SlideShare a Scribd company logo

Refactoring, A First Example

•Download as PPT, PDF•
•
Vorleak Chy
Vorleak Chy
EducationTechnologyBusiness
1 of 19
Refactoring, a First Example Vorleak Chy (vorleak.chy@gmail.com) Software Engineer Yoolk Inc http://groups.google.com/group/khmertech/
Before Refactoring ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
After Refactoring ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Introduction ,[object Object],[object Object]
What is Refactoring? ,[object Object],[object Object]
Why Refactor? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Why Refactor? (Cont.) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Look in example ,[object Object],[object Object]
The Starting Point
Comments on the Starting Program ,[object Object]
The First Step in Refactoring ,[object Object]
Decomposing and Redistributing the Statement Method (Extract Method) ,[object Object],[object Object]
Moving the Amount Calculation ,[object Object],[object Object]
Extracting Frequent Renter Points ,[object Object]
Removing Temps ,[object Object]
Replacing the Conditional Logic on Price Code with Polymorphism ,[object Object]
At last … Inheritance
 
Thank-you for attending KhmerTech Feel free to join at http://groups.google.com/group/khmertech/

Recommended

Tdd
TddTdd
Tdd
nitinkansal2003
 
Tdd in php a brief example
Tdd in php a brief exampleTdd in php a brief example
Tdd in php a brief example
Jeremy Kendall
 
Alexandru Bolboaca - Unit Testing from the Trenches
Alexandru Bolboaca - Unit Testing from the TrenchesAlexandru Bolboaca - Unit Testing from the Trenches
Alexandru Bolboaca - Unit Testing from the Trenches
Mozaic Works
 
DIG1108 Lesson 7
DIG1108 Lesson 7DIG1108 Lesson 7
DIG1108 Lesson 7
vc-dig1108-fall-2013
 
Test Driven Development
Test Driven DevelopmentTest Driven Development
Test Driven Development
bhochhi
 
Pair Programming
Pair ProgrammingPair Programming
Pair Programming
Siriwat Jithunsa
 
TDD (Test Driven Design)
TDD (Test Driven Design)TDD (Test Driven Design)
TDD (Test Driven Design)
nedirtv
 
Test Driven Development (TDD) Preso 360|Flex 2010
Test Driven Development (TDD) Preso 360|Flex 2010Test Driven Development (TDD) Preso 360|Flex 2010
Test Driven Development (TDD) Preso 360|Flex 2010
guest5639fa9
 

Recommended

Tdd
TddTdd
Tdd
nitinkansal2003
 
Tdd in php a brief example
Tdd in php a brief exampleTdd in php a brief example
Tdd in php a brief example
Jeremy Kendall
 
Alexandru Bolboaca - Unit Testing from the Trenches
Alexandru Bolboaca - Unit Testing from the TrenchesAlexandru Bolboaca - Unit Testing from the Trenches
Alexandru Bolboaca - Unit Testing from the Trenches
Mozaic Works
 
DIG1108 Lesson 7
DIG1108 Lesson 7DIG1108 Lesson 7
DIG1108 Lesson 7
vc-dig1108-fall-2013
 
Test Driven Development
Test Driven DevelopmentTest Driven Development
Test Driven Development
bhochhi
 
Pair Programming
Pair ProgrammingPair Programming
Pair Programming
Siriwat Jithunsa
 
TDD (Test Driven Design)
TDD (Test Driven Design)TDD (Test Driven Design)
TDD (Test Driven Design)
nedirtv
 
Test Driven Development (TDD) Preso 360|Flex 2010
Test Driven Development (TDD) Preso 360|Flex 2010Test Driven Development (TDD) Preso 360|Flex 2010
Test Driven Development (TDD) Preso 360|Flex 2010
guest5639fa9
 
Refactoring, 2nd Edition
Refactoring, 2nd EditionRefactoring, 2nd Edition
Refactoring, 2nd Edition
jexp
 
A Not-So-Serious Introduction to Test Driven Development (TDD)
A Not-So-Serious Introduction to Test Driven Development (TDD) A Not-So-Serious Introduction to Test Driven Development (TDD)
A Not-So-Serious Introduction to Test Driven Development (TDD)
CodeOps Technologies LLP
 
Adding Unit Test To Legacy Code
Adding Unit Test To Legacy CodeAdding Unit Test To Legacy Code
Adding Unit Test To Legacy Code
Terry Yin
 
Improve your TDD skills
Improve your TDD skillsImprove your TDD skills
Improve your TDD skills
XPeppers
 
Introduction to TDD (Test Driven development) - Ahmed Shreef
Introduction to TDD (Test Driven development) - Ahmed ShreefIntroduction to TDD (Test Driven development) - Ahmed Shreef
Introduction to TDD (Test Driven development) - Ahmed Shreef
Ahmed Shreef
 
