Evolution of Commercial Mobile Communications - GPREC TechTalk

© Venkateswar Reddy Melachervu 2009-2014. All rights reserved.
#202 | Vasantha’s Classic | Doctors’ Colony | HITECH City| Hyderabad 500081 | India
Email : vmelachervu@gmail.com | Website : www.linkedin.com/in/vmelachervu
Mobile Communications
Evolution of Commercial Mobile
Communications
Venkateswar Reddy Melachervu
GPREC 88-92 ECE Batch
Associate Vice President – IT
Apollo Hospitals Group, Hyderabad
30-July-2014

© 2010. All rights reserved.
3G Overview ©Venkateswar Reddy Melachervu 2014. All rights reserved.
Disclaimer
Some of the generally available information on the subject on the Internet is used liberally - for the fear of reinventing the wheel. I
hereby thankfully acknowledge those sources.
I acknowledge that those brands, trademarks etc. used in this material belong to the respective owners.

Agenda
 Xx
 Xx
 xx

Global Mobile Cellular Subscriptions

Global Active Mobile Broadband Subscriptions

India Telecom Statistics - 2013
Population 1.21 billion
Revenue $33.35 billion
Telephone Subscribers 915.19 million
Fixed Lines 28.89 million
Mobile Phones 886.3 million
Net Monthly Telephone Additions 5.5 million
Teledensity 74.02%
Rural Teledensity 42.67%
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India
*As of Dec 2013

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Radio Spectrum

Origins of Wireless Communication
1901
Guglielmo Marconi
Demonstrates wireless communications
over increasing distances.
1864
James Maxwell
Predicts existence of radio
waves.
1886
Rudolph Hertz
Demonstrates radio waves.
1899
Jagadish Chandra Bose
Rang a bell at a distance using millimeter
range wavelength microwaves.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose
http://web.mit.edu/varun_ag/www/bose_real_inventor.pdf

Mobile Communication For Dummies
ATD
Encryption/
Compression
Digital
Modulation
Digital
Demodulation
Decryption/
Decompression
DTA

First Mobile Radio Telephone
Bell Labs, 1924
0G

1GAMPS TACS
NMT
1980s Analog Voice
Typical 2.4 Kbps
 Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS)
 Deployed in US , Japan : 1983
 Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)
 Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland : 1981
 Total Access Communication System (TACS)
 British System, similar to AMPS : 1985

Circuit Switching
• Dedicated end to end connection
• A private road all for yourself

Packet Switching
• Divided packets can take different paths and times
• A shared highway

2GGSM CDMA
TDMA
1990s Digital Voice
9.6 - 14.4 Kbps (circuit data)
 GSM - Global system for Mobile
 Based on TDMA ; Europe
 900 Mhz, 1800 Mhz
 Later 850 Mhz and 1900 Mhz in Americas
 Quad Band
 World Phones
 Used by AirTel, Vodafone
 CDMA - Code Division Multiple
Access
 cdmaOne or IS-95
 All users use same freq band - 800
Mhz
 Major success in Korea
 Used by Verizon, Sprint, Reliance
 Easy Migration to 3G

FDMA,TDMA,CDMA
 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
3 Orthogonal Schemes

CDMA Visual Example
DOGUser 1 Message
CATUser 2 Message

CDMA Visual Example
DOG
User 1 Pseudo Random Code or
Spreading Code

CDMA Visual Example
CAT
User 2 Pseudo Random Code or
Spreading Code

CDMA Visual Example - Transmitted
User 1 and User 2 Spread Message

CDMA Visual Example - Receiver
User 1 and User 2 Spread Message
User 2 Pseudo Random Code or Spreading CodeUser 1 Pseudo Random Code or Spreading Code

User 1 Message

User 2 Message

BSS — Base Station System
BTS — Base Transceiver Station
BSC — Base Station Controller
MS — Mobile Station
NSS — Network Sub-System
MSC — Mobile-service Switching Controller
VLR — Visitor Location Register
HLR — Home Location Register
AuC — Authentication Server
GMSC — Gateway MSC
2G Architecture
SS7
BTS
BSC
MSC
VLR
HLR
AuC
GMSC
BSS
PSTN
NSS
A
E
C
D
PSTN
Abis
B
H
MS
GSM — Global System for Mobile communication

2G Architecture Contd.
BTS — Base Transceiver Station
BSC — Base Station Controller
MSC — Mobile Switching Center
VLR — Visitor Location Register
HLR — Home Location Register
BTS
BSC
MSC/VLR
HLRBSC
GMSC
CO
BSC
BSC
MSC/VLR
CO
PSTN
PLMN
CO
Tandem Tandem
SMS-SC
PSDN

