For purposes of this assignment, President Obama’s speech will be assessed based on Lloyd Bitzer’s rhetorical situation (1992) and on the characteristics of cooperative argumentation posed by Josina Makau and Debian Marty (2001), as well as other concepts fundamental to strategic approaches to presentational speaking. It will then be further analyzed for its strengths and weaknesses, as they pertain to strategic rhetoric, and be ultimately revised to better achieve its desired strategic outcomes.

1. Strategic Approaches to Presentational Speaking
Speech Revision
Submitted to Dr. Brendan Kelly, University of West Florida
Valeria Lento
7/5/2011

2. SELECTED TEXT
Remarks by the President to the Nation on the BP Oil Spill: June 15, 2010 at 8:01 p.m. EST, Oval Office
ELEMENT I – ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED TEXT
On June 15, 2010, United States President Barack Obama delivered a 17-minute broadcasted address
from the Oval Office on the oil spill caused by the explosion of British Petroleum’s (BP) Deepwater
Horizon rig in the Gulf of Mexico, eight weeks earlier.
In his speech, President Obama touched on the environmental and economic devastation caused by the
Deepwater Horizon explosion, highlighted the actions taken by the federal government to expedite
recovery, addressed BP’s responsibility to the American people, and promoted energy legislation, stalled
by the Senate at the time of his address.
For purposes of this assignment, President Obama’s speech will be assessed based on Lloyd Bitzer’s
rhetorical situation (1992) and on the characteristics of cooperative argumentation posed by Josina
Makau and Debian Marty (2001), as well as other concepts fundamental to strategic approaches to
presentational speaking. It will then be further analyzed for its strengths and weaknesses, as they
pertain to strategic rhetoric, and be ultimately revised to better achieve its desired strategic outcomes.
Context and Genre
Makau and Marty (2001) argue that communication contexts are central features in any deliberative
argument, including public address such as that given by President Obama in June 2010. The context of
a rhetorical act is framed by the situation constructed by the issues at hand, the speaker and the
audience. Thus, in order to thoroughly assess the efficacy of the President’s Oval Office address, it is
important to understand the context in which it was given.
Situational Analysis
On April 20, 2010, an explosion on BP’s Deepwater Horizon oil rig 40 miles off the coast of Louisiana
killed eleven workers, injured 17 others and spewed more than 100 million gallons of oil into the Gulf of
Mexico. The international media propagated images of the devastation – human, environmental and
economic alike. The national media posed questions about the U.S. government’s competency and
sense of urgency in dealing with the crisis, with several political commentators referring to the oil spill as
President Obama’s Katrina, in reference to the criticism that surrounded President George W. Bush’s
response following the devastating hurricane that swept through New Orleans in 2006.
The general public’s disapproval of the President’s handling of the crisis was palpable in the media. Days
before President Obama’s address from the Oval Office, a USA Today Gallup Poll indicated that 53% of
Americans, including one in four Democrats, rated the President’s performance on the oil spill as “poor”
or “very poor.” Additionally, 71% of respondents felt as though the President was “not tough enough on
BP,” and alluded to his apparent handover of the crisis to BP and the U.S. Coast Guard.
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3. Also important to the framing of the context of the speech was the fact that early in his term, President
Obama had highlighted offshore drilling as an importantly needed component of the country’s energy
policy. Additionally, in early June 2010, the President had called on the Senate to address carbon
pollution, a call that was met with opposition by Republicans. According to several media articles, while
the House of Representatives had passed climate change and energy legislation, similar actions were at
a standstill in the Senate at the time of his speech.
Standpoint, Power and Perspective
In order to further understand the dynamics at play at the time of President Obama’s remarks, it is
important to also take into consideration the concepts of standpoint, power and perspective, which
Makau and Marty (2001) attribute as analytical touchstones for this type of assessment. On June 15,
2010, President Obama addressed the United States from the standpoint of the country’s Commander in
Chief, Chief Executive and Head of State. This standpoint was inarguably constructed by the President’s
institutional power, which in turn made up his perspective – that is, his insights into issues of legislation,
national security, the economy, and the environment in light of the oil spill.
President Obama’s standpoint, power and perspective further play a role in defining the genre of the
speech act. Not only were his remarks a broadcasted presidential address, but they were also made
from the White House’s Oval Office, a forum most often reserved for extremely momentous messages.
