Shorekeepers of Mumbai
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Shorekeepers of Mumbai
- 1. Mission Mangroves Knowledge Partner By Dr. V. Shubhalaxmi Founder & Managing Trustee iNaturewatch Foundation 1
- 2. About Mission Mangroves A special community impact initiative of United Way Mumbai for conservation of mangroves in Mumbai. • Plantation and maintenance of 1,00,001 Mangroves in degraded wetlands • Education and sensitization of citizens of Mumbai on importance of Mangroves 2
- 3. Session Layout Presentation covering topics such as Introduction to Mangroves, Mangroves Adaptation, Mangroves Distribution, Types of Mangroves, Importance of Mangroves, Major threats, Protective measures for Mangroves, Conservation Quiz based on the above presentation (Group & Individual) 3
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- 5. Shorekeepers of Mumbai Mangroves guard our shorelines and ensure that the sea doesn’t encroach upon the land 5
- 6. Knowing Mangroves Mangroves are trees or shrubs that are found at the interface between land and sea. (coastal swamps, estuaries, mud-flats, seashores, riverbanks, intertidal regions of shallow bays and creek. They are only plants that could survive in salt water & they have special roots that allow them to inhabit at water logged areas. Mangrove ecosystem is a peculiar habitat & the plant community of this ecosystem is termed as "mangrove vegetation". 6
- 7. What makes them unique? Ability to cope with salt through transpiration Breathing pop up roots allows the plant to remain afloat Stilt roots 7
- 8. Did you know? Mangroves supply nutrients to adjacent coral reef and sea grass communities, sustaining these habitats’ primary production and general health. 8
- 9. Where all they are found? Mangroves are found practically in almost all the continents, excepting Europe, the Arctic and Antarctic. The richest mangrove communities occur in tropical and sub-tropical areas. India has around 7% of the world's total area of mangroves. 9
- 10. Did you know? The best luxuriant patches of mangroves are found in Asia, especially in India and Bangladesh - the Sunderbans are the largest mangrove forest in the world both in size as well as biodiversity 10
- 11. History of Greater Mumbai Mangroves Mumbai was earlier seven islands during 1670. However, the Britisher’s, deforested the fringing mangroves and reclaimed these islands into one continuous landmass. Since then the increasing development and population pressure are taking the toll of mangrove land. During these process a few mangrove patches are still left in the heart of the city, which proves that today's megacity had a luxuriant past of mangrove forests. 11
- 12. Mangroves areas in Greater Mumbai In the early nineties, perhaps over 37 sq. km. of mangroves existed in Mumbai. Today major mangroves are seen today in Greater Mumbai along the • Vasai Creek • Thane Creek • Manori and Malad • Mahim - Bandra • Versova • Sewri • Mumbra – Diva • Vikhroli • Bhandup 12
- 13. Lets explore Mangrove Forests Around 15 species of true mangroves are found in Mumbai. However data about 10 species is available. Mangroves are home to several species insects, reptiles, birds, and mammals like crocodiles, waders, deer, monkeys, and honeybees. Many animals find shelter either in the roots or branches of mangroves. 13
- 14. Mangroves Zones on the Shores 1. Front mangroves (Proximal Zone): This zone is towards water front. Main species with these features are Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora mucronata. On rocky and coral reef substrata, Avicennia spp, Sonneratia sp. Caseolaris sp., are also found. Both Avicennia and Sonneratia produce pneumatophores. 2. Mid mangroves (Middle Zones): Ceriops sp. and Bruguiera sp.are found in this region which develop a strong hold fast in the form of knee roots or bent roots as a special adoption for supporting the erect bole. 3. Back mangroves (Distal Zone): Towards island area mangroves like Excoecaris agallocha, Heritiera littoralis and Xylocarnus spp occur. Both Heritiera sp.and Xylocarpus sp.produce buttress roots. 14
- 15. Top 10 Mangroves of Greater Mumbai TOP TEN MUMBAI MANGROVES 15