Making of Mobile Call

Making of Sending SMS

PSTN-to-Mobile Call
(STP)
(SCP)
PSTNPLMN
(SSP)(SSP)BSSMS
PLMN
(Home)(Visitor)
(STP)
HLR
GMSC
(SSP)
VMSC
VLR
IAM
6
2
Where is the subscriber?
5
Routing Info
3Provide Roaming
4
SCP
1
IAM
514 581 ...
ISUP
MAP/ IS41 (over TCAP)
Signaling
over SS7

3GPP
GPRS
EDGE LTE
WCDMA HSPA
1.92 Mbps 14 Mbps
384 Kbps
114 Kbps
100 Mbps

3GPP2
1xRTT
EV-DO UMB
(abandoned 2008 Nov & favoring LTE)
114 Kbps
2.4 Mbps 288 Mbps

3G Services

3G Standard Organizations
ARIB
(Japan)
T1
(USA)
ETSI
(Europe)
TTA
(Korea)
CWTS
(China)
TTC
(Japan)
TIA
(USA)
Third Generation
Patnership Project
(3GPP)
Third Generation
Partnership Project II
(3GPP2)
ITU
Mobile
Operators
ITU Members
IS-95), IS-41, IS-
2000, IS-835
GSM, W-CDMA,
UMTS

CDMA
GSM
TDMA
PHS
(IP-Based)
64 Kbps
GPRS
115 Kbps
CDMA 1xRTT
144 Kbps
EDGE
384 Kbps
cdma2000
1X-EV-DV
Over 2.4 Mbps
W-CDMA
(UMTS)
Up to 2 Mbps
2G
2.5G
2.75G 3G
1992 - 2000+
2001+
2003+
1G
1984 - 1996+
2003 - 2004+
TACS
NMT
AMPS
GSM/
GPRS
(Overlay)
115 Kbps
9.6 Kbps
9.6 Kbps
14.4 Kbps
/ 64 Kbps
9.6 Kbps
PDC
Analog Voice
Digital Voice
Packet Data
Intermediate
Multimedia
Multimedia
PHS
TD-SCDMA
2 Mbps?
9.6 Kbps
iDEN
(Overlay)
iDEN
Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray
Migration To 3G

3G and 3.5G

Mobile Communications Frequency Bands
You can check All Countries’ Frequency Bands at :
http://www.gsmarena.com/network-bands.php3?sCountry=INDIA
2G Capabilities GSM 900, GSM 1800
3G Capabilities UMTS 2100
4G Capabilities LTE 2300
1G + 2G
806 MHz 960 MHz
2G (Asia, Europe) + 3G
1710 MHz 1885 MHz
DECT, PHS + 2G + 3G
1885 MHz 2025 MHz 2110 MHz 2200 MHz
WCDMA(UL) 1820-1880MHz
WCDMA(DL) 1910-1970MHz
India
Global

3G Mobile Network

Node B
3G-324M
Mobile
MSC
UTRAN
UMTS
Core
Network
IP Network
RNC
Iu-cs
3G-324M
H.323
terminal
Streaming/Mail
media
server
Soft Switch
or Gate Keeper
H.248 or RAS
H.323
Support for H.323 calls
& streaming media
Multi-Media GW
RTP
3G Network Platform

3G Network Architecture
SD
Mobile Station
MSC/
VLR
Base Station
Subsystem
GMSC
Network Subsystem
AUCEIR HLR
Other Networks
Note: Interfaces have been omitted for clarity purposes.
GGSN
SGSN
BTS
BSC
Node
B
RNC
RNS
UTRAN
SIM
ME
USIM
ME
+
PSTN
PLMN
Internet

 Core Network CN
 switching, routing and transit for user traffic
 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network – UTRAN
 Air interface access method for User Equipment
 User Equipment – UE
 Terminals work as air interface counterpart for Node B
 Various identities are: IMSI, TMSI, P-TMSI, TLLI, MSISDN, IMEI, IMEISV
3G Network Architecture - Subsystems

 Wide band CDMA air interface
 Base Station is referred to as Node-B
 Control equipment for Node-B’s is called is called as Radio
Network Controller RNC)
 Functions of Node –B
 Air Interface Tx/Rx
 Modulation / Demodulation
 Functions of RNC
 Radio Resource Control
 Channel Allocation
 Power Control Settings
 Handover Control
 Ciphering
3G Network Architecture - UTRAN

WCDMA
 Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA)
 The air radio interface standard for UMTS
 Wideband direct sequence spread spectrum
 Three types of interface :
 FDD: separate uplink/downlink frequency bands with constant frequency
offset between them
 TDD: uplink/downlink in same band but time-shares transmissions in each
direction
 Dual mode :supports FDD and TDD
 5-MHz Channel (25 GSM channels)
 Each service provider can deploy multiple 5MHz carriers at same cell site
 Each 5 MHz shared by multiple subscribers using CDMA
 Maximum chip rate = 3.84 Mchips/sec
 QPSK modulation