For example, President Bush addressed the country on the evening of September 11, 2011, from the
Oval Office, as did President John F. Kennedy in delivering news of the Cuban Missile Crisis, and
President Ronald Reagan following the Challenger disaster. Most notably, this was the first time that
President Obama used the Oval Office as a rhetorical backdrop in his presidency. As such, the message
of the presidential address was elevated and categorized as grave.
Rhetorical Situation
As Makau and Marty attribute context to being a fundamental part of deliberative argumentation, so
does Bitzer (1992) argue that every rhetorical situation is inherently framed by three constituents, which
exist even before the creation and presentation of any discourse. These are exigence, audience and
constraints, and each provides additional insight into the context and rhetorical situation present during
President Obama’s address.
Exigence
Simply stated, an exigence is “something waiting to be done” (Bitzer, 1992, p. 6). Within the rhetorical
situation, the controlling exigence is that which specifies the audience and addresses the change
wanted. In President Obama’s speech, the exigence surfaces as a call on the audience to draw on its
present-past to view the oil spill crisis as an environmental 9/11. By alluding to the present-future – that
is, the audience’s interpretation of the country’s environmental future given the present devastation –
President Obama reaffirms the need for immediate action on a comprehensive energy policy for the U.S.
The speech thus leverages the oil spill as the reaffirmation of the exigence – that is the promotion of
aforementioned legislation.
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4. Audience
According to Bitzer (1992), every rhetor must consider his or her audience before preparing a speech,
taking into consideration that audience’s values, beliefs, assumptions, concerns, interests and
expectations. Similarly, Makau and Marty (2001) attribute the audience with granting meaning to an
oral text, as well as with contributing to the decision-making process in public address contexts.
Due to the genre of the rhetorical act, on June 15, 2010, President Obama addressed a general audience
made up of the viewing American public, members of Congress and people from countries around the
world – all contingent within the structure of motivation set forth by the rhetorical act. These can be
further categorized as the empirical audience.
While President Obama posed issues of sensitivity combined with calls to action on environmental and
economic issues for a general audience, an assessment of his speech poignantly highlights language
targeted to a much more specialized audience, one made up of members of Congress and subsequently,
of those individuals within the empirical audience who would be capable of being “mediators of change”
(Bitzer, 1992, p. 7). This audience can be further defined to be the composite deliberative community, as
it includes people who can be critical thinkers, listeners and viewers and make informed decisions about
the issues at hand (Makau & Marty, 2001).
Constraints
Bitzer defines the third constituent in the rhetorical situation as those having “the power to constrain
decision and action needed to modify the exigence” (Bitzer, 1992, p. 8). In the case of this particular
speech act, the constraints include holdups in the Senate, characteristics of opposing views, including
how the exigence itself is perceived, if at all.
Perceived Desired Strategic Outcomes
Based on this assessment of the speech’s context, audience, exigence and constraints, President
Obama’s desired strategic outcomes for his Oval Office address on the BP oil spill are perceived to be as
follows.
1. To express empathy and urgency in responding to the oil spill crisis, per the general public’s
criticism of his immediate response and performance following the spill
2. To demonstrate relentlessness in making BP accountable for the oil spill and its aftermath, per
the general public’s concerns that he had not being stern enough with BP
3. To call on Congress to push along a comprehensive energy legislation, parts of which remained
stalled in Congress at the time of his Oval Office address
4. To encourage individuals within the speech’s empirical audience capable of being mediators of
change to recognize the immediate need for the passing of energy legislation in order to prevent
such environmental crises from occurring in the future
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5. Analysis of Text’s Strengths and Weaknesses
With an understanding of its context and rhetorical situation, as well as with perception of its desired
strategic outcomes, President Obama’s Oval Office address will now be analyzed on its strengths and
weaknesses, prior to being revised to best meet its desired outcomes.
Strengths
President Obama met the general public’s criticism of his handling of the oil spill crisis early on in his
speech, briefly highlighting the timeline of the federal government’s response and role in tackling the
challenges posed by the spill and the results of efforts undertaken to date, including its appointment of
a notable team of experts in environmental issues. He went on to stress the government’s role in the
cleanup – “the largest environmental cleanup effort in our nation’s history” – and its commitment to the
continued efforts to protect the coastline and its wildlife as best as possible. Additionally, the President
called on the general public to provide its feedback regarding mobilization of federal resources and
assistance, acknowledging that such an effort “will never be perfect,” but that he and his staff remain
committed and prepared, stating that he will “refuse” to let Gulf Coast residents’ way of life be lost.