- 16. 1.Grey Mangrove: The coloniser A gregarious species seen in large stretches along the estuarine region and creeks. This is the first among mangrove species to establish itself in new habitats. Commonest on west coast of India and in Mumbai. Source of fuel, timber, pickle, cattle feed, tannin. Used as abortive, on fish bites and wounds . 16
- 17. 2. Red Mangrove: Walking Roots Mainly seen along sheltered estuaries and creeks. Self propagation Source of firewood, charcoal, fodder, mosquito repellent, cure for diabetes, dysentery, haemorrhage Identified by prominent prop roots and pointed leaf apex Fewer in Mumbai 17
- 18. 3.White Mangrove: Rebounder IUCN listed 24% decline in mangrove area within this species range since 1980. However, it has a high rejuvenation rate, and is often one of the first species to return after removal of mangrove habitat Identified by knee roots 18
- 19. 4. Mangrove Apple: Versatile IUCN Listed 7% decline in mangrove area within this species range since 1980. It is a fast-growing species but has low seed viability. Prominent knee roots Grows in unstable conditions, preferred for forestation 19
- 20. 5.River Mangrove- Honey provider IUCN Listed 21% decline in mangrove area within this species range since 1980. On the verge of entering the threatened category Grows in less saline area Few in Mumbai. 20
- 21. 6.Back Mangrove : The Blinding Tree IUCN Listed 21% decline in mangrove area within this species range since 1980. However, this species is able to grow quickly and colonize disturbed areas. Sea level rise is a major threat, especially to back mangroves that have no area in which to expand. 21
- 22. Mangrove Neighbours Some of the plants that grow within or in the peripheral area of mangrove wetlands. are considered as mangrove associates. They are tolerant to mild level of salinity They lack aerial roots 22
- 23. 7. Meswak- The toothbrush Tree Young stems of 3 to 5 mm are used as toothbrushes. A toothstick is also said to relieve toothache and gum disease, and the leaves are used as a mouthwash and for tooth and gum problems Fruits are edible Commonest mangrove associate in Mumbai 23
- 24. 8. Sea Holly : Joint Pain Reliever IUCN Listed The species is decreasing with destruction of mangrove habitats but there are no formal studies on species population decline. Grows in fresh & saline waters Used in Ayurvedic medicines to treat joint pains 24
- 25. 9. Common Night Glory: Night Bloomer Flowers bloom in night Leaves are used in preparing bread. Tender shoots and leaves eaten as vegetable 25
- 26. 10. Sea Purslane: The vegetable plant A perennial herb found on the sea coasts. Flowers are pink or purple and opens for only a few hours each day. These plants are known to help build dunes by catching sand in between stems and leaves. 26
- 27. Top Ten Magrove Animals A large variety of fishes, molluscs, prawns, and crabs are totally dependent on the mangrove ecosystem. Deep sea fishes are known to use the habitat for breeding and rearing their juveniles in the food-rich and safe shelters of mangroves. Fiddler Crab Mud Skipper 27
- 28. 1. Mudskipper- The walking fish 28
- 29. 2. Fiddler Crab: The Calling Crab 29
- 30. 3. Telescope Snail: The largest shell 30
- 31. 4. Small Salmon Arab: Mangrove Butterfly 31
- 32. 5. Teak Defoliator: Mangrove moth 32
- 33. 6. Monitor Lizard: Largest Lizard Water Monitor Lizard 33
- 34. 7. Olive Ridley Turtle: Arribada Makers 34
- 35. 8. Greater & Lesser Flamingos- Winter Guest Flamingos 35
- 36. 9. Mongoose- The Snake Hunter 36
- 37. 10. Jackal: The pack movers 37
- 38. Importance of Mangrove Helps in Coastal Ecosystem Place of living Storm buffer Water Quality Air Quality Mangrove and Human Being 38
- 39. Major Threats 39
- 40. Garbage Dumping Construction and Encroachment Illegal Dumping Release of industrial effluents and untreated sewage 40
- 41. Oil Spills and Mangroves 41
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- 45. Borivli-Dahisar Link Road: The illegal construction and parking of private vehicles and tourist buses have taken a toll on the green cover along the Borivli-Dahisar Link Road. Kandar Pada-Dahisar: Even this stretch was marred by similar problems — illegal dumping and rampant construction in the CRZ. Surprisingly, all houses constructed on the mangrove land had electricity and water supply. Dharma Nagar (Borivli West) Despite falling under CRZ, a paver block manufacturing unit was set up on mangrove land. 45