Code review at large scale
Code review at large scaleCode review at large scale
Code review at large scale
Mikalai Alimenkou
 
A Brief Introduction to Test-Driven Development
A Brief Introduction to Test-Driven DevelopmentA Brief Introduction to Test-Driven Development
A Brief Introduction to Test-Driven Development
Shawn Jones
 
Test Driven Development
Test Driven DevelopmentTest Driven Development
Test Driven Development
guestc8093a6
 
Software testing
Software testingSoftware testing
Software testing
thaneofife
 
Test Driven Development
Test Driven DevelopmentTest Driven Development
Test Driven Development
Sachithra Gayan
 
Unit testing & TDD concepts with best practice guidelines.
Unit testing & TDD concepts with best practice guidelines.Unit testing & TDD concepts with best practice guidelines.
Unit testing & TDD concepts with best practice guidelines.
Mohamed Taman
 
Agile Programming Systems # TDD intro
Agile Programming Systems # TDD introAgile Programming Systems # TDD intro
Agile Programming Systems # TDD intro
Vitaliy Kulikov
 
Stop fearing legacy code
Stop fearing legacy codeStop fearing legacy code
Stop fearing legacy code
Yaki Koren
 
Beyond Unit Testing
Beyond Unit TestingBeyond Unit Testing
Beyond Unit Testing
Søren Lund
 
TDD- Test Driven Development
TDD- Test Driven DevelopmentTDD- Test Driven Development
TDD- Test Driven Development
Liza Antoun
 
Unit Testing in Action - C#, NUnit, and Moq
Unit Testing in Action - C#, NUnit, and MoqUnit Testing in Action - C#, NUnit, and Moq
Unit Testing in Action - C#, NUnit, and Moq
XPDays
 
TDD Flow: The Mantra in Action
TDD Flow: The Mantra in ActionTDD Flow: The Mantra in Action
TDD Flow: The Mantra in Action
Dionatan default
 
Testing the untestable
Testing the untestableTesting the untestable
Testing the untestable
RoyKlein
 
Reduce Reuse Refactor
Reduce Reuse RefactorReduce Reuse Refactor
Reduce Reuse Refactor
Alena Holligan
 
Test Driven Development
Test Driven DevelopmentTest Driven Development
Test Driven Development
guy_davis
 
Ruby Projects and Libraries
Ruby Projects and LibrariesRuby Projects and Libraries
Ruby Projects and Libraries
Vorleak Chy
 
Introduction to Refactoring
Introduction to RefactoringIntroduction to Refactoring
Introduction to Refactoring
Vorleak Chy
 

More Related Content

What's hot

Refactoring, 2nd Edition
Refactoring, 2nd EditionRefactoring, 2nd Edition
Refactoring, 2nd Edition
jexp
 
Software testing
Software testingSoftware testing
Software testing
thaneofife
 
Beyond Unit Testing
Beyond Unit TestingBeyond Unit Testing
Beyond Unit Testing
Søren Lund
 
Reduce Reuse Refactor
Reduce Reuse RefactorReduce Reuse Refactor
Reduce Reuse Refactor
Alena Holligan
 

What's hot (20)

Refactoring, 2nd Edition
Refactoring, 2nd EditionRefactoring, 2nd Edition
Refactoring, 2nd Edition
 
A Not-So-Serious Introduction to Test Driven Development (TDD)
A Not-So-Serious Introduction to Test Driven Development (TDD) A Not-So-Serious Introduction to Test Driven Development (TDD)
A Not-So-Serious Introduction to Test Driven Development (TDD)
 
Adding Unit Test To Legacy Code
Adding Unit Test To Legacy CodeAdding Unit Test To Legacy Code
Adding Unit Test To Legacy Code
 
Improve your TDD skills
Improve your TDD skillsImprove your TDD skills
Improve your TDD skills
 
Introduction to TDD (Test Driven development) - Ahmed Shreef
Introduction to TDD (Test Driven development) - Ahmed ShreefIntroduction to TDD (Test Driven development) - Ahmed Shreef
Introduction to TDD (Test Driven development) - Ahmed Shreef
 
Code review at large scale
Code review at large scaleCode review at large scale
Code review at large scale
 
A Brief Introduction to Test-Driven Development
A Brief Introduction to Test-Driven DevelopmentA Brief Introduction to Test-Driven Development
A Brief Introduction to Test-Driven Development
 
Test Driven Development
Test Driven DevelopmentTest Driven Development
Test Driven Development
 
Software testing
Software testingSoftware testing
Software testing
 
Test Driven Development
Test Driven DevelopmentTest Driven Development
Test Driven Development
 
Unit testing & TDD concepts with best practice guidelines.
Unit testing & TDD concepts with best practice guidelines.Unit testing & TDD concepts with best practice guidelines.
Unit testing & TDD concepts with best practice guidelines.
 