The President met the criticism of his lack of sternness toward BP with ramped-up warrior-like language
that painted the oil spill more as a military battle than an environmental disaster, with poignant
language that included words and phrases such as “the battle we’re waging against an oil spill that is
assaulting our shores and our citizens,” and “epidemic,” “fight,” and “jeopardy.” Additionally, President
Obama vowed to “make BP pay for the damage their company has caused” by calling for a BP-financed
compensation fund and continuing to allude to making “BP pay for the impact this spill has had on the
region.” The fact that its delivery was given from the Oval Office further highlights the serious and
militaristic tone of the President’s address.
Ultimately, President Obama made an obvious call to Congress, demonstrating the need for
comprehensive energy legislation that looks to alternative energy sources and aims to reduce the
country’s staggering dependence on oil (“We consume more than 20% of the world’s oil, but we have
less than 2% of the world’s oil reserves”). Additionally, his speech alluded to the creation of more U.S.
jobs as the country recovers from a recession (“the transition to clean energy has the potential to grow
our economy and create millions of jobs”), as well as to an urgent need (“ – but only if we accelerate
that transition”).
Finally, the speech strongly leveraged the audience’s shared identity, common essence and shared
conviction (Charland, 1995) by drawing on mental images of the devastation as a way to draw audience
solidification and further make the call to take immediate action in passing legislation that promotes
clean energy (“the time to embrace a clean energy future is now”) and will save future generations from
a threat “by a menacing cloud of black crude.” In an emotionally charged rallying cry to “unleash
America’s innovation and seize control of our own destiny,” President Obama drew an us-versus-them
platform by which the audience can stand together. Additionally, by drawing on America’s history, he
was able to further permeate a message of resilience and unification.
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6. Weaknesses
Though for eight weeks following the oil spill and preceding his address, the President had been
criticized for not expressing any empathy or personally connection to the crisis, he did not utilize his
June 15, 2010 speech to do so. Rather, he used warrior-like vocabulary from the onset and alluded to
the toll human lives and residents’ way of life from a factual standpoint that appeared emotionally
distant. With this address being his first since April 20, 2011, the President could’ve drawn more heavily
on the “Yes, We Can!” rhetoric that made him a charismatic leader early on in his presidential career –
and which was expected at such a time. Additionally, the President appears to have focused far more on
the long-term implications of the country’s dependence on oil than on the immediate impact on
people’s lifestyles and the Gulf Coast’s position as a tourism and fishing hotspot. Finally, though his
overall message appears to have been crafted to ultimately promote legislation, it was imperative for
the President to “frame *his+ positions in ways that would be meaningful for audience members with
different interests and needs,” (Makau & Marty, 2001, p. 165). Though the President evidently aimed to
acknowledge the public’s concern for his lack of response, his speech fell short on addressing the
audience’s expectation of empathy. He failed to acknowledge the emotional needs of Gulf Coast
residents in particular, whose lifestyle will be forever impacted. Though his speech ended in a touching
manner, the language appears to have been buried too far into the speech.
While the President’s ramped-up words against BP and his verbalized commitment to “make BP pay” for
the oil spill and its aftermath did go in hand with his desired outcome to demonstrate his relentlessness
in making BP accountable, his direct and determined tone seemed far more analytical than
compassionate. Additionally, his mention of a BP-financed compensation fund did not offer any specifics
on how and when it would be executed or what it would cover, leaving questions for those affected by
the tragedy first-hand, especially.
Lack of specificity further weakens the President’s ability to strongly call on Congress to pass energy
legislation and his ability to unify voters in supporting clean energy. Though President Obama
introduces the need for a comprehensive energy bill, he lacks supporting evidence for such a bill. What
would it include? What would it require of Congress? Of the American people? Of other world leaders?
What are some of its economic implications? What would be the course(s) of action needed to pass it?
In failing to provide evidence to strengthen his argument for comprehensive energy legislation,
President Obama weakened his call to Congress and subsequently to the empirical audience.
Finally, while the President leveraged the audience’s shared identity as a way to draw solidification for
clean energy legislation, his timing within the rhetorical situation appeared insensitive. This, combined
with his inability to provide evidence to support such legislation, further weakened the reach of his
speech’s desired strategic outcome.