- 46. Illegal dumping of debris in Nerul, Ghansoli and area near NRI complex 46
- 47. Mumbai Deluge- An eye opener 26 July floods & Mithi river Monsoon floods in Maharashtra in 2005 killed nearly 1,000 people in Mumbai alone. This could have been avoided or the impact could have been reduced if the floodplains and mangroves were not destroyed and Mithi River’s natural drainage system had not been repeatedly diverted and blocked. On the other hand, Navi Mumbai did not suffer any flooding due to good mangrove cover and presence of retention ponds along the creek 47
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- 49. Mangrove Cell Mangrove cell was formed in 2012 Established a mangrove nursery in Vasai Creek and planted 250,000 mangrove saplings in five locations in the city. They aim to provide mangroves for recreational purposes (create promenades and boardwalks around the edges of mangrove areas) They are developing a mangrove park on Waghivli island which was later shifted on an open plot near Khandeshwar railway station 49
- 50. Other NGOs working for Mangrove conservation Dahisar , New Link Road Residence Association Vanshakti Conservation Action Trust Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) Mangrove Society of India Mangrove and Marine Biodiversity Conservation Foundation iNaturewatch Foundation 50
- 51. How can you Help Report cutting of mangroves to your nearest police station Reduce Reuse Recycle Spread Awareness Don't buy flats on reclaimed area Participate in Mangrove plantation drives Engage in clean up drives Report any clearing of mangroves in your area Participate in mangrove walks 51
- 53. Places to Visit Thane Creek, Sewri Mudflats, Palm Beach Road in Navi Mumbai, Airoli Marine Centre, Godrej Marine Centre, Vikroli, Bhandup Pumping station 53
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- 55. Hightlights Plant Life Animal Life Grey Mangrove-The coloniser Red Mangrove- Walking Tree White Mangrove-Rebounder Mangrove Apple-Versatile River Mangrove-Honey Providers Back Mangrove- Blinding Tree Mesawak- Toothbrush tree Sea Holly- Joint Pain Reliever Common Night Glory- Night Bloomer Sea Purselane- Vegetable Plant Mudskipper-Walking fish Fiddler crab- Calling crab Telescope snail- Largest shell Small Salmon Arab – Mangrove butterfly Teak defoliator-Mangrove moth Monitor lizard- Largest lizard Olive Ridley- Arribada makers Flamingos- Winter visitor Mangoos- Snake hunter Jackal- Pack Movers 55
- 56. FOR CARE FOR MANGROVES CALL US iNaturewatch Foundation 9987013144 56
Editor's Notes
- Click on Mission Mangroves video link and ask the audience what are they seeing and ask them to interpret the video
- Video
- Mangroves are aptly known as Shorekeepers because they literally cling on the land surface and doesn’t allow the sea water to ingress and occupy the land. So having them at our shorelines ensure that our city is safe from floods and that we do not loose our precious land surface to sea.
- Mangroves are trees or shrubs that are found at the interface between land and sea. They grow in coastal swamps, estuaries, mud-flats, seashores, riverbanks, intertidal regions of shallow bays and creek. They are the only plants that could survive in salt water & they have special roots that allow them to inhabit at water logged areas. Mangrove ecosystem is a peculiar habitat & the plant community of this ecosystem is termed as "mangrove vegetation".
- The pop-up roots of mangroves are different from the actual roots. The role of these roots is to breath in air and exude excess salts. They form extensive network around the plant. This is the most peculiar feature in the plant kingdom and only mangrove species are known to have them
- Coral reefs are built by colonies of tiny animals found in marine waters
- Out of these 80% are present along the east coast, mostly forming the Sunderbans, Bhitarkanika and the Andaman & Nicobar mangroves. The remaining 20% mangroves are scattered on the west coast from Kutch to Kerala. The total area of mangroves in The reason for such a restricted mangrove cover is the peculiar coastal structure and the nature of estuaries formed by the relatively small and non-perennial rivers except Narmada and Tapi.
