5. Figure 3.2 Secretion being released from cell by exocytosis Peroxisome Ribosomes Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Nuclear envelope Chromatin Golgi apparatus Nucleolus Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Cytosol Lysosome Mitochondrion Centrioles Centrosome matrix Microtubule Microvilli Microfilament Intermediate filaments Plasma membrane

7. Жидко-мозаичная модель мембраны Figure 3.3

15. Диффузия через плазматическую мембрану Figure 3.7 Extracellular fluid Cytoplasm Lipid- soluble solutes Lipid bilayer Lipid-insoluble solutes Water molecules Small lipid- insoluble solutes (a) Simple diffusion directly through the phospholipid bilayer (c) Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion through a channel protein; mostly ions selected on basis of size and charge (b) Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion via protein carrier specific for one chemical; binding of substrate causes shape change in transport protein (d) Osmosis, diffusion through a specific channel protein (aquaporin) or through the lipid bilayer

19. Типы активного транспорта Figure 3.11

21. Экзоцитоз Figure 3.12a

22. Эндозитоз с участием клатрина Figure 3.13a Recycling of membrane and receptors (if present) to plasma membrane Cytoplasm Extracellular fluid Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Detachment of clathrin- coated vesicle Clathrin- coated vesicle Uncoating Uncoated vesicle Uncoated vesicle fusing with endosome To lysosome for digestion and release of contents Transcytosis Endosome Exocytosis of vesicle contents Clathrin- coated pit Plasma membrane Ingested substance Clathrin protein (a) Clathrin-mediated endocytosis 2 1 3

23. Эндозитоз с участием клатрина Figure 3.13a Cytoplasm Extracellular fluid Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Clathrin- coated pit Plasma membrane Ingested substance (a) Clathrin-mediated endocytosis

24. Эндозитоз с участием клатрина Figure 3.13a Cytoplasm Extracellular fluid Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Detachment of clathrin- coated vesicle Clathrin- coated vesicle Clathrin- coated pit Plasma membrane Ingested substance (a) Clathrin-mediated endocytosis

25. Эндозитоз с участием клатрина Figure 3.13a Cytoplasm Extracellular fluid Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Detachment of clathrin- coated vesicle Clathrin- coated vesicle Uncoating Uncoated vesicle Uncoated vesicle fusing with endosome Endosome Clathrin- coated pit Plasma membrane Ingested substance Clathrin protein (a) Clathrin-mediated endocytosis

26. Эндозитоз с участием клатрина Figure 3.13a Recycling of membrane and receptors (if present) to plasma membrane Cytoplasm Extracellular fluid Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Detachment of clathrin- coated vesicle Clathrin- coated vesicle Uncoating Uncoated vesicle Uncoated vesicle fusing with endosome Endosome Clathrin- coated pit Plasma membrane Ingested substance Clathrin protein (a) Clathrin-mediated endocytosis 1

27. Эндозитоз с участием клатрина Figure 3.13a Cytoplasm Extracellular fluid Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Detachment of clathrin- coated vesicle Clathrin- coated vesicle Uncoating Uncoated vesicle Uncoated vesicle fusing with endosome To lysosome for digestion and release of contents Endosome Clathrin- coated pit Plasma membrane Ingested substance Clathrin protein (a) Clathrin-mediated endocytosis 2

28. Эндозитоз с участием клатрина Figure 3.13a Cytoplasm Extracellular fluid Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Detachment of clathrin- coated vesicle Clathrin- coated vesicle Uncoating Uncoated vesicle Uncoated vesicle fusing with endosome Transcytosis Endosome Exocytosis of vesicle contents Clathrin- coated pit Plasma membrane Ingested substance Clathrin protein (a) Clathrin-mediated endocytosis 3

29. Эндозитоз с участием клатрина Figure 3.13a Recycling of membrane and receptors (if present) to plasma membrane Cytoplasm Extracellular fluid Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Detachment of clathrin- coated vesicle Clathrin- coated vesicle Uncoating Uncoated vesicle Uncoated vesicle fusing with endosome To lysosome for digestion and release of contents Transcytosis Endosome Exocytosis of vesicle contents Clathrin- coated pit Plasma membrane Ingested substance Clathrin protein (a) Clathrin-mediated endocytosis 2 1 3

30. Фагоцитоз Figure 3.13b

31. Эндоцитоз с участием рецепторов Figure 3.13c

32. Пассивный транспорт Процесс Энергия Пример Простая диффузия Кинетическая Движение кислорода через мембрану Облегченная диффузия Кинетическая Перенос глюкозы в клетку Осмос Кинетическая Движение воды через мембрану