ELEMENT II – SPEECH REVISION*
*See attached documents: (1) Speech Revision with Tracked Changes (2) Revised Speech
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7. ELEMENT III – SUMMARY OF REVISED TEXT
President Obama’s June 15, 2010 address was revised to better meet its aforementioned perceived
desired strategic outcomes. What follows is a brief analysis of the revisions that were made and the
reasoning behind them, beyond the comments included within the tracked changes made to the revised
speech text (see attachment 1).
Because one of the weaknesses identified in the President’s speech was its failure to meet the
audience’s expectation of empathy, its language has been revised to be more emotionally charged,
driving to the heart of the matter – the fact that people lost their lives in the oil spill and that hundreds
of thousands of others’ lifelines are being threatened by the spill’s environmental impact. By drawing on
his established charismatic image, President Obama would best be able to lead with the human tone the
audience expected (especially given that the speech came eight weeks after the oil spill) before diving
into the more logistical parts of the matter and ultimately making a call for clean energy legislation.
While this revised language more poignantly conveys empathy, it does not lose the President’s
militaristic tone when it comes to relentlessly fighting the environmental impact of the spill and holding
BP accountable to it. After all, one of his perceived desired strategic outcomes was to demonstrate his
relentless less in making BP pay for the oil spill and its aftermath.
Additionally, because of the context in which the speech was delivered – that is, amid the general
public’s criticism of the President’s seeming lack of urgency in the matter – the immediacy of the federal
government’s response has been purposely underscored in the revised text.
While the President’s ramped-up words against BP, as well as his expressed commitment to hold them
accountable, was in line with one of the desired outcomes of his speech, he did not provide details on
the compensation fund he was demanding from the corporation. Because hypothetical details of this
plan could not be incorporated into the revised speech, the revision does allude to those details in order
to leverage the audience’s ownership of the situation. President Obama would then have been able to
further leverage the solidification of the audience later on in his address.
For example, in discussing the Gulf Coast Restoration Plan, the revised speech text continues to leverage
the tone of a shared initiative. By directly addressing the audience and alluding to how the issue at hand
has impacted everyone, the President would have been able to more strongly unify the audience with
and set the basis for making his ultimate call to action.
The revised text heavily leverages the vivid imagery and emotional appeal the President used in his
speech to allude to the “consequences of our inaction” to precede the substantiation of his claim that
it’s time for America to “unleash” its innovation for a “transition away from fossil fuels.” Sequenced in
this manner, the words tie the President’s call to action to the current event, helping highlight its
relevance within the speech, rather than coming off as a mere legislative plug. The revisions made in this
section of the speech strategically highlight the urgent tone and set a strong message by highlighting
how the audience – in this particular case, the Senate, most pointedly – can help make it a reality. Most
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8. notably, the revised text wraps up the legislative push by connecting it with a sentiment of
togetherness. This sentiment could be capable of more strongly encouraging individuals within the
speech’s empirical audience capable of being mediators of change to recognize the immediate need for
a clean energy bill.
It’s important to note that when it comes to the clean energy bill itself, the President’s lack of specificity
weakened the reach of his desired strategic outcome. As such, a revision would include a more detailed
outline of his proposal. In order to help meet this outcome despite its lack specifics, the revised text
leverages the ideas and approaches deserving of consideration presented by the President as strong
examples. In this manner, the call for the bill remains strong, regardless of a lack of description. This
Finally, President Obama leveraged the audience’s shared identity in a strongly emotional manner in the
last portion of his speech. However, the original speech’s lack of empathy and seemingly insensitive
legislative plug within an address delivered eight weeks following the country’s worst environmental
disaster weakened the President’s ability to meet his desired strategic outcomes. As such, in the last
portion of the speech, the revised text seeks to reassert a message of empathy and togetherness, while
bringing back a unified sense of responsibility to seek a solution. This approach helps further strengthen
the President’s perceived commitment to the issue. A few additions made to the third-to-last paragraph
help mirror the sense of faith in the future that the President originally alluded to. In this placement, the
appeal to faith and courage allows the sentiment to linger as the speech closes, ultimately tying all
elements of the speech together and arguably, cementing the President’s arguments in such a manner
that he would have been able to better meet the perceived desired strategic outcomes of his speech.