- Name has been derived from the Sundari trees (the mangrove species Heritiera fomes) that are found in Sundarbans in large numbers. Once a widely spread species, it has now become almost extinct in W. Bengal. It produces timber of excellent quality which is said to be more expensive than teak.
- 1893 map of mumbai
- Greater Mumbai is blessed to have its seafront protected by mangroves in most of the areas. In Mumbai the stretch is less extensive as in Thane and Navi Mumbai, which clearly highlights how development has taken toll on mangrove areas. Due to lack of awareness and improper planning Mumbai has lost most of its mangroves. The largest dumping site in Mumbai- Deonar is actually situated inside mangroves.
- Around 15 species of true mangroves are found in Mumbai. 60 per cent of Mumbai mangroves comprise Avicennia marina. Not surprisingly, this species also tolerates pollution in the form of heavy metals such as lead, mercury and chromium, all found in significant concentrations in the Mithi River. Mangroves are home to several species insects, reptiles, birds, and mammals like crocodiles, waders, deer, monkeys, and honeybees. Many animals find shelter either in the roots or branches of mangroves.
- the zonation in mangroves is not so simple and varies from place to place. Every species has its own level of salinity tolerance. Estuaries on east coast show distinct zonation. The high salinity range on the east coast estuaries may be the principal reason for distinct zonation there. The range and force of tidal action also play a determinant role in creation and maintenance of zones as distribution of seeds or propagules is influenced by tidal action. Also, tides do influence the salinity in an estuary. 1. Front mangroves (Proximal Zone): This zone is towards water front, subject to regular tidal effect. The mangrove species in this zone are specially adapted with stilt roots, prop roots for stability and anchorage. Main species with these features are Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora mucronata. On rocky and coral reef substrata, Avicennia Spp, Sonneratia Caseolaris are also found. Both Avicennia and Sonneratia produce pneumatophores. 2. Mid mangroves (Middle Zones): Above the Rhizophora/ Avicennia line luxuriant group of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, B. Cylindrica, Lumnitzera racemosa, L. littoralis, Ceriops tagal and Aegiceras corniculatum occur. Ceriops and Bruguiera develop a strong hold fast in the form of knee roots or bent roots as a special adoption for supporting the erect bole. 3. Back mangroves (Distal Zone): Towards island area mangroves like Excoecaris agallocha, Heritiera littoralis and Xylocarnus spp occur. Both Heritiera and Xylocarpus produce buttresses.
- This are few species of mangroves found in Mumbai.
- Avicennia marina A gregarious species seen in large stretches along the estuarine region and creeks. This is the first among mangrove species to establish itself in new habitats. Commonest on west coast of India and in Mumbai. Source of fuel, timber, pickle, cattle feed, tannin. Used as abortive, on fish bites and wounds .
- Rhizophora mucronata As the common name suggests this belong to Red Mangrove Family. Mainly seen along sheltered estuaries and creeks. Source of firewood, charcoal, fodder, mosquito repellent, cure for diabetes, dysentery, haemorrhage Identified by prominent stilt roots and pointed leaf apex Few in Mumbai
- Bruguiera cylindrical Source of firewood, charcoal, tannin Leaves for blood pressure and fruits to stop bleeding Identified by knee roots Few in Mumbai
- Sonneratia apetela Source of timber, fodder, food (fruits), tannin Prominent knee roots Grows in unstable conditions, preferred for forestation
- Aegiceras corniculatum
- Excoecaria agallocha It is also known as Blinding Tree. The reason behind the curious name of this tree is that the milky sap of this tree can cause temporary blindness if it enters the eyes.