Mobile Station (MS)
 Mobile Equipment
 Radio equipment
 User interface
 Processing capability and memory required for various
tasks
 Call signaling
 Encryption
 SMS
 Equipment IMEI number
 Subscriber Identity Module
 A small smart card
 Encryption codes needed to identify the subscriber
 Subscriber IMSI number
 Subscriber’s own information (telephone directory)
 Third party applications (banking etc.)
 Can also be used in other systems besides GSM, e.g., some
WLAN access points accept SIM based user authentication

Mobile Communications Network Architecture
2G - 2.5G - 3G

3G
 3G
◦ Wireless Internet
◦ Video Calling
◦ Mobile TV
 Drawbacks
◦ High Bandwidth Requirements
◦ High spectrum licensing fees
◦ Huge capital

3.5G
EVDO-Rev A
HSDPA HSUPA
EVDO-Rev B

Trends of Network Evolution
2G 3G
Wireless Wireline
circuit
packet
(VoIP)
ALL IP
Network
Tremendous Growth in Data Traffic
It’s not a choice but an inevitable trend

Emergency
Services
Network
3G-HLR
UTRAN BSS/
GERAN
3G-HLR
G-MSC Server
IP Multimedia
Subsystem
PS Domain
3G-SGSN 3G-GGSN
R-SGW
MGCF
MGW
PSTN/
Legacy/External
T-SGW
Legacy mobile
signalling
Network
Multimedia
IP Networks
Multimedia
IP Networks
MSC Server
Signaling only
User Data and Signaling
BGCF
Applications &
Services
SCP
CSCF
CSCF
Application
Service
Control
Transport
CS Domain
RAN
3G-HLR
UMS
HSS
MRF
GMLC
MT TE
All-IP Network Architecture Model

More Demands..!
4G
3G
2G
1G
 High transfer rate
 Internet access any where
 Ability to move around with the
same IP address
 Utilization of Smart antennas
 High resolution Mobile TV

Evolution of Cellular Networks
1G 2G 3G 4G2.5G
Wi-Fi WiMAXWireless
Broadband

Commercial Mobile Communication Data Rates
G Technology Data Rates
1 Analog Typical 2.4 Kbps; max 22 Kbps
2 Digital – TDMA, CDMA 9.6 - 14.4 Kbps (circuit data)
2.5
GPRS – mux packets in
voice timeslots
15 - 40 Kbps
3
Improved modulation using
CDMA variants
50 – 144 Kbps (1xRTT)
200 – 384 Kbps (UMTS)
500 Kbps – 2.4 Mbps (EVDO)
3.5 More modulation tweaks 2–14 Mbps (HSPA)
4
New modulation (OFDMA)
Multi-path (MIMO)
All IP
LTE >10 Mbps
Potential >100 Mbps

Key 4G Concepts
 Mobile IP
 VoIP
 Ability to move around with the same IP address
 Presence Awareness Technology
 Knowing who is on line and where
 Smart Antennas
 Unique spatial metric for each transmission
 Integrated LAN card and Subscriber Identity Modules
(SIMs)
 Unified Subscriber Information
 Mobile Broadband everywhere
 ‘MAGIC’
 Mobile Multimedia Communication
 Anywhere, Anytime with Anyone
 Global Mobility Support
 Integrated Wireless Solution
 Customized Personal Service

3G vs 4G
Technology 3G 4G
Data Transfer Rate 385 Kbps – 2 Mbps 20-100Mbps
Internet services Broadband Ultra Broadband
Mobile -TV Resolution Low High
Bandwidth 5 - 20 MHz 100+ MHz
Frequency 1.6 - 2 GHZ 2 - 8 GHz
Network Architecture Wide Area Network
Hybrid Network -
integration of Wireless
LAN(WiFi), Blue Tooth,
Wide Area
Signal Quality Good Best
Switching Circuit Switching Packet Switching
Component Design
Optimized Antennae, Multi-
band Adapters
Smart Antennae, SW Multi-
band, Wideband Radios
Access WCDMA/CDMA2000 MC-CDMA or OFDM

4G Key Challenges
 Spectral Efficiencies
 Multi Carrier Modulation (MCM)
 Signal Processing and optimizations
 Extremely Fast Arithmetic (esp. multiplication)
 Smart / Intelligent Antennas
 More Efficient and Sensitive Transceiver Designs

Topics of Research and Commercialization

Evolution of Commercial Mobile Communications - GPREC TechTalk

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