33. Активный транспорт Процесс Энергия Пример Активный транспорт растворенных веществ АТФ Передвижение ионов Экзоцитоз АТФ Выброс нейротрансмиттеров Эндоцитоз АТФ Фагоциты иммунной системы Рецепторный эндоцитоз АТФ Перенос гормонов Клатриновый эндоцитоз АТФ Траффик молекул внутри клетки

35. Метаболизм

37. Митохондрии Figure 3.17a, b

40. Эндоплазматический ретикулум ( ЭР ) Figure 3.18a, c

44. Синтез белка Figure 3.19 Cytosol Ribosomes mRNA Coatomer- coated transport vesicle Transport vesicle budding off Released glycoprotein ER cisterna ER membrane Signal- recognition particle (SRP) Signal sequence Receptor site Sugar group Signal sequence removed Growing polypeptide 1 2 3 4 5

45. Синтез белка Figure 3.19 Cytosol mRNA ER cisterna ER membrane Signal- recognition particle (SRP) Signal sequence Receptor site 1

46. Синтез белка Figure 3.19 Cytosol mRNA ER cisterna ER membrane Signal- recognition particle (SRP) Signal sequence Receptor site Growing polypeptide 1 2

47. Синтез белка Figure 3.19 Cytosol Ribosomes mRNA ER cisterna ER membrane Signal- recognition particle (SRP) Signal sequence Receptor site Signal sequence removed Growing polypeptide 1 2 3

48. Синтез белка Figure 3.19 Cytosol Ribosomes mRNA Released glycoprotein ER cisterna ER membrane Signal- recognition particle (SRP) Signal sequence Receptor site Signal sequence removed Growing polypeptide 1 2 3 4

49. Синтез белка Figure 3.19 Cytosol Ribosomes mRNA Transport vesicle budding off Released glycoprotein ER cisterna ER membrane Signal- recognition particle (SRP) Signal sequence Receptor site Sugar group Signal sequence removed Growing polypeptide 1 2 3 4 5

50. Синтез белка Figure 3.19 Cytosol Ribosomes mRNA Coatomer- coated transport vesicle Transport vesicle budding off Released glycoprotein ER cisterna ER membrane Signal- recognition particle (SRP) Signal sequence Receptor site Sugar group Signal sequence removed Growing polypeptide 1 2 3 4 5

55. Аппарат Гольджи Figure 3.20a

56. Функции аппарата Гольджи Figure 3.21 Secretion by exocytosis Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Vesicle incorporated into plasma membrane Coatomer coat Lysosomes containing acid hydrolase enzymes Phagosome Proteins in cisterna Membrane Vesicle Pathway 3 Pathway 2 Secretory vesicles Proteins Pathway 1 Golgi apparatus Cisterna Rough ER

57. Функции аппарата Гольджи Figure 3.21 Secretion by exocytosis Extracellular fluid Proteins in cisterna Membrane Vesicle Secretory vesicles Proteins Pathway 1 Golgi apparatus Cisterna Rough ER

58. Функции аппарата Гольджи Figure 3.21 Secretion by exocytosis Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Vesicle incorporated into plasma membrane Coatomer coat Proteins in cisterna Membrane Vesicle Pathway 2 Golgi apparatus Cisterna Rough ER

59. Функции аппарата Гольджи Figure 3.21 Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Lysosomes containing acid hydrolase enzymes Phagosome Proteins in cisterna Membrane Vesicle Pathway 3 Secretory vesicles Golgi apparatus Cisterna Rough ER

60. Функции аппарата Гольджи Figure 3.21 Secretion by exocytosis Extracellular fluid Plasma membrane Vesicle incorporated into plasma membrane Coatomer coat Lysosomes containing acid hydrolase enzymes Phagosome Proteins in cisterna Membrane Vesicle Pathway 3 Pathway 2 Secretory vesicles Proteins Pathway 1 Golgi apparatus Cisterna Rough ER

63. Эндомембранная система Figure 3.23

65. Двойные ковалентные связи Figure 2.7b

67. Цитоскелет Figure 3.24a-b

68. Цитоскелет Figure 3.24c

73. Двигательные молекулы Figure 3.25a

74. Двигательные молекулы Figure 3.25b

76. Центриоли Figure 3.26a, b

77. Реснички Figure 3.27a

78. Реснички Figure 3.27c

80. Ядро Figure 3.28a

84. 2 типа клеток – прокариоты и эукариоты

86. Прокариоты и эукариоты Прокариоты Эукариоты Одна клетка Одна или много клеток Нет ядра Ядро Нет органелл Органеллы Одна кольцевая молекула ДНК Хромосомы (линейные молекулы ДНК, связанные с белками – в основном с гистонами) мРНК не модифицируется Сплайсинг, процессинг мРНК

87. Вирусы Маленькие инфекционные агенты, которые могут реплицироваться только внутри живых клеток

88. Перенос генетической информации Трансляция Транскрипция Репликация