart@wakaleo.com h2p://www.wakaleo.com Twi2er: wakaleo