Results from surveys conducted after President Obama’s remarks on June 15, 2010, reveal a
dissatisfaction with his remarks, more notably as it pertained to his seeming lack of a concrete action
plan and response. A Wall Street Journal/NBC News poll of 1,000 American citizens conducted June 17-
21 revealed the President’s rating had dropped five points in a month. Additionally, for the first time (as
quantified by similar surveys), more people (48%) of those polled said they disapproved of his job
performance. More poignantly, in a CBS News/New York Times poll, 56% of individuals who watched
President Obama’s Oval Office address said he did not appear to have a clean plan to deal with the oil
leak. Additionally, the same poll indicated that 59% of those polled overall (including 64% of Gulf Coast
residents) agreed with this sentiment.
These statistics offer a narrow, albeit telling, glimpse into how the President came short of achieving his
desired strategic outcomes. The revised speech attempts to better meet the President’s perceived
desired strategic outcomes. If implemented, these tactical revisions could have helped strengthen a
critical rhetorical act that will surely become a piece of U.S. history.
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9. REFERENCES
Bitzer, L. (1992) The Rhetorical Situation. Philosophy & Rhetoric, 25, 1-14.
Charland, M. “The Constitution of Rhetoric’s Audience.” Annual meeting of the
National Communication Association/American Forensic Association (Conference on
Argumentation), 1995.
Makau, J., & Marty, D. (2001). Cooperative Argumentation: A Model for Deliberative Community.
Illinois: Waveland Press, Inc.
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10. ELEMENT II – ATTACHMENT 1: SPEECH REVISION WITH TRACKED CHANGES
The White House
Office of the Press Secretary
For Immediate Release
June 15, 2010
Remarks by the President to the Nation on the BP Oil Spill
Oval Office
8:01 P.M. EDT
THE PRESIDENT: Good evening. As we speak, our nation faces a multitude of challenges. At home, our
top priority is to recover and rebuild from a recession that has touched the lives of nearly every
American. Abroad, our brave men and women in uniform are taking the fight to al Qaeda wherever it
exists. And tonight, I’ve returned from a trip to the Gulf Coast to speak with you about the
environmental crisis being faced by our neighbors along the Gulf Coast. They have lost loved ones and
their lifestyles and surroundings are being threatened by the millions of gallons that have spilled into the
Gulf of Mexico over the past weeks.
On April 20th, an explosion ripped through BP Deepwater Horizon drilling rig, about 40 miles off the
coast of Louisiana. Eleven workers lost their lives. Seventeen others were injured. My thoughts are
with their families and with all of the men and women who call the Gulf Coast home. Thank you for
being so hospitable and forthcoming with me during my recent visits. Have no doubt that your country is
standing behind you, your loved ones and your region.
Already, this oil spill is the worst environmental disaster America has ever faced. Soon following the
explosion of the rig, nearly a mile beneath the surface of the Gulf, oil began spewing into the water,
assaulting our shores and our citizens.
Because there has never been a leak this size at this depth, stopping it has tested the limits of human
technology. That’s why immediately after the rig sank, I assembled a team of our nation’s best
scientists and engineers to tackle this challenge -- a team led by Dr. Steven Chu, a Nobel Prize-winning
physicist and our nation’s Secretary of Energy. Scientists at our national labs and experts from academia
and other oil companies have also provided ideas and advice.
As a result of these efforts, we’ve directed BP to mobilize additional equipment and technology. And in
the coming weeks and days, these efforts should capture up to 90 percent of the oil leaking out of the
well. This is until the company finishes drilling a relief well later in the summer that’s expected to stop
the leak completely. We will relentlessly hold BP to meeting that expectation.
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11. . The millions of gallons of oil that have spilled into the Gulf of Mexico pose an environmental threat
unlike an earthquake or a hurricane. Its damage is one that we will be fighting for months and even
years.
And make no mistake: We will fight this spill with everything we’ve got for as long as it takes. We will
make BP pay for the damage their company has caused. And we will do whatever’s necessary to help
the Gulf Coast and its people recover from this tragedy. As is the nature of the American people, we
stand united to fight this challenge.
Tonight I’d like to lay out for you how we will do that going forward: what we’re doing to clean up the
oil, what we’re doing to help our neighbors in the Gulf, and what we’re doing to make sure that a
catastrophe like this never happens again.