- Some of the plants that grow within or in the peripheral area of mangrove wetlands. are considered as mangrove associates. They are tolerant to mild level of salinity
- Salvadora Percica Seeds yield oil for soap industry Roots as astringent, toothbrush Leaves as food during famine, drought Commonest mangrove associate in Mumbai It is used in Meswak tooth paste
- Acanthus ilicifolius Large presence indicates mangrove ecosystem degradation Twiny habit and spiny leaves Grow on high tide mark, lobster mounds Used as desiccant and to cure rheumatism, neuralgia, kidney stones, cold, skin allergy, ulcers, epilepsy
- Rivea hypocrateriformis
- A large variety of fishes, molluscs, prawns, and crabs are totally dependent on the mangrove ecosystem. Deep sea fishes are known to use the habitat for breeding and rearing their juveniles in the food-rich and safe shelters of mangroves.
- Mudskipper are fish. This fish-out-of-water has adapted to living mostly on land.
- Fiddler crab are small crustaceans with a distinctive enlarged claw. They live on beaches, mud flats and marshes
- Telescopium telescopium, or "Horn snail," is a species of marine gastropod mollusk in the family Potamididae.[1] It is found in mangrove forests throughout the coastlines of the Indian Ocean.
- Desert Small Salmon Arab is a mangrove butterfly and its caterpillars feeds on Salvadora percica.
- They are also known as Teak defoliator, Mangrove moth caterpillars feeds on several species of mangroves and are a pest.
- Endangered species like Olive ridley turtle and Monitor lizard are seen in the mangrove area near vasai creek.
- The Olive ridley turtles are the smallest and most abundant of all sea turtles found in the world. Olive ridleys get their name from the coloring of their heart-shaped shell, which starts out gray but becomes olive green once the turtles are adults. They have one to two visible claws on each of their paddle-like flippers. They migrate hundreds or even thousands of miles every year, and come together as a group only once a year for the arribada, when females return to the beaches where they hatched and lumber onshore, sometimes in the thousands, to nest. The coast of Orissa in India is the largest mass nesting site for the Olive-ridley.
- Mangroves serve as nesting areas for coastal birds. Many migratory species depend on mangroves during their seasonal migrations for food and shelter. Migratory birds like Flamingos can be seen in thousands at sewri mud-flats during winter.
- Bats, Mongoose, Jackal, Wild Boar are seen in the mangroves around Mumbai.
- Helps in Coastal Ecosystem - Mangrove is very important to coastal ecosystem. It is used to trap different kinds of chemical elements, organic materials and nutrients. The marine organism can get food from mangrove area. Mangroves have hard wood that people use to make boats and other products. The bark of the common mangrove is full of tannin. Tannin is a chemical used for turning animal hides into leather. Mangroves also have been used in medicine. Place of living - It provides nursery ground and habitat for many kinds of marine organisms Strom buffer - It can decrease the effect of wave and windy action on the shoreline. Water Quality - The water quality can be increased because of mangrove. It is due to the fact that the water will be filtered by eliminating the sediment, dust and debris. Air Quality - The amount of greenhouse gasses in the world can be decreased because the plants use the carbon dioxide for photosynthesis process. It can filter the polluted gas and changes it into oxygen. White Mangrove - widespread mangrove (Avicennia marina) They can grow until 5 meter with some flaking patches. fruit which can be eaten Mangrove and Human Being - Mangrove is not only important for the marine organism, but it also gives many benefits for the life of human being. we can avoid the risk of having tsunami or storm if the mangrove is very strong. Mangrove is also a good source of wood, fiber, medicine, fruit and seafood for human being.
- Dumping, release of industrial effluents and untreated sewage in sea, encroachment, landfill and construction are major threats to mangroves in Mumbai.
- The Mangrove Cell was created by the Government of Maharashtra on January 05, 2012 to protect, conserve and manage the mangroves of the State.The Cell has also been given the additional responsibility of conservation of coastal biodiversity. Carter Road where the mangroves flourished in the last 10 years. This has been possible due to the participation of citizen’s forums fighting individually. Protection of the mangrove ecosystem is possible only through the participation of the local community and by building up pressure groups for ensuring management and strict implementation of the legal provisions by the Government. Residents associations are coming together to spread awareness as they realize that the rapid destruction of mangroves along the coast of Mumbai will have far-reaching effects on the city. NGOs in Mumbai are making efforts to highlight the issues like land reclamation, coastal regulation zone notification and illegal destruction of the mangrove areas through the interventions of the local state government and a local bodies.