1. Intelligent Machines – Dream or
reality?
AI is no longer a dream. AI techniques have shown their potential to
solve various
problems including the development of smart space robot, complex
scheduling and
planning systems, auto pilot systems and recognition of objects in
complex scenes,
which cannot be achieved otherwise. In many instances, AI
programs have gone
beyond human level performance, and even defeated grand chess
mater.

2. Influential areas for AI
• „ Philosophy
• „ Mathematics
• „ Economics
• „ Neuroscience
• „ Psychology (1887-)
• „ Computer engineering (1940-)
• „ Control theory and Cybernetics (1984-)
• „ Linguistics (1957-)
• „ Education, Physics, Biology, etc.

3. comparison of features of brain and
the modern computer
Computer Human brain
Computational units 1 CPU, 10^8 gates 10^11 neurons
Storage units 10^10 bits RAM 10^11 Neurons
10^11 bits disk 10^11 Synapses
Cycle time 10^-9 Second 10^-3 Second
Bandwidth 10^10 bits/second 10^14 bits/second
Memory updates/sec 10^9 10^14

4. Lesson 02- Foundation of AI
• The Turing Test
• Chinese room Argument
• Four Schools of thought
• History of AI
• The state of the art

5. The Turing Test
• The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing
(195O), was designed to provide a satisfactory
operational definition of intelligence.

6. The Turing Test
• Acting humanly : The Turing Test approach
• The computer would need to possess the following
capabilities: (Limitation of the Turing Test)
– natural language processing to enable it to communicate
successfully in English
– knowledge representation to store what it knows or hears
– automated reasoning to use the stored information to answer
questions and to draw new conclusions
– machine learning to adapt to new circumstances and to detect
and extrapolate patterns.
(Total Turing Test)
– computer vision to perceive objects, and
– robotics to manipulate objects and move about.

7. The Turing Test
• Obviously the standard Turing Test should be improved
to accept various types of inputs, other than keyboard
entries, to make the Turing test more usable. For
example, we should be able to enter video signals as
inputs to the Turing Test. An improved version of the
Turing Test, known as Total Turing Test, needs
Computer Vision and Robotic capabilities.
• Problem : Turing test is not reproducible, constructive,
or amenable to mathematical analysis

8. Chinese room argument
• John Searle has presented yet another
viewpoint known as Chinese room argument
about machine intelligence
• “a persons or an entity can be considered as
intelligent, only if he performs a task being
aware of it”
• As such Searle claims that machines are not
intelligent, because they are not conscious.

9. Chinese room argument

10. Four Schools of thought
Systems that think like humans Systems that think rationally
"The exciting new effort to make comput- "The study of mental faculties through
ers think . . . machines with minds, in the the use of computational models."
full and literal sense." (Haugeland, 1985) (Chamiak and McDermott, 1985)
"[The automation of] activities that we "The study of the computations that make
associate with human thinking, activities it possible to perceive, reason, and act."
such as decision-making, problem solv- (Winston, 1992)
ing, learning . . ." (Bellman, 1978)
Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally
"The art of creating machines that per- "Computational Intelligence is the study
form functions that require intelligence of the design of intelligent agents." (Poole
when performed by people." (Kurzweil, et al., 1998)
1990) "A1 . . .is concerned with intelligent be-
havior in artifacts." (Nilsson, 1998)
"The study of how to make computers do
things at which, at the moment, people
are
better." (Rich and Knight, 1991)

11. Acting humanly
• AI attempts to develop machines that behave
like humans.
• This is exactly what the Turing Test claims as
intelligent

12. Thinking humanly
• Here AI attempts to develop machines that
can think like humans
• Problem solving, decision-making and learning

13. Thinking rationally
• Thinking rationally stands for thinking
logically.
• However, it should be noted that all forms of
knowledge in this world cannot be expressed
in logic.

14. Acting rationally
• the development of machines that do the
right thing.
• Ex:- assume that you ask a cup of tea from
two home robots. When sugar is not available,
one robot brings a cup of tea with a piece of
sweet, while the other robot become silent as
it cannot prepare a cup of tea due to lack of
sugar. Obviously, we treat the first robot as the
intelligent one.

15. History of AI
• 

16. The state of the art
• 