First, the cleanup. From the very beginning of this crisis, the federal government has been in charge of
the largest environmental cleanup effort in our nation’s history -- an effort led by Admiral Thad Allen,
who has almost 40 years of experience responding to disasters. We now have nearly 30,000 personnel
who are working across four states to contain and clean up the oil. Thousands of ships and other vessels
are responding in the Gulf. And I’ve authorized the deployment of more than 17,000 National Guard
members along the coast. These servicemen and women are ready to help stop the oil from coming
ashore, they’re ready to help clean the beaches, train response workers, or help with processing claims -
- and I urge the governors in the affected states to activate these troops as soon as possible.
Because of our efforts, millions of gallons of oil have already been removed from the water through
burning, skimming and other effective collection methods put in effect immediately following the
explosion of the rig. Over five and a half million feet of boom has been laid across the water to block
and absorb the approaching oil. We’ve proactively approved the construction of new barrier islands in
Louisiana to try to stop the oil before it reaches the shore, and we’re working with Alabama, Mississippi
and Florida to implement creative approaches to their unique coastlines. Comment [V1]: The immediacy of the federal
government’s response has been purposely
underlined in the revised text. The general public
As the cleanup continues, we will offer whatever additional resources and assistance our coastal states had severely criticized the President’s seeming lack
may need. Now, a mobilization of this speed and magnitude will never be perfect, and new challenges of urgency in the weeks leading to his speech (8
weeks after the oil rig’s explosion).
will always arise. I saw and heard evidence of that during this trip. So if something isn’t working, we
want to hear about it. If there are problems in the operation, we will fix them. This is my commitment
to you.
But we have to recognize that despite our best efforts, oil has already caused damage to our coastline
and its wildlife. And sadly, no matter how effective our response is, there will be more oil and more
damage before our work is done. That’s why the second thing we’re focused on is the recovery and
restoration of the Gulf Coast, of its people’s lifelines and of their homes.
For generations, men and women who call this region home have made their living from the water.
That living is now in jeopardy. I’ve talked to shrimpers and fishermen who don’t know how they’re
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12. going to support their families this year. I’ve seen empty docks and restaurants with fewer customers -–
even in areas where the beaches are not yet affected. I’ve talked to owners of shops and hotels who
wonder when the tourists might start coming back. The sadness and the anger they feel is not just
about the money they’ve lost. It’s about a wrenching anxiety that their way of life may be lost. I refuse
to let that happen.
Tomorrow, I will meet with the chairman of BP and inform him that he is to set aside whatever
resources are required to compensate the workers and business owners who have been harmed as a
result of his company’s recklessness. And This compensation fund will not be controlled by BP. In order
to ensure that all legitimate claims are paid out in a fair and timely manner, the account must and will
be administered by an independent third party. We will lay out the specifics of this plan, and
information will become available immediately following its approval. We are committed to ensuring
that its mission is carried out effectively and will hold BP to it. Comment [V2]: The President’s mention of the
BP-financed compensation fund did not offer
specifics on how and when it would be executed, or
Beyond compensating the people of the Gulf in the short term, it’s also clear we need a long-term plan what it would cover. In order to strengthen his
to restore the unique beauty and bounty of this beautiful region. The oil spill represents just the latest speech, more detail should be provided here. For
purposes of this revision, those details have merely
blow to a place that’s already suffered multiple economic disasters and decades of environmental been alluded to.
degradation that has led to disappearing wetlands and habitats. And the region still hasn’t recovered
from the devastation left behind by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. That’s why we must make a
commitment to the Gulf Coast that goes beyond responding to the crisis of the moment.
I make that commitment tonight. Earlier, I asked Ray Mabus, the Secretary of the Navy, who is also a
former governor of Mississippi and a son of the Gulf Coast, to develop a long-term Gulf Coast
Restoration Plan as soon as possible. The plan will be designed by states, local communities, tribes,
fishermen, businesses, conservationists and other Gulf residents and will be shared accordingly to begin
the restoration process immediately and relentlessly. Rest assured that BP will pay for the impact this Comment [V3]: Details of this plan were not
readily available at the time of the speech. Yet,
spill has had on the region. because of the President’s reference to this being a
holistic plan that would take input from several
The third part of our response plan is the steps we’re taking to ensure that a disaster like this does not individuals/organizations, the revised text
underscores the fact that it will be shared once it
happen again. A few months ago, I approved a proposal to consider new, limited offshore drilling under becomes available.
the assurance that it would be absolutely safe –- that the proper technology would be in place and the
necessary precautions would be taken.
That obviously was not the case in the Deepwater Horizon rig, and I want to know why. The families I
met with last week who lost their loved ones in the explosion -- these families deserve to know why.
You deserve to know why. And so I’ve established a National Commission to understand the causes of Comment [V4]: Addressing the audience further
enhances the deliverability of the President’s
this disaster and offer recommendations on what additional safety and environmental standards we message to “take action.” Alludes to how the issue
need to put in place. Already, I’ve issued a six-month moratorium on deepwater drilling. I know this impacts everyone; gives personal ownership to the
suffering from the repercussions of the crisis at
creates difficulty for the people who work on these rigs, but for the sake of their safety, and for the sake hand.
of the entire region, we need to know the facts before we allow deepwater drilling to continue. And
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13. while I urge the Commission to complete its work as quickly as possible, I expect them to do that work
thoroughly and impartially.
One place we’ve already begun to take action is at the agency in charge of regulating drilling and issuing
permits, known as the Minerals Management Service. Over the last decade, this agency has become
emblematic of a failed philosophy that views all regulation with hostility -- a philosophy that says
corporations should be allowed to play by their own rules and police themselves. At this agency,
industry insiders were put in charge of industry oversight. Oil companies showered regulators with gifts
and favors, and were essentially allowed to conduct their own safety inspections and write their own
regulations.
When Ken Salazar became my Secretary of the Interior, one of his very first acts was to clean up the
worst of the corruption at this agency. But it’s now clear that the problem there ran much deeper, and
the pace of reform was just too slow. And so Secretary Salazar and I are bringing in new leadership at
the agency -- Michael Bromwich, who was a tough federal prosecutor and Inspector General. And his
charge over the next few months is to build an organization that acts as the oil industry’s watchdog --
not its partner. We will be acutely watching BP. We will ask questions. We will demand answers. We will
not allow this kind of environmental catastrophe to occur again. Comment [V5]: It is necessary to tie the
“solution” back to the “problem” to enhance the
President’s call to action for legislation (into which
One of the lessons we’ve learned from this spill is that we need better regulations, better safety he immediately moves in the next paragraph).
standards, and better enforcement when it comes to offshore drilling. But a larger lesson is that no
matter how much we improve our regulation of the industry, drilling for oil these days entails greater
risk. After all, oil is a finite resource. We consume more than 20 percent of the world’s oil, but have less
than 2 percent of the world’s oil reserves. And that’s part of the reason oil companies are drilling a mile
beneath the surface of the ocean -- because we’re running out of places to drill on land and in shallow
water.
For decades, we have known the days of cheap and easily accessible oil were numbered. For decades,
we’ve talked and talked about the need to end America’s century-long addiction to fossil fuels. And for
decades, we have failed to act with the sense of urgency that this challenge requires. Time and again,
the path forward has been blocked -- not only by oil industry lobbyists, but also by a lack of political
courage and candor.
The consequences of our inaction are now in plain sight. Today, as we look to the Gulf, we see an entire
way of life being threatened by a menacing cloud of black crude. We cannot consign our children to this
future. The tragedy unfolding on our coast is the most painful and powerful reminder yet that the time
to embrace a clean energy future is now. Comment [V6]: The vivid imagery and emotional
appeal (i.e. children, future, tragedy) set a much
stronger tone with which to precede the
This is not some distant vision for America. Now, the transition away from fossil fuels is going to take substantiation of the President’s claim (the need to
some time, and there are costs associated with this transition. And there are some who believe that we unleash America’s innovation…). The revised text
reflects this.
can’t afford those costs right now. I say we can’t afford not to change how we produce and use energy -
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14. – because the long-term costs to our economy, our national security, and our environment are far
greater, as evidenced by the events of April 20th. Comment [V7]: Ties the urgent call to action to
the current event, helps highlight its relevance
within the speech
Now is the moment for this generation to embark on a national mission to unleash America’s innovation
and seize control of our own destiny. Already countries like China are investing in clean energy jobs and Comment [V8]: Echoes the “now is the
moment” sentiment.
industries that should be right here in America. Each day, we send nearly $1 billion of our wealth to
foreign countries for their oil.
When I was a candidate for this office, I laid out a set of principles that would move our country towards
energy independence. Last year, the House of Representatives acted on these principles by passing a
strong and comprehensive energy and climate bill –- a bill that finally makes clean energy the profitable
kind of energy for America’s businesses. Comment [V9]: Continues to echo the urgent
tone and sets the stage for the call to action and for
highlighting what the audience (particularly, the
Over the last year and a half, we’ve already taken unprecedented action to jumpstart the clean energy Senate) can do
industry. As we speak, old factories are reopening to produce wind turbines, people are going back to
work installing energy-efficient windows, and small businesses are making solar panels. Consumers are
buying more efficient cars and trucks, and families are making their homes more energy-efficient.
Scientists and researchers are discovering clean energy technologies that someday will lead to entirely
new industries.
As we recover from this recession, the transition to clean energy has the potential to grow our economy
and create millions of jobs -– but only if we accelerate that transition. Only if we seize the moment.
And only if we rally together and act as one nation –- workers and entrepreneurs; scientists and citizens;
the public and private sectors. Each of us has a part to play in a new future that will benefit all of us. Comment [V10]: Wraps up the call to action by
cementing the sentiment of togetherness
.
I’m happy to look at ideas and approaches from either party -– as long they seriously tackle our
addiction to fossil fuels. Some have suggested raising efficiency standards in our buildings like we did in Comment [V11]: Lack of specificity on a clean
energy bill weakens the reach of the President’s
our cars and trucks. Some believe we should set standards to ensure that more of our electricity comes desired strategic outcome. As such, a revision would
from wind and solar power. Others wonder why the energy industry only spends a fraction of what the include a more detailed outline of his proposed
comprehensive energy legislation. For purposes of
high-tech industry does on research and development -– and want to rapidly boost our investments in this revision, those details have been listed as ideas
such research and development. and approaches deserving of consideration. Thus
the call to action for the bill remains strong,
regardless of the lack of description of the bill itself.
All of these approaches have merit, and deserve a fair hearing in the months ahead. But the one
approach I will not accept is inaction. The one answer I will not settle for is the idea that this challenge
is somehow too big and too difficult to meet. You know, the same thing was said about our ability to
produce enough planes and tanks in World War II. The same thing was said about our ability to harness
the science and technology to land a man safely on the surface of the moon. And yet, time and again,
we have refused to settle for the paltry limits of conventional wisdom. Instead, what has defined us as a
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15. nation since our founding is the capacity to shape our destiny -– our determination to fight for the
America we want for our children. Comment [V12]: Due to the lack of details
provided on the proposed bill, these words seem to
highlight a lack of procedural guidance/objective.
It’s a faith in the future that sustains us as a people. It is that same faith that sustains our neighbors in
the Gulf right now.
Each year, at the beginning of shrimping season, the region’s fishermen take part in a tradition that was
brought to America long ago by fishing immigrants from Europe. It’s called “The Blessing of the Fleet,”
and today it’s a celebration where clergy from different religions gather to say a prayer for the safety
and success of the men and women who will soon head out to sea -– some for weeks at a time.
The ceremony goes on in good times and in bad. It took place after Katrina, and it took place a few
weeks ago –- at the beginning of the most difficult season these fishermen have ever faced.
And still, they came and they prayed. For as a priest and former fisherman once said of the tradition,
“The blessing is not that God has promised to remove all obstacles and dangers. The blessing is that He
is with us always,” a blessing that’s granted “even in the midst of the storm.”
The oil spill is not the last crisis America will face. This nation has known hard times before and we will
surely know them again. What sees us through -– what has always seen us through –- is our strength
and our resilience. In the midst of a devastating environmental disaster, we remain united as neighbors
and we remain steadfastly committed to do something about it. Comment [V13]: Reasserts the message of
empathy and togetherness, while also tying in a
unified sense of responsibility – and on the
Most importantly, what pushes us forward time after time is our unyielding faith that something better President’s side, commitment to the issue.
awaits us if we summon the courage to reach for it. Comment [V14]: Mirrors the sense of faith and
belief in the future that was afore removed in the
Tonight, we pray for that courage. We pray for the people of the Gulf. And we pray that a hand may revised text. The appeal to faith and courage, in this
placement, allows the sentiment to linger as the
guide us through the storm towards a brighter day. Thank you, God bless you, and may God bless the speech culminates.
United States of America.
END
8:18 P.M. EDT
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