Agile Programming Systems # TDD intro
Agile Programming Systems # TDD introAgile Programming Systems # TDD intro
Agile Programming Systems # TDD intro
 
Stop fearing legacy code
Stop fearing legacy codeStop fearing legacy code
Stop fearing legacy code
 
Beyond Unit Testing
Beyond Unit TestingBeyond Unit Testing
Beyond Unit Testing
 
TDD- Test Driven Development
TDD- Test Driven DevelopmentTDD- Test Driven Development
TDD- Test Driven Development
 
Unit Testing in Action - C#, NUnit, and Moq
Unit Testing in Action - C#, NUnit, and MoqUnit Testing in Action - C#, NUnit, and Moq
Unit Testing in Action - C#, NUnit, and Moq
 
TDD Flow: The Mantra in Action
TDD Flow: The Mantra in ActionTDD Flow: The Mantra in Action
TDD Flow: The Mantra in Action
 
Testing the untestable
Testing the untestableTesting the untestable
Testing the untestable
 
Reduce Reuse Refactor
Reduce Reuse RefactorReduce Reuse Refactor
Reduce Reuse Refactor
 
Test Driven Development
Test Driven DevelopmentTest Driven Development
Test Driven Development
 

Viewers also liked

Ruby Projects and Libraries
Ruby Projects and LibrariesRuby Projects and Libraries
Ruby Projects and Libraries
Vorleak Chy
 
Rasberry Green Tea
Rasberry Green TeaRasberry Green Tea
Rasberry Green Tea
jzinda
 
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving Cars
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving CarsStudy: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving Cars
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving Cars
LinkedIn
 

Viewers also liked (6)

Ruby Projects and Libraries
Ruby Projects and LibrariesRuby Projects and Libraries
Ruby Projects and Libraries
 
Introduction to Refactoring
Introduction to RefactoringIntroduction to Refactoring
Introduction to Refactoring
 
Rasberry Green Tea
Rasberry Green TeaRasberry Green Tea
Rasberry Green Tea
 
Seminar Presentation on Raspberry Pi
Seminar Presentation on Raspberry PiSeminar Presentation on Raspberry Pi
Seminar Presentation on Raspberry Pi
 
Hype vs. Reality: The AI Explainer
Hype vs. Reality: The AI ExplainerHype vs. Reality: The AI Explainer
Hype vs. Reality: The AI Explainer
 
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving Cars
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving CarsStudy: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving Cars
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving Cars
 

Similar to Refactoring, A First Example

Principles in Refactoring
Principles in RefactoringPrinciples in Refactoring
Principles in Refactoring
Chamnap Chhorn
 
Agile Methodologies And Extreme Programming - Svetlin Nakov
Agile Methodologies And Extreme Programming - Svetlin NakovAgile Methodologies And Extreme Programming - Svetlin Nakov
Agile Methodologies And Extreme Programming - Svetlin Nakov
Svetlin Nakov
 

Similar to Refactoring, A First Example (20)

Refactoring 2 The Max
Refactoring 2 The MaxRefactoring 2 The Max
Refactoring 2 The Max
 
Refactoring PHP
Refactoring PHPRefactoring PHP
Refactoring PHP
 
Refactoring
RefactoringRefactoring
Refactoring
 
Why test with flex unit
Why test with flex unitWhy test with flex unit
Why test with flex unit
 
Agile Values, Principles and Practices
Agile Values, Principles and PracticesAgile Values, Principles and Practices
Agile Values, Principles and Practices
 
agile refactoring and integration techniques.pdf
agile refactoring and integration techniques.pdfagile refactoring and integration techniques.pdf
agile refactoring and integration techniques.pdf
 
So You Just Inherited a $Legacy Application...
So You Just Inherited a $Legacy Application...So You Just Inherited a $Legacy Application...
So You Just Inherited a $Legacy Application...
 
So You Just Inherited a $Legacy Application… NomadPHP July 2016
So You Just Inherited a $Legacy Application… NomadPHP July 2016So You Just Inherited a $Legacy Application… NomadPHP July 2016
So You Just Inherited a $Legacy Application… NomadPHP July 2016
 
Software Development Standard Operating Procedure
Software Development Standard Operating Procedure Software Development Standard Operating Procedure
Software Development Standard Operating Procedure
 
WoMakersCode 2016 - Shit Happens
WoMakersCode 2016 - Shit HappensWoMakersCode 2016 - Shit Happens
WoMakersCode 2016 - Shit Happens
 
Agile Manifesto & XP
Agile Manifesto & XPAgile Manifesto & XP
Agile Manifesto & XP
 
Principles in Refactoring
Principles in RefactoringPrinciples in Refactoring
Principles in Refactoring
 
Why Design Patterns Are Important In Software Engineering
Why Design Patterns Are Important In Software EngineeringWhy Design Patterns Are Important In Software Engineering
Why Design Patterns Are Important In Software Engineering
 
Refactoring
RefactoringRefactoring
Refactoring
 
extreme Programming
extreme Programmingextreme Programming
extreme Programming
 
Workshop - The Little Pattern That Could.pdf
Workshop - The Little Pattern That Could.pdfWorkshop - The Little Pattern That Could.pdf
Workshop - The Little Pattern That Could.pdf
 
Refactoring
RefactoringRefactoring
Refactoring
 
The Power Of Refactoring (php|tek 09)
The Power Of Refactoring (php|tek 09)The Power Of Refactoring (php|tek 09)
The Power Of Refactoring (php|tek 09)
 
Agile Methodologies And Extreme Programming
Agile Methodologies And Extreme ProgrammingAgile Methodologies And Extreme Programming
Agile Methodologies And Extreme Programming
 
Agile Methodologies And Extreme Programming - Svetlin Nakov
Agile Methodologies And Extreme Programming - Svetlin NakovAgile Methodologies And Extreme Programming - Svetlin Nakov
Agile Methodologies And Extreme Programming - Svetlin Nakov
 

Recently uploaded

The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
heathfieldcps1
 
Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...
Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...
Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...
Association for Project Management
 
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
ZurliaSoop
 

Recently uploaded (20)

UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdfUGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
 
How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17
How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17
How to Create and Manage Wizard in Odoo 17
 
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptxGoogle Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
 
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POSHow to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
 
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
 
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan FellowsOn National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
 
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptxHMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
HMCS Max Bernays Pre-Deployment Brief (May 2024).pptx
 
Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...
Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...
Making communications land - Are they received and understood as intended? we...
 
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptxTowards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
 
FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024
FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024
FSB Advising Checklist - Orientation 2024
 
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
Jual Obat Aborsi Hongkong ( Asli No.1 ) 085657271886 Obat Penggugur Kandungan...
 
Application orientated numerical on hev.ppt
Application orientated numerical on hev.pptApplication orientated numerical on hev.ppt
Application orientated numerical on hev.ppt
 
Sensory_Experience_and_Emotional_Resonance_in_Gabriel_Okaras_The_Piano_and_Th...
Sensory_Experience_and_Emotional_Resonance_in_Gabriel_Okaras_The_Piano_and_Th...Sensory_Experience_and_Emotional_Resonance_in_Gabriel_Okaras_The_Piano_and_Th...
Sensory_Experience_and_Emotional_Resonance_in_Gabriel_Okaras_The_Piano_and_Th...
 
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
 
Fostering Friendships - Enhancing Social Bonds in the Classroom
Fostering Friendships - Enhancing Social Bonds in the ClassroomFostering Friendships - Enhancing Social Bonds in the Classroom
Fostering Friendships - Enhancing Social Bonds in the Classroom
 
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdfUnit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
Unit 3 Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence.pdf
 
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
Kodo Millet PPT made by Ghanshyam bairwa college of Agriculture kumher bhara...
 
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding Accommodations and ModificationsUnderstanding Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
 
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptxICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
ICT Role in 21st Century Education & its Challenges.pptx
 
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning ExhibitSociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
Sociology 101 Demonstration of Learning Exhibit
 

Refactoring, A First Example

Editor's Notes

  1. 08/31/09 06:39 © 2003-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.
  2. 08/31/09 06:39 © 2003-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.
  3. 08/31/09 06:39 © 2003-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.
  4. 08/31/09 06:39 © 2003-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.
  5. 08/31/09 06:39 © 2003-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.
  6. 08/31/09 06:39 © 2003-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.
  7. 08/31/09 06:39 © 2003-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.
  8. 08/31/09 06:39 © 2003-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.
  9. 08/31/09 06:39 © 2003-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.
  10. 08/31/09 06:39 © 2003-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.
  11. 08/31/09 06:39 © 2003-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.
  12. 08/31/09 06:39 © 2003-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.
  13. 08/31/09 06:39 © 2003-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.
  14. 08/31/09 06:39 © 2003-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.
  15. 08/31/09 06:39 © 2003-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.
  16. 08/31/09 06:39 © 2003-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.
  17. 08/31/09 06:39 © 2003-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. This presentation is for informational purposes only. Microsoft makes no warranties, express or implied, in